COD Analysis Research Articles

Karakterisasi Air Hasil Filtrasi Instalasi Pengolahan Air Sederhana Berdasarkan Variasi Waktu Filtrasi dan Ketebalan Media Arang Ampas Teh

The increase in population and the development of the industrial sector have resulted in water pollution and a decrease in the quality of clean water. Water treatment with filtration method is an effort to reduce the concentration of pollutants in water using adsorbents. This study aims to test the quality of water filtration results using a simple water treatment plant with tea grounds as the adsorbent. The media used in the simple water treatment plant are coconut fiber, zeolite sand, silica sand, tea grounds, gravel, and sponge. The water quality parameters tested were TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) analysis, pH analysis, organoleptic analysis, total hardness analysis, fixed hardness, temporary hardness and COD analysis. The independent variables in this study were the thickness of tea pulp media (0 cm, 3 cm, 5 cm, and 7 cm) and filtration time (20 minutes, 40 minutes, and 60 minutes). The results showed that the combination of tea pulp media height and process time had no significant effect on TDS, pH, hardness, COD, and organoleptic values. The optimum condition of tea pulp media height and process time with filtration-adsorption process for pH characteristics is in the treatment of 0 cm charcoal height, on the characteristics of total hardness and fixed hardness is in the treatment of 0 cm charcoal height and 20 minutes process time, while the optimum condition of temporary hardness is in the treatment of 7 cm charcoal height and 20 minutes process time.

Synthesis and Characterization of WO3/BiVO4/Graphene Ternary Nanocomposites for the Photodegradation of Methlyene Blue and Tetracycline

In this study, a hydrothermal method was employed to synthesize the ternary nanocomposites comprising WO3/BiVO4/Graphene, all driven by visible light. The characteristics of these nanocomposites were interpreted through techniques such as UV–Vis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The enhanced performance of the composite, attributed to its heightened capability for separating charge carriers, outperformed that of the individual semiconductor components. The PL results validated the composite's improved charge separation. The nanocomposites have weaker PL peaks, indicating slower e−/h+ recombination. The balanced concentrations of the mixed semiconductors in the composite affected both PL intensity and photodegradation efficiency. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and tetracycline (TC) was observed by nanocomposites. The heterogeneous nanocomposite WOBV/G-5 with 0.03 mg graphene content has a better photocatalytic activity for both MB (63 %) and TC (80 %) than other concentrations. It has also been investigated using TOC and COD analysis. Moreover, zeta potential analysis and pH analysis have been done to check the conductivity of optimized photocatalyst. Additionally, to check the stability of WOBV/G-5 photocatalyst, recyclability test that shows 58 % degradation rate after five cycles and analysis of XRD after recyclability have also been performed. Role of active species (h+, O2−, and OH.) was observed by using different scavengers (EDTA, BQ, and IPA) in trapping experiment that plays a vital role in photocatalytic degradation process.

Photocatalytic degradation of Acid Red 18 by synthesized AgCoFe2O4@Ch/AC: Recyclable, environmentally friendly, chemically stable, and cost-effective magnetic nano hybrid catalyst

Chitosan (Ch) is a linear biodegradable natural carbohydrate polymer and the most appealing biopolymer, such as low-cost biodegradability, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and non-toxicity. In this case, Ch was utilized to synthesize AgCoFe2O4@Ch/Activated Carbon (AC) by the modified microwave-assisted co-precipitation method. The physical and chemical structure of magnetic nanocomposites was analyzed and characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy (DRS), Value stream mapping (VSM), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. The effects of various parameters on the removal of dye (Acid Red18), including catalyst dose, dye concentration, pH, and time were studied. Results showed that the highest removal efficiencies were 96.68 % and 84 % for the synthetic sample and actual wastewater, respectively, in optimal conditions (pH: 3, the initial dye concentration: 10 mgL−1, the catalyst dose: 0.14 gL−1, time: 50 min). Mineralization, according to the COD analysis, was 89.56 %. Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of Acid Red 18 followed pseudo-first order and Langmuir-Hinshelwood with constants of kc = 0.12 mg L−1 min−1 and KL-H = 0.115 Lmg−1. Synthesized photocatalytic AgCoFe2O4@Ch/AC showed high stability and after five recycling cycles was able to remove the pollutant with an efficiency of 85.6 %. So, the synthesized heterogenous magnetic nanocatalyst AgCoFe2O4@Ch/AC was easily recycled from aqueous solutions and it can be used in the removal of dyes from industries with high efficiency.

Dynamic Ag-mediated electron transfer confined ZnO nanorods for boosted photocatalytic bacterial disinfection

Infectious diseases, particularly bacterial infections, pose a global crisis with significant impacts on public health and economic stability due to the emergence of multi-drug resistance and limitations in existing therapeutic options. The present study focused on the development of photocatalytic disinfectant and silver-decorated hexagonal zinc oxide nanorods (Ag/ZnO NRs) were fabricated through an ultrasonic-assisted solvothermal method, and investigated for the photocatalytic inactivation on E. coli. The morphological, structural, and optical characteristics of the fabricated Ag/ZnO NRs were systematically studied through various analytical techniques. Here, 3%Ag/ZnO NRs showed 96.9% inactivation of E. coli within 120 min of visible light irradiation. The excellent inactivation efficiency of the photocatalyst could be attributed to the higher charge carrier mobility, efficient electron-hole pair separation, and highvisible light harvesting ability. The Schottky heterojunction was proposed as a possible mechanism for the photoinactivation of E. coli. Further, the impacts of different dosages of nanocomposites (NCs) and varying pH on bacterial inactivation were studied under visible light exposure. The reusability and stability of the NCs were investigatedfor 6 consecutive cycles of photoinactivation and it showed excellent efficiency (91.16%) of the photocatalyst for prolonged usage. The real-time application was assessed using reclaimed wastewaterand the influence on the organic matter was determined using COD analysis. The proposed study offers a significant point reference for the practical application of photocatalysis forthe inactivation of antibiotic-resistant microbes present in water bodies and environmental wastewater.

Application of natural solar photocatalytic and DSSC's studies AC loaded on Ag–In2O3 nanoparticles by hydrothermal approach

Contaminants are repeatedly being released into the land, water and air about the world as a consequence of the high levels of human movement and development, which causes a fast an increase in the growing of pollution. In this assessment, activated charcoals supported on Ag–In2O3 nanomaterials were blended by hydrothermal system. The morphology constitution, surface assets and optical description of synthesized nanomaterials were characterized by XRD, UV-DRS, PL, HR-SEM and EDAX, HR-TEM, SAED pattern, FT-IR, XPS, BET, CV and VSM techniques. The optimized heterogeneous catalyst AC/Ag–In2O3 depicts high electro catalytic activity, fast-charge transport development, weak ferromagnetism, brilliant accessibility and stability for Rh6G dye degradation, which is endowed for application in the alkaline medium. The prepared photocatalytic activity towards AC/Ag–In2O3 have been revealed as the degradation of Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) dye in the presence of aqueous solution directed to solar light irradiation. AC/Ag–In2O3 is initiated to maintain some more efficient than synthesized Ag–In2O3 and In2O3 by pH9 positively mineralizing of Rh6G dye under sun light irradiation. The mineralization of Rh6G dye has been confirmed by measuring COD analysis. It is suggested that Rh6G degrades in the presence of solar light via a particular mechanism, which was discovered that the catalyst remained more stable and reusable. It has been effectively determined that the AC/Ag–In2O3 nanomaterial achieves photocatalytic effects.

Komparasi Metode Titrimetri Dengan Spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada Analisis Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Output IPAL Domestik Berdasarkan Linieritas, Akurasi dan Presisi

The method of a test must be evaluated and tested to ensure that the method is capable of producing valid data. So that validation needs to be done as a quality control that provides assurance that the measurements and results obtained are reliable. This study aims to determine the value and comparison of the values of linearity, accuracy, and precision of the titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods in COD analysis. Determination of the COD value for the titrimetric method was carried out by redox titration using a solution of Ferro Ammonium Sulphate (FAS). While the spectrophotometric method was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 420 nm. The research results obtained a linear regression value for the titrimetric method of 0.9989, while the spectrophotometric method was 0.9991, this indicates that the linear regression value of the spectrophotometric method is better than the titrimetric method. The results of the accuracy analysis for the titrimetric method obtained a value of 111.48%, while for the spectrophotometric method it was 103.11%, this shows that the accuracy value of the spectrophotometric method is better than the titrimetric method. The precision analysis results for the titrimetric method obtained a value of 1.77%, while for the spectrophotometric method it was 1.55%, this shows that the spectrophotometric method has a better precision value than the titrimetric method. Based on the comparison of the results of statistical validation using the T-test, there was no significant difference in data between the titrimetric method and the spectrophotometric method.

Performance of Coconut-shell Activated Carbon on Methylene Blue Treatment

Coconut shell was chosen as a raw material to synthesize activated carbon through physical and chemical activation methods and to evaluate the performance of methylene blue treatment Physical activation method was done by heating the coconut shell in the furnace at 400°C and the chemical activation method was done by using phosphoric acid. Prepared coconut-shell activated carbon (CSAC) was analysed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the presence of functional groups and their composition. Methylene blue (MB) was chosen as a dye that can be considered as a major pollutant in textile industries’ wastewater. It is a toxic and carcinogenic dye that is harmful to organisms that are exposed to or consumed. The adsorption method using CSAC was used to treat methylene blue due to its higher MB removal efficiency. In this study, methylene blue samples were treated using different dosages of CSAC (15g, 20g, 25g). Color removal (CR%) analysis, COD analysis, and turbidity analysis were done to evaluate the performance of CSAC on methylene blue treatment. 95.59%, 97.40%, and 98.23% of color removal (CR%) were achieved using CSAC dosages of 15g, 20g, and 25g respectively. For COD analysis, 55.41%, 64.33%, and 80.25% of COD removal (%) were achieved when 15g, 20g and 25 g of CSAC dosages were used. 81.48%, 85.19%, and 92.59% of turbidity removal (%) were achieved using CSAC dosages of 15g, 20g, and 25 g respectively. Hence, the adsorption process of MB increases when the dosage of CSAC increases due to surface areas present in the sample.

Assessment of an Oxidation Ditch's Performance via COD and Nitrogen Fractionation Analysis

The rapid population growth in the southern part of Quito, driven by the pursuit of material prosperity, has increased the production of wastewater, leading to discharges into water bodies and impacting water quality. In this context, characterizing wastewater is crucial for reliable operational decisions. This research evaluates the Quitumbe Wastewater Treatment Plant's bioreactor in relation to the fractionation of COD and nitrogen, considering the sludge age as a controlled variable. Wastewater samples were collected in March at the inlet and outlet points of the bioreactor, and a physicochemical method was used for COD fractionation. The results indicate a predominance of slowly biodegradable COD (XS) and removal rates of 95% for biodegradable COD and 93% for ammonia nitrogen, demonstrating biodegradation capacity. Incomplete nitrification was confirmed, along with a cellular retention time of 20 days. This study provides a solid foundation for improving the operational management of the Quitumbe Wastewater Treatment Plant.

Biodegradation of Used Engine Oil by Bacterial Cultures

In the present study biodegradation of used engine oil by four bacterial cultures was targeted. Versatile catabolic capability of four bacterial cultures Bacillus subtilis PD6, Bacillus sp. PD9, Enterobacter sp. PD11 and Bacillus sp. PD14 was assessed by subjecting them for the utilization of used engine oil in 250ml 0.1XM9 media containing flasks. Biodegradation of used engine oil was analysed by COD analysis and observation were statistically processed by ANOVA. Out of four bacterial cultures, Bacillus sp. PD9 and Bacillus sp. PD14 were found to be efficient cultures which were able to degrade 67.8% and 65.5% used engine oil within six days. Other two cultures Bacillus subtilis PD6 and Enterobacter sp. PD11 also exhibited successful biodegradation of used engine oil but less efficiently compared to Bacillus sp. PD9 and Bacillus sp. PD14. This study accentuate the role of isolated four bacterial cultures in removal of used engine oil and its possible application in bioremediation studies

Fouling and clogging behavior of porous membrane during biogas recovery from submerged granular anaerobic membrane bioreactor permeate; long-term stability analysis

This work investigated the fouling and clogging behavior of the porous polypropylene (PP) membrane during the long-term (1032 h.) biogas recovery operation of the ultrafiltration effluent discharged from an in-house granular anaerobic membrane bioreactor (G-AnMBR) unit. The study implemented different cleaning strategies, evaluated performance loss and recovery due to fouling and cleaning, and characterized the fouling. The normalized CH4 flux dropped by 54 % while the liquid pressure drop increased from 10 to 800 mbar after 312 h. operation. Acid cleaning (AC) with citric acid solution was found to be very effective in removing both reversible and irreversible fouling and restoring the initial membrane performance. Ca2+, and CO32−, were found to be the major inorganic fouling elements. The organic fouling consisted of 79 % aromatic proteins, 17 % fulvic-like substances, and 4 % soluble microbial products. Evidence of biofouling was confirmed by COD and DOC analysis and by detecting nucleic acids in the FTIR analysis.

Experimental study of photo electro‐Fenton method for the removal of Reactive Yellow 186: Influence of operational parameters

AbstractWater contamination is a global issue which must be addressed and examined in all water resource policies. In recent decades, Pollution from azo dyes has become a significant cause of concern in the environment. Oxidation procedures are preferred to break down organic molecules found in wastewater. Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes are among the most successful methodologies for pollutant degradation and inspired by the efficiency of the photo electro‐Fenton (PEF). It has been conducted for removals of organic pollutants using anode (Ti), Stainless Steel cathode. Reactive Yellow 186 (RY 186) azo dye in sulphate medium was subjected to this study pH (2–9), dye concentration (0.05–0.25 g/l), Iron dosage (0.01–0.03 g/l), H2O2 (0.1–0.5 g/l) dosage, and current density (0.1–0.5 mA/cm2) of PEF were evaluated. The optimum pH, RY 186 concentration, Iron dosage, H2O2 dosage, and current density were found to be approximately 3, 0.15 g/l, 0.015 g/l, 0.2 g/l, and 0.1 mA/cm2, respectively. It was concluded that acidic pH was required to increase the degradation efficiency of the PEF at optimum conditions and a reaction time of 15 min. The PEF approach was the most effective method for the reasons, hydroxyl radical oxidation and UVA radiation, degradation of up to 99%, and COD removal was 94.82% with optimized parameters. Degradation and COD analysis tracked with high‐performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy analysis. The results were compared with theoretical zero, first and second‐order models. it was found that the process obeys pseudo‐first‐order kinetic and the studies found to fit the data well (R2 = 0.9824). The cyclic voltammetry technique was employed to investigate the PEF process.

Synthesis and visible light catalytic activity of Ag3PO4/Bi2SiO5 nanocomposites

Ag3PO4/Bi2SiO5 nanocomposite photocatalyst was synthesized by ultrasonic assisted precipitation method. The composition and morphology of Ag3PO4/Bi2SiO5 were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, HRTEM and XPS. Ag3PO4/Bi2SiO5 has good degradation capacity for non-azo dyes MB and RhB, but low degradation capacity for azo dyes MO. After irradiation with 70 ​W metal halide lamp for 60 ​min, the degradation efficiency of RhB, MB, MO by Ag3PO4/Bi2SiO5 was 92.86%, 95.56% and 33.90%, respectively. According to COD analysis, the mineralization efficiency of RhB reached 73.92% after irradiation with 70 ​W metal halide lamp for 120 ​min. The nanocomposite photocatalyst has good reusability and stability. The photocatalytic reaction mechanism was speculated. The good photocatalytic activity of Ag3PO4/Bi2SiO5 can be attributed to its large specific surface area, enhanced visible light absorption capacity, high separation rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and heterojunction structure. Free radical capture experiments showed that ·O2− and h+ were the mainly active species in the photocatalytic reaction process.

Improving quality of COD analysis using AgNO3 for wastewater samples with high chloride content

Chemical oxygen demand, or COD, is one of the important environmental parameters that provides the extent of pollution in the water bodies. Valid analysis of COD is needed as a basis to evaluate the condition of water bodies or a wastewater plant. Therefore, any potential deviations suspected during analysis are required to be thoroughly investigated. The problems generally found for COD analyzes came from interferences and contaminations. One challenge that the Badak LNG’s Laboratory had, was the wastewater interferences from inorganic substance. It was reflected from the results of COD analyses which prevented to deliver accurate and reliable results for high chloride wastewater samples. It is also mentioned on the Standard Method that high chloride ions (> 2000 mg/L) on wastewater can cause problems on COD determination. Further evaluations are conducted to ensure whether pre-treatment with the addition of specific compounds can compensate the interferences. On this opportunity, mercuric sulfate and silver nitrate are evaluated to determine whether they deliver effective measures to remove the chloride interference and provide valid and accurate results. Later, it was silver nitrate that had more capability to remove chloride interference with additional benefits, less cost and less hazardous wastes generated.

Development of A Hybrid Method by Integrating Electrocoagulation Countinous System with Activated Charcoal Adsorption to Treat Sago Wastewater

Wastewater from the sago industry can pose a risk of pollution because it contains chemicals such as high organic matter content, fiber, 4% unextracted starch, nitrogen solution, and cyanoglucoside which are difficult to degrade in the environment. Sago wastewater is generally acidic, has foul smells, and has a high solids concentration. In this study, a hybrid method using electrocoagulation continuous system and activated carbon adsorption was developed to decrease organic and inorganic contaminates which considered importand environmental concern. These two methods have the advantages of simple equipment, easy operation, low efficiency, and short reaction time. The flow rate will affect the pause time of the sample in the reactor. The longer the pause time, feeding will lead to an increase in the level of turbidity that can be lowered. Industrial wastewater variations in the initial analysis then carried out the electrocoagulation process in a continuous system with a container capacity of 1680 mL with an electrode distance of 2 cm, a voltage of 18 volts, and wastewater into a container with a flow rate of 1 mL/, 2 mL/second, 3 mL/ sec, 4 mL/sec, and 5 mL/sec. In addition, the waste is directly into a container containing charcoal. The parameters studied were COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, KMnO4, DO, pH, DHL, and Al concentration analysis with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, odor, and color analysis. The maximum removal efficiency for TDS, TSS. COD, BOD, TDS, KMnO4 were 81.16%, 87.58%, 91.32%, 48.66%, 99.07%, for a flow rate of 1 mL/second, also other parameters also met have met the quality standards set by PerMenLH No. 5.

Bacteriological and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Lapai Water Supply

Bacteriological and Physico-chemical analysis of Lapai water source was investigated. Lapai is the headquarters of Lapai Local Government Area of Niger state, Nigeria. Bacteriological quality of water samples was determined by enumeration through Total Viable Count and Coliform count using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. The Isolates were subjected to Series of Biochemical tests for characterization and identification. The physicochemical parameters were determined according to the standard analytical methods for the examination of water and waste water and Romanian standard. Findings from this work includes the following: Maximum Total Viable Count (TVC) and Coliform count were recorded to be 2.45 x 107cfu/mg and > 1100 MPN index/100ml,while minimum TVC and Coliform count were recorded to be 1.05 x 107cfu/mg and 0MPN index/100ml in the water samples. Total bacteria count and identified from all the water sources in Lapai metropolis indicated that Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp occurred most with five (5) and four (4) isolates respectively.The conductivity data for the raw water samples indicated that State low-cost (LN), IBB Hostel (LE) and Emir Palace (LW) analysed were 250, 120 and 580 μs/cm. The pH, conductivity, chloride, nitrate and total hardness decreases with increasing treatment time in the column for the borehole water samples. While, the pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total solids (TS), BOD, COD, nitrate, phosphate, ammonia and heavy metal analysis for the surface water (stream/river) samples also decreases with increasing treatment time in the packed column. Treatment of the water using nanocellulose revealed a decrease in all the investigated parameters with increasing treatment time. Most water samples examined did not meet up with the WHO standard for portable water, and the presence of these bacteria are potential pathogens that can significantly affect microbiology water quality, resulting to great health risk.

La, S, N tri-doped TiO2/nickel foam as efficient photoelectrode for degradation of BTX solution under visible light irradiation

La, S, N tri-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by facile sol–gel method. Investigation of the optical and photochemical properties of the prepared samples reveals the simultaneous introduction of the metal and non-metal dopants into TiO2 substantially decreases the recombination rate of charge carriers, as well as increases visible light sensitization of TiO2. The prepared nanoparticles were immobilized onto nickel foam as an efficient substrate. The photoelectrocatalytic reactions were conducted to degrade the benzene, toluene and p-xylene (BTX) aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. After 180 min illumination and 0.8 V applied potential, the highest degradation rate of BTX solution are 83.7%, 71.4% and 62.28% for benzene, toluene and p-xylene, respectively. Under the same experimental condition, the COD analysis shows the mineralization of BTX solution is 51.3 %. The good photoelectrocatalytic performance of the prepared photoanode is attributed to the improved separation of charges caused by the introduction of La, S and N dopants. The recyclability of the prepared photoanode was studied under 6 reaction cycles which revealed the high stability of the photoanode for degradation of BTX solution.

Electrocatalytic membrane containing CuFeO2/nanoporous carbon for organic dye removal application

Decolorizations, degradation and mineralization of wastewater containing dyes utilizing an electrocatalytic membrane reactor (ECMR) is a beneficial development to conventional advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) caused of its robust efficiency and sustainability and environmental appropriateness. We herein developed a stainless-steel mesh (SSM) electrode supported a porous membrane via incorporation of a PVDF casting solution containing CuFeO2 delafossite nanoparticles impregnated in nanoporous carbon (NPC) biomass derived from apple powder as a critical electrocatalytic and chemical confinement active sites. The SSM membrane electrode was applied as the anode in a gravity-driven ECMR with deep-permeation and self-cleaning function and its concept-of-proof were investigated by methyl orange (MO, as typical azo dyes) electrocatalytic oxidation/filtration. As-designed system exhibiting a robust degradation efficiency of over 98.72% toward MO due to the heterointerfacial structure of CuFeO2 and NPC, which provided the fast electron transfer and low recombination rate, the superior generation rate of the hydroxyl radicals, large effective surface area, self-regenerability, and the least fouling and concentration polarization. The TOC and COD analysis validated that the treatment by as-prepared ECM is proficient for effluent-treatment than the industrial physico-chemical treatments. This strategy beacon paves the headlight for the substantial understanding and designing of novel extremely effective and economic ECMs for several potential applications, including environmental remediation.

Gum Acacia-Crosslinked-Poly(Acrylamide) Hydrogel Supported C3N4/BiOI Heterostructure for Remediation of Noxious Crystal Violet Dye.

Herein, we report the designing of a C3N4/BiOI heterostructure that is supported on gum acacia-crosslinked-poly(acrylamide) hydrogel to fabricate a novel nanocomposite hydrogel. The potential application of the obtained nanocomposite hydrogel to remediate crystal violet dye (CVD) in an aqueous solution was explored. The structural and functional analysis of the nanocomposite hydrogel was performed by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The different reaction parameters, such as CVD concentration, nanocomposite hydrogel dosage, and working pH, were optimized. The C3N4/BiOI heterostructure of the nanocomposite hydrogel depicts Z-scheme as the potential photocatalytic mechanism for the photodegradation of CVD. The degradation of CVD was also specified in terms of COD and HR-MS analysis was carried to demonstrate the major degradation pathways.

Removal of COD and BOD from animals’ slaughterhouse wastewater through polyethersulfone/cellulose nano crystals membrane

A slaughterhouse is a building used for slaughtering animals. Slaughterhouses produce waste in the form of feces, urine, waste in the rumen or stomach, meat or fat, and washing water. The waste water treatment plan system at the slaughterhouse in Banda Aceh is dysfunctional and unusable, consequently wastewater is thrown directly into the sewer. It has the potential to contaminate the quality of water. Slaughterhouse waste treatment is carried out chemically, aerobically, and anaerobically, through coagulation, filtration, adsorption, electrocoagulation, and processing with membranes. Processing with membranes is an alternative to treating liquid waste. In this study, the membrane process used was ultrafiltration with polyether sulfone (PES) membrane material, methylpirrolidone (NMP) solvent, and nanocrystalline cellulose additive. The variables in this study were M1 (pure PES membrane), M2 (PE membrane + 1% nanocrystal cellulose), and M3 (PES membrane + 5% nanocrystalline cellulose). The purpose of this study was to examine the results of the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the mechanical strength of the membrane, the results of COD and BOD analysis of the Slaughterhouse wastewater, the effect of adding nanocrystal cellulose to the flux value, and physical observations of the liquid waste after going through the filtration process using a membrane. The top layer without nanocrystal cellulose has thinner pores than the membrane with the addition of nanocrystal cellulose. The break elongation value produced by the membrane with additives is 68%. Pure water flux data for pure PES membranes is greater than the membranes using additives, at 17.96 L/m 2 .jam.bar. The addition of nanocrystalline cellulose makes a dense layer thicker than the layers of other membranes, thereby increasing the flux on the membrane. After processing with a filtration test, the results of the water analysis, specifically COD and BOD from slaughterhouse waste, do not pass the quality standard value, indicating that slaughterhouse waste can be thrown directly into water bodies without disturbing the surrounding population.

Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Bean Shells � Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies

Lead ions removal from aqueous solutions onto bean shells is presented in this paper. The experiments were conducted in a batch system. The bean shells samples were rinsed with distilled water before the adsorption experiments. The analysis of the rinsed water showed that a significant amount of alkali and alkaline-earth metal ions are transferred from the adsorbent structure into the rinsed solution during the rinsing process. The COD analysis showed that these waters should be treated before being discharged into the surrounding watercourses. The influence of different process parameters (the pH value of the solution, the initial metal ions concentration, and the initial mass of the adsorbent) on the adsorption capacity was investigated. The adsorption capacity was higher at higher pH values of the solution. The adsorption capacity showed a decrease with the increase in the mass of the adsorbent. The increase in the initial metal ions concentration was shown to lead to an increase in the adsorption capacity until 0.8 g dm-3, after which a slight decrease was noted. Characterization of the adsorbent was performed by SEM-EDX, DTA-TGA, and FTIR analysis. The SEM-EDX analysis indicates a change in the morphology of the sample after the adsorption, as well as that K and Mg are possibly exchanged with lead ions during the adsorption process. The results obtained by the DTA-TGA analysis showed a weight loss of 77.8 % in the temperature range from 20oC to 900oC. The FTIR analysis indicated that the amide group is involved in the adsorption process. The pseudo-second order kinetic model was shown to be the best fit for the analyzed data, which led to the conclusion that chemisorption was a possible way of binding lead ions onto the surface of the bean shells. The Hill isotherm model was the best model for the analyzed adsorption equilibrium data. Obtained thermodynamic data indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic, and disordered, in which lead ions are bound to the surface of the bean shells by chemisorption. The maximum achieved adsorption capacity was 46.36 mg g-1.