Earthquake Coda Research Articles

On the correlation between earthquake coda horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios and amplification functions at the KiK-net network

The Japanese KiK-net network comprises about 700 stations spread across the whole territory of Japan. For most of the stations, VP and VS profiles were measured down to the bottom borehole station. Using the vast dataset of earthquake recordings from 1997 to 2020 at a subset of 428 seismic stations, we compute the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of earthquake coda, the S-wave surface-to-borehole spectral ratio, and the equivalent outcropping S-wave amplification function. The de facto equivalence of the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of earthquake coda and ambient vibration is assessed on a homologous Swiss dataset. Based on that, we applied the canonical correlation analysis between amplification information and the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of earthquake coda across all KiK-net sites. The aim of the correlation is to test a strategy to predict local earthquake amplification basing the inference on site condition indicators and single-station ambient vibration recordings. Once the correlation between frequency-dependent amplification factors and amplitudes of horizontal-to-vertical coda spectral ratios is defined, we predict amplification at each site in the selected KiK-net dataset with a leave-one-out cross-validation approach. In particular, for each site, three rounds of predictions are performed, using as prediction target the surface-to-borehole spectral ratio, the equivalent of a standard spectral ratio referred to the local bedrock and to a common Japanese reference rock profile. From our analysis, the most effective prediction is obtained when standard spectral ratios referred to local bedrock and the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of earthquake coda are used, whereas a strong mismatch is obtained when standard spectral ratios are referred to a common reference. We ascribe this effect to the fact that, differently from amplification functions referred to a common reference, horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios are fully site-dependent and then their peak amplitude is influenced by the local velocity contrast between bedrock and overlying sediments. Therefore, to reduce this discrepancy, we add in the canonical correlation as a site proxy the inferred velocity of the bedrock, which improves the final prediction.

A New Probe Into the Innermost Inner Core Anisotropy via the Global Coda‐Correlation Wavefield

AbstractInvestigations of the Earth's inner core (IC) using seismic body waves are limited by their volumetric sampling due to uneven global distribution of large earthquakes and receivers. The sparse coverage of the IC leads to uncertainties in its anisotropy, the directional dependence of seismic velocity. Yet, detailed constraints on anisotropy, such as its magnitude, and spatial distribution, are required to understand the crystallographic structure of IC's iron and its solidification and deformation processes. Here, we present a new method to investigate the IC's anisotropic properties based on Earth's coda‐correlation wavefield constructed from the late coda of large earthquakes. We perform a comprehensive travel time analysis of I2*, an IC‐sensitive correlation feature identified as a counterpart of the direct seismic wavefield's PKIKPPKIKP waves, yet fundamentally different. Namely, I2* is a mathematical manifestation of similarity among specific seismic phases with the same slowness detected in global correlograms in the short inter‐receiver distance range. Our new spatial sampling of the IC overcomes the shortage of direct seismic wavefield paths sensitive to the IC's central volume, also known as the innermost IC (IMIC). The observed I2*’s travel time variations relative to Earth's rotation axis (ERA) support a model of cylindrical anisotropy with 3.3% strength and a zonal pattern of slow axis oriented 55° from ERA. We thus find compelling evidence for a deep IC structure with distinct anisotropy, although we cannot resolve the depth at which the change occurs. This finding reinforces previous inference on the IMIC, with implications for Earth's evolution.

3D Shear Wave Velocity Model of Salt Lake Valley via Rayleigh Wave Ellipticity across a Temporary Geophone Array

Abstract We construct a 3D shear velocity model of the Salt Lake Valley using Rayleigh waves excited by the 31 March 2020 Mw 6.5 central Idaho earthquake recorded on a 168-station temporary nodal geophone network and the 49-station permanent regional network. The temporary array—deployed in response to the March 18 Mw 5.7 Magna earthquake—serendipitously recorded clear surface waves between 10 and 20 s period from the Idaho event at ∼500 km epicentral distance, from which we measure both Rayleigh wave phase velocity and ellipticity (H/V ratio). In addition, we employ multicomponent earthquake coda cross correlation to extend the measurements down to 5 s period. Because Rayleigh wave ellipticity features outstanding shallow sensitivity, we invert for a 3D upper crust VS model of the Salt Lake Valley. Our model shows basin structure in general agreement with and complements the current Community Velocity Model, which is mostly constrained by borehole and gravity measurements. Our model thus provides critical information for future earthquake hazard assessment studies, which require detailed shallow velocity structure.

Seismic scattering and absorption of oceanic lithosphericSwaves in the Eastern North Atlantic

SUMMARYThe scattering and absorption of high-frequency seismic waves in the oceanic lithosphere is to date only poorly constrained by observations. Such estimates would not only improve our understanding of the propagation of seismic waves, but also unravel the small-scale nature of the lithosphere and its variability. Our study benefits from two exceptional situations: (1) we deployed over 10 months a mid-aperture seismological array in the central part of the Eastern North Atlantic in 5 km water depth and (2) we could observe in total 340 high-frequency (up to 30 Hz) Po and So arrivals with tens to hundreds of seconds long seismic coda from local and regional earthquakes in a wide range of backazimuths and epicentral distances up to 850 km with a travel path in the oceanic lithosphere. Moreover, the array was located about 100 km north of the Gloria fault, defining the plate boundary between the Eurasian and African plates at this location which also allows an investigation of the influence of an abrupt change in lithospheric age (20 Ma in this case) on seismic waves. The waves travel with velocities indicating upper-mantle material. We use So waves and their coda of pre-selected earthquakes to estimate frequency-dependent seismic scattering and intrinsic attenuation parameters. The estimated scattering attenuation coefficients are between 10−4 and 4 × 10−5 m−1 and are typical for the lithosphere or the upper mantle. Furthermore, the total quality factors for So waves below 5 Hz are between 20 and 500 and are well below estimates from previous modelling for observations in the Pacific Ocean. This implies that the Atlantic Ocean is more attenuative for So waves compared to the Pacific Ocean, which is inline with the expected behaviour for the lithospheric structures resulting from the slower spreading rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The results for the analysed events indicate that for frequencies above 3 Hz, intrinsic attenuation is equal to or slightly stronger than scattering attenuation and that the So-wave coda is weakly influenced by the oceanic crust. Both observations are in agreement with the proposed propagation mechanism of scattering in the oceanic mantle lithosphere. Furthermore, we observe an age dependence which shows that an increase in lithospheric age is associated with a decrease in attenuation. However, we also observe a trade-off of this age-dependent effect with either a change in lithospheric thickness or thermal variations, for example due to small-scale upwellings in the upper mantle in the southeast close to Madeira and the Canaries. Moreover, the influence of the nearby Gloria fault is visible in a reduction of the intrinsic attenuation below 3 Hz for estimates across the fault. This is the first study to estimate seismic scattering and absorption parameters of So waves for an area with several hundreds of kilometres radius centred in the Eastern North Atlantic and using them to characterize the nature of the oceanic lithosphere.

P-wave picking for earthquake early warning: refinement of aTpdmethod

SUMMARYDetecting P-wave onsets for online processing is an important component for real-time seismology. As earthquake early warning systems around the world come into operation, the importance of reliable P-wave detection has increased, since the accuracy of the earthquake information depends primarily on the quality of the detection. In addition to the accuracy of arrival time determination, the robustness in the presence of noise and the speed of detection are important factors in the methods used for the earthquake early warning. In this paper, we tried to improve the P-wave detection method designed for real-time processing of continuous waveforms. We used the new Tpd method, and proposed a refinement algorithm to determine the P-wave arrival time. Applying the refinement process substantially decreases the errors of the P-wave arrival time. Using 606 strong motion records of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake sequence to test the refinement methods, the median of the error was decreased from 0.15 to 0.04 s. Only three P-wave arrivals were missed by the best threshold. Our results show that the Tpd method provides better accuracy for estimating the P-wave arrival time compared to the STA/LTA method. The Tpd method also shows better performance in detecting the P-wave arrivals of the target earthquakes in the presence of noise and coda of previous earthquakes. The Tpd method can be computed quickly, so it would be suitable for the implementation in earthquake early warning systems.

A Repeating Earthquake Catalog From 2003 to 2020 for the Raukumara Peninsula, Northern Hikurangi Subduction Margin, New Zealand

AbstractRepeating earthquakes provide a novel way of monitoring how stresses load faults between large earthquakes. To date, however, and despite the availability of long‐duration, high‐quality seismological datasets, little attention has been paid to tectonic repeating earthquakes in New Zealand. We develop a workflow and composite criterion for identifying repeating earthquakes in New Zealand, using data from the GeoNet permanent seismic network, and present New Zealand’s first decadal‐scale repeating earthquake catalog. For events to be identified as repeating in this study, two or more events must have a normalized cross‐correlation of at least 0.95 at two or more seismic stations, when calculated for 75% of the earthquake coda. By applying our composite criterion to seismicity around the Raukumara Peninsula, northern Hikurangi subduction margin, we have identified 61 repeating earthquake families occurring between 2003 and 2020, consisting of 347 individual earthquakes. These families have a magnitude range of ML 1.7–5.2 and recurrence intervals of < 1 to ∼7 yrs. Repeating earthquakes in 9 of the 11 regional groups identified in this study coincide spatiotemporally with previously identified slow‐slip events and tremor. However, the responses shown to slow‐slip are not consistent within families or within regional groups.

Excitation of the global correlation wavefield by large earthquakes

SUMMARY Recorded globally, cross-correlated ground-motion time-series of the coda of large earthquakes enable the construction of a 2-D representation of correlation lapse time and inter-receiver distance—a global correlogram. A better understanding of how the features present in a correlogram are generated can revolutionize the characterization of planetary interiors. Here, we investigated correlograms based on individual large earthquakes and identified 12 events from the past decade with a multitude of prominent and some ‘exotic’ features in the first 3 hr following correlation origin. We found that the type of the source mechanism and energy-release dynamics are the key influencers responsible for individual correlograms equal in quality to a stack of hundreds of correlograms. A single event is sufficient in creating a correlogram resembling previous correlograms constructed from a large number of events, which reinforces the notion that the earthquake coda-correlation features are not ‘reconstructed’ body waves. Numerical simulations of the correlation wavefield can thus be based on exceptional-quality events, becoming more computationally affordable. Here, we explain more than 60 features of the global coda-correlogram, which presents the most extensive catalogue to date.

Amplitude and decay of long-period coda of great earthquakes

The earthquake coda is the residual vibration energy long after the main arrivals of an earthquake. Previous studies of coda waves have focused on high frequencies and small earthquakes, which are generally attributed to the scattering from the Earth's internal heterogeneities. Here we examined the early coda of great earthquakes at long periods (50 to 300 s) at time window of 10,000 to 50,000 s after the origin time. We used 10 major earthquakes (magnitude > 8.0) in recent decades that were recorded at global seismic networks. We found that the coda energy can be well represented by a simple exponential decay model for the early coda. The variation of the initial coda energy with distance is dominated by the effect of geometric spreading, suggesting that the scattering of the Earth's internal heterogeneities contributes little to the long-period early coda. The energy decay rate is largely insensitive to earthquake source (location, magnitude, focal mechanism, or rupture process), station location, or 3D variation of the earth's internal structure, making it ideal to constrain the average global attenuation structure. A small modification of the quality factor based on a global reference model can fit the coda energy decay well. The long-period coda energy may potentially provide a new way to determine the seismic moment of a major earthquake.

Retrieval of Interstation Local Body Waves From Teleseismic Coda Correlations

AbstractWe retrieve the local P wave empirical Green's functions between the elements of five different regional arrays across the globe by cross‐correlating and bin stacking the teleseismic earthquake coda waves recorded at each array. The stack is made using the coda of P and S wave phases for events in the distance range from 40° to 50° from the center of the array. With a sequence of time windows along the coda the various body wave arrivals can be tracked, using record sections constructed by binning the stacked interstation correlograms in less than 1‐km distance increments. The correlation of the coda part of each principal seismic phase produces highly coherent interstation arrivals for different analysis windows. Such arrivals can be reproduced by just stacking 100 arrivals from a pool of more than a thousand events, showing the stability of the observed Green's functions. Modeling for the structure beneath the Warramunga array in the Northern Territory, Australia, demonstrates that these arrivals correspond to multiply reflected arrivals from layers at different depths. The recovery of high‐frequency interstation body waves from the teleseismic earthquake coda opens the prospect of conducting local high‐resolution seismic imaging with teleseismic energy.

Enhanced Resolution of the Subducting Plate Interface in Central Alaska From Autocorrelation of Local Earthquake Coda

AbstractSubducting plates below 10‐km depth are primarily imaged using phases from teleseismic earthquakes at frequencies dominantly below 1 Hz, resulting in low‐resolution images compared to fault zone thickness. Here we image the plate boundary zone in Alaska using scattered body wave arrivals in local earthquake coda to produce a higher‐resolution image of the slab. An autocorrelation method successfully extracts coherent arrivals from the local earthquake signals. Our autocorrelation results image interfaces associated with the subducting oceanic plate at higher resolution than our teleseismic receiver functions, with increased coherence and sharper boundaries. Our results provide one of the first coherent structural images of the seismogenic zone using scattered local body waves. Amplitudes suggest that seismic wave speed decreases with increasing depth within the low‐velocity zone, supporting lithologic rather than purely overpressure models for the zone in our region. Similar methodologies using dense stations could provide higher‐resolution images to characterize crustal and uppermost mantle boundaries globally.

Seismic Attenuation of the Eastern Himalayan and Indo‐Burman Plate Boundary Systems, Northeast India

AbstractWe use local earthquake coda waveform to characterize the seismic attenuation across northeast India. We measure temporal decay of coda amplitude to estimate coda quality factor (Qc) at frequencies 1 to 14 Hz and abstract Q0 and its frequency dependence (η). Single‐trace measurements reveal similar average Qc between 1 and 3 Hz and significant variation at higher frequencies. We combine single‐trace Qc measurements into a backprojection algorithm to compute 2‐D Qc tomography maps. The Qc maps reveal strong correlation with tectonic settings. At low frequencies (1–5 Hz) we observe relatively lower Qc in the Sikkim and Eastern Himalaya, southern Tibetan Plateau, and Bengal Basin, while the intraplate region and Indo‐Burman subduction zone have higher Qc. At higher frequencies (>5 Hz) we observe pronounced low Qc beneath Sikkim Himalaya, relatively lower Qc in the intraplate region and relatively higher Qc in the Bengal Basin and Indo‐Burman subduction zone. We compare our Q0 map with Vs tomography to characterize the crust. The lateral variation in the structure of the Himalayan thrust sheets between Sikkim and Eastern Himalaya is highlighted by low and intermediate Q0, respectively. The southern Tibetan Plateau, known to have low Vs due to elevated crustal temperatures, is characterized by low Q0, indicating associated scattering and anelastic effects. The intraplate continental crust and the cold elastic subducting oceanic lithosphere have intermediate‐to‐high Vs and are marked by high Q0. The Bengal Basin, with thick low Vs sedimentary layers overlying a rift‐faulted high Vs transitional crust, has low‐to‐intermediate Q0 due to depth averaging of attenuation characteristics.

The nature of Earth's correlation wavefield: late coda of large earthquakes

The seismic correlation wavefield constructed from the stacked cross-correlograms of the late coda of earthquake signals at stations across the globe provides a wealth of observed pulses as a function of inter-station distance. The interval from 3 to 10 h after the onset of major earthquakes is employed for the period range from 15 to 50 s. The observations can be well matched by synthetic seismograms for a radially stratified Earth. Many of the correlation phases have similar time behaviour to those in the regular wavefield, but others have no correspondence. All such correlation phases can be explained by the interaction of arrivals with a common slowness at the each of the stations being correlated. Using a generalized ray description of the seismic wavefield, the time-distance behaviour of these correlation phases arises from differences in accumulated phase on different propagation paths through the Earth. Distinct arrivals emerge from the correlation field when there are many ways in which combinations of seismic phases can arise with the same difference in propagation legs. The constituents of the late coda are dominated by steeply travelling waves, and in consequence features associated with multiple passages through the whole Earth emerge distinctly, such as high-order multiples of PKIKP .

Simulation of Core Phases From Coda Interferometry

AbstractThe extraction of core phases through seismic interferometry is important for exploring the seismic structure of the Earth's inner core because it can provide an unprecedented data coverage. However, low signal‐to‐noise ratios and uncertainties in phase arrivals hinder the application of seismic interferometry. With three arrays from the China Regional Seismic Network, South America, and the western United States, we simulate coda interferometry using the one‐dimensional synthetic coda of large earthquakes (magnitude ≥ 7.0) from 2005 to 2012. Compared with the cross correlations of real coda (10,000–40,000 s after earthquakes), the similarities among the simulated waveforms of the core phases (PKIKP, PKIIKP, PKPab, PKIKP2, and PKIIKP2) indicate that reverberations at first‐order discontinuities constitute the major source for coda interferometry. Relative to synthesized Green's functions, the core phases derived from coda interferometry provide reliable phase information but varying amplitudes. In particular, the slownesses are generally consistent with the theoretical calculations, thereby confirming the extracted phases. The simulations prefer the 15‐ to 50‐s period band and indicate that the earthquake distribution has an insignificant effect on the retrieval of core phases at small distances (0–8°). Coda interferometry is scarcely affected by white noise, but it is influenced by the attenuation of the inner core. Experiments on focal mechanisms further suggest that coda signals from dip‐slip earthquakes mainly contribute to the reconstruction of the core phases (except for the simulated PKPab).

Lapse time and frequency-dependent coda wave attenuation for Delhi and its surrounding regions

Attenuation of seismic wave energy of Delhi and its surrounding regions has been estimated using coda of local earthquakes. Estimated quality factor (Qc) values are strongly dependent on frequency and lapse time. Frequency dependence of Qc has been estimated from the relationship Qc(f) = Q0fn for different lapse time window lengths. Q0 and n values vary from 73 to 453 and 0.97 to 0.63 for lapse time window lengths of 15 s to 90 s respectively. Average estimated frequency dependent relation is, Qc(f) = 135 ± 8f0.96±0.02 for the entire region for a window length of 30 s, where the average Qc value varies from 200 at 1.5 Hz to 1962 at 16 Hz. These values show that the region is seismically active and highly heterogeneous. The entire study region is divided into two sub-regions according to the geology of the area to investigate if there is a spatial variation in attenuation characteristics in this region. It is observed that at smaller lapse time both regions have similar Qc values. However, at larger lapse times the rate of increase of Qc with frequency is larger for Region 2 compared to Region 1. This is understandable, as it is closer to the tectonically more active Himalayan ranges and seismically more active compared to Region 1. The difference in variation of Qc with frequencies for the two regions is such that at larger lapse time and higher frequencies Region 2 shows higher Qc compared to Region 1. For lower frequencies the opposite situation is true. This indicates that there is a systematic variation in attenuation characteristics from the south (Region 1) to the north (Region 2) in the deeper part of the study area. This variation can be explained in terms of an increase in heat flow and a decrease in the age of the rocks from south to north.

Regionalization and dependence of coda Q on frequency and lapse time in the seismically active Peloritani region (northeastern Sicily, Italy)

The Peloritani region is one of the most seismically active regions in Italy and, consequently, the quantification of attenuation of the medium plays an important role for seismic risk evaluation. Moreover, it is necessary for the prediction of earth ground motion and future seismic source studies. An in depth analysis has been made here to understand the frequency and lapse time dependence of attenuation characteristics of the region by using the coda of local earthquakes. A regionalization is likewise performed in order to investigate the spatial variation of coda Q across the whole region. Finally, our results are jointly interpreted with those obtained from recently published 3D velocity tomographies for further insights.

Autocorrelation of the Seismic Wavefield at Newberry Volcano: Reflections From the Magmatic and Geothermal Systems

AbstractWe show that seismic autocorrelations provide new depth constraints on upper crustal magmatic systems. Autocorrelations of both ambient noise recorded on seismometers and geophones and teleseismic earthquake coda recorded on seismometers elucidate the structure of Newberry Volcano. These autocorrelations result in the two‐way, body wave Green's function beneath a station. Within the caldera, a reproducible, coherent P wave reflection is inferred to come from the top of a magma body at ~2.5 km depth and maps with the lateral extent of an anomalously low‐velocity body imaged tomographically. On the west flank of the volcano, a reflection that deepens with distance from the caldera is inferred to result from a temperature‐dependent change in metamorphic facies and may map the thermal structure of the edifice. Our results show that the autocorrelation of diffuse seismic energy reconstructs reflections from seismically sharp boundaries associated with the upper crustal magmatic structure.

Using direct and coda wave envelopes to resolve the scattering and intrinsic attenuation structure of Southern California

AbstractCharacterizing scattering and absorbing properties and the power spectrum of crustal heterogeneity is a fundamental problem for informing strong ground motion estimates at high frequencies, where scattering and attenuation effects are critical. We perform a comprehensive study of local earthquake coda waves in Southern California to constrain scattering and intrinsic attenuation structure. We analyze data from 1195 spatially distributed earthquakes from 1981 to 2013 at source depths of 10 to 15 km and epicentral distances from 0 to 250 km with magnitudes larger than 1.8. We stack envelope functions from 28,127 vertical component and 27,521 transverse component seismograms, filtered from 2 to 4 Hz. We model these observations using a particle‐based Monte Carlo algorithm that includes intrinsic attenuation as well as both P and S wave scattering and both single and multiple scattering events. We find that spatially averaged coda wave behavior for Southern California can be explained only with models containing an increase in scattering strength and intrinsic attenuation within the uppermost crust, i.e., they are poorly fit with half‐space models of constant scattering strength. A reasonable fit to our data is obtained with a two‐layer model, composed of a shallow crustal layer with strong wide‐angle scattering and high P and S intrinsic attenuation and a deeper layer with weaker scattering and lower intrinsic attenuation (top 5.5 km: αQI=250, βQI=125, heterogeneity correlation length a = 50 m, fractional velocity heterogeneity ε = 0.4; lower crust: αQI=900, βQI=400, a = 2 km, ε = 0.05).

Seismic wave attenuation in the lithosphere of the North Tanzanian divergence zone (East African rift system)

The seismic effective quality factor (QC) and its frequently dependences or the frequency parameter (n) and attenuation coefficient (δ) for the Earth’s crust and upper mantle of the North Tanzanian divergence zone (East African rift system) were estimated from an analysis of the earthquake coda waves recorded in the SEISMO-TANZ’07 French-Tanzanian seismic experiment. The QC values increase and the n and δ values decrease with increasing frequency and length of the lapse time window. This behavior of the attenuation parameters may be evidence that the degree of heterogeneity of the lithosphere decreases with depth. Comparison of the depth variations in the attenuation coefficient δ and the frequency parameter n with the velocity structure of the region shows that there is a distinct change in the behavior of seismic wave attenuation at velocity discontinuities. The obtained attenuation parameters were compared with the same parameters obtained in our previous studies for other continental rift systems—the Baikal rift system (Eurasia) and the Basin and Range Province (North America).

Surface‐Wave Retrieval from Generalized Diffuse Fields in 2D Synthetic Models of Alluvial Valleys

Abstract Among other methods, passive imaging technique is widely applied to obtain surface‐wave velocities. This technique implies that the average cross correlations between diffuse wavefields recorded at two observers is proportional to the imaginary part of the Green’s function. For this purpose, most applications rely on both seismic ambient noise and the coda of earthquakes. Instead, we use a generalized diffuse field (GDF), defined as the waves produced by a multiplicity of distant seismic sources. These wavefields undergo multiple scatterings along their way and at the local surface geology. In this communication, we use GDF to extract the locally generated surface waves in a 2D alluvial valley model for both inplane and antiplane cases from the retrieved Green’s function. For the inplane case, an equipartitioned cocktail of plane P , SV , and Rayleigh waves is used, whereas for the antiplane case, the incidence is a set of plane SH waves. In addition to isotropic illumination, we explore the partial illumination from one side of the valley. In both cases, we obtain dispersion curves for the Rayleigh and Love waves’ group velocities from the retrieved Green’s functions and found good agreement with the exact result for the fundamental modes of both Love and Rayleigh waves in an infinite horizontal layer. This theoretical validation is a proof of concept within an ongoing project whose goal is to improve the characterization of Mexico City subsoil throughout tomography maps of surface‐wave velocities using a collection of historical strong earthquakes recorded by the Mexico City Accelerometric Network.

Crustal-scale reflection imaging and interpretation by passive seismic interferometry using local earthquakes

We have developed an application of passive seismic interferometry (SI) using P-wave coda of local earthquakes for the purpose of crustal-scale reflection imaging. We processed the reflection gathers retrieved from SI following a standard seismic processing in exploration seismology. We applied SI to the P-wave coda using crosscorrelation, crosscoherence, and multidimensional deconvolution (MDD) approaches for data recorded in the Malargüe region, Argentina. Comparing the results from the three approaches, we found that MDD based on the truncated singular-value decomposition scheme gave us substantially better structural imaging. Although our results provided higher resolution images of the subsurface, they showed less clear images for the Moho in comparison with previous seismic images in the region obtained by the receiver function and global-phase SI. Above the Moho, we interpreted a deep thrust fault and the possible melting zones, which were previously indicated by active-seismic and magnetotelluric methods in this region, respectively. The method we developed could be an alternative option not only for crustal-scale imaging, e.g., in enhanced geothermal systems, but also for lithospheric-scale as well as basin-scale imaging, depending on the availability of local earthquakes and the frequency bandwidth of their P-wave coda.