Coconut Research Articles

Implementasi Permainan Tradisional Batok Kelapa Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Koordinasi Gerak dan Keseimbangan Tubuh

This research aims to improve the movement coordination and body balance abilities of class 1C students at SDN Pakis 1 Surabaya through the implementation of the traditional coconut shell game. This Classroom Action Research (PTK) was carried out in two cycles, each consisting of planning, action implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The results showed a significant improvement in students' motor skills. At pre-cycle, only 25% of students achieved the expected skills. After implementing the coconut shell game, the percentage of students who completed it increased to 42.86% in the first cycle and 82.14% in the second cycle. This increase indicates that the traditional coconut shell game is an effective method in developing students' movement coordination and body balance skills and providing a fun and active learning experience.

The Physicochemical and Nutritional Analysis of Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera) Extracted from the Tall Tree Variety

Aims: Coconut (Cocos nucifera) known as the ‘tree of life’ is an ancient fruit belonging to the palm family Arecaceae family and the only species in the genus Cocos. This study aims to characterize and show the nutritional qualities of coconut oil from the tall tree variety. Methodology: The production methods include natural Fermentation, centrifugation, freeze-thawing, and solvent extraction. In physical and chemical properties, the moisture content, impurity, specific gravity, refractive index, oil yield, flash, fire, smoke point, melting point, thiobarbituric acid number, saponification, peroxide, iodine, and fatty acid value were analyzed and all fall within close ranges. Results: The fat-soluble vitamins ranged from 18.65 ± 5.09 (vitamin A), 4.28 ± 0.68 (vitamin E), 4.11 ± 3.11(vitamin D) and 1.03 ± 0.21 (vitamin K) all in mg/100ml. Mineral analysis shows that coconut oil contains calcium, zinc, and iron with concentrations of 2.53 ± 0.23, 1.21 ± 0.19, and 0.53 ± 0.13 in mg/100ml respectively. Fatty acid analysis shows that coconut oil contains lauric, myristic, palmitic, caprylic, oleic, capric, stearic, linoleic, and caproic acid of which lauric acid was the highest with a range of 48.40 ± 0.23. Conclusion: The result shows that coconut is a good source of nutrients and the fatty acids make it a good moisturizer.

Characterization and performance evaluation of coconut shell concrete with alccofine supplements

Characterization and performance evaluation of coconut shell concrete with alccofine supplements

Appraisal of Characterization and Adsorption Isotherm in the Bioremediation of Cu and Zn Ions from Aqueous Solutions Exploiting Unmodified Corn and Coconut Husk

Environment is contaminated by heavymetals has emerged as a substantial globaly. Conventional remediation methods have proven inadequate and costly in addressing this issue. Hence, there is a pressing need to discover bio-remediation as a cost effective, effectual, and environmentally, a substitute for heavymetal removal. This work investigates the adsorption behaviour of Corn Husk (CH) and Coconut Husk (CCH), an inexpensive adsorbent, towards Cu and Zn ions for potential application in wastewater treatment. The physico-chemical variables of unmodified CH and CCH were appraised, and batch experimental methods were employed to study variables like pH, contact time, size of particle, and preliminary content of metals. The impact of solution pH on metals uptake by the adsorbent was investigated on the pH range of 3 to 8, revealing optimal removal efficiencies at pH 6 for Cu and pH 5 for Zn. Equilibrium adsorption times were determined to be 80 minutes for Cu and 60 minutes for Zn ions onto CH and CCH. adsorption volumes is conforming to mono-layer coverage, attained from the Langmuir plots were 4.792 mg/g and 4.594 mg/g respectively for Cu and Zn metals onto the CH and 4.771 mg/g and 4.400 mg/g for their adsorption onto CCH. Experimental values were confirmed to the Langmuir model and Freundlich model, with the Langmuir model providing the best fit. The CH based adsorbent was generally found to have an increased capacity of adsorption of the metal contents than Coconut husk (CCH). These findings underscore the strength of Corn husk as an active adsorbent to extract cationic heavymetal contents from industrial effluents.

Activated biochar production from young coconut waste (Cocos nucifera) as bioadsorbent: a pathway through Artificial Neural Network (ANN) optimization.

This pioneering work explores the immense potential of young coconut waste, a continuously marginalized residue of the food and beverage industry, to serve as an indispensable feedstock in the production of biochar. Through an examination of the key carbonization factors that include time, temperature, and concentrations of the activating agent, KOH, the outcomes offer relevant insights that could be leveraged to maximize biochar production for tailored applications. This study stands out for its innovative use of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approaches for predictive modeling. Fifty datasets, supplemented with secondary data obtained from the literature and experiments, were utilized for the purposes of training, testing, and validating the neural network model. Here, the datasets were processed utilizing the Deep Neural Network (DNN) framework, which was designed and implemented with the minimal loss function framework feasible. The architectural configuration comprises the following; an input layer, four hidden layers (128-neuron dense layer, batch normalization, and 64-neuron dense layer, batch normalization), a dropout layer, and an output layer. With an R2 of 0.8238 for biochar yield and 0.7324 for iodine number, the trained DNN model showed a relatively high degree of accuracy in making predictions.

Ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizal association in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) palms: Analysis of factors influencing AMF in fields

This study is the first thorough ecological analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) diversity in randomly selected traditional coconut fields across Kerala, South India. We conducted a critical analysis of AMF diversity, percentage root length colonization (PRLC), and mean spore density (MSD) across 248 sites, taking into account variations in plant, environmental, and soil factors like coconut varieties, palm health conditions, agroclimatic zones, soil types, and seasons in the region. A total of 23 AMF species from seven genera (Acaulospora, Archaeospora, Funneliformis, Glomus, Sclerocystis, Septoglomus, and Scutellospora) were identified, with Acaulospora scrobiculata being the dominant species in all studied fields. A critical analysis of diversity indices, including the Shannon-Weiner Index, Simpson's diversity index, and Gini-Simpson index, concerning variables indicated that soil series influences AMF diversity in specific fields. Correlational and principal component analyses highlighted the interrelationships between specific soil types and quality parameters affecting AMF characteristics, underscoring their crucial role in coconut palm growth. The study also revealed the ecological amplitudes of indigenous AMF species related to specific soil fertility parameters. Overall, this research serves as a model for identifying root- and soil-specific AMF in agricultural fields and provides valuable ecological insights for utilizing indigenous AMF species as ecotechnological tools for sustainable coconut cultivation.

Structural and transport properties of newly synthesized ZSM-5 sourcing silica from coconut shell ash

ZSM-5 is a crucial catalyst in industrial chemistry and petrochemical processing, distinguished by its unique structural and chemical properties. The cost of its production is heavily influenced by the expense of silica-alumina sources, which are the primary precursors for the formation of the zeolitic network. This study introduces a pioneering approach to synthesize the valuable zeolite ZSM-5 using waste coconut shell ash (CSA), a readily available and cost-effective alternative natural source of silica. High-purity amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2) was successfully extracted from discarded coconut shells, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, providing an eco-friendly approach to the production of this valuable material. The optimal preparation conditions for ZSM-5 were found to be 150 °C and 60 h, yielding the ZSM-5 zeolite from extracted silica. The XRD pattern revealed the presence of a pure crystalline MFI phase in the ZSM-5, and the FTIR findings corroborated its pentasil structure. Microscopic images (SEM and TEM) confirmed that the zeolite was polycrystalline, with agglomerated rod-shaped particles. The WDXRF data revealed a low SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of 17.84. Electrical characterization showed that the dielectric constant decreased with increasing frequency. Complex impedance spectroscopy enabled the distinction between grain and grain boundary contributions to total resistance, and the electric modulus indicated a hopping conduction mechanism. This study demonstrated the potential of a new ZSM-5 using CSA as the source of silica for various catalytic applications.

Implementasi Permainan Tradisional Batok Kelapa Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Koordinasi Gerak dan Keseimbangan Tubuh

This research aims to improve the movement coordination and body balance abilities of class 1C students at SDN Pakis 1 Surabaya through the implementation of the traditional coconut shell game. This Classroom Action Research (PTK) was carried out in two cycles, each consisting of planning, action implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The results showed a significant improvement in students' motor skills. At pre-cycle, only 25% of students achieved the expected skills. After implementing the coconut shell game, the percentage of students who completed it increased to 42.86% in the first cycle and 82.14% in the second cycle. This increase indicates that the traditional coconut shell game is an effective method in developing students' movement coordination and body balance skills and providing a fun and active learning experience.

Evaluating the Probiotic Profile, Antioxidant Properties, and Safety of Indigenous Lactobacillus spp. Inhabiting Fermented Green Tender Coconut Water

Evaluating the Probiotic Profile, Antioxidant Properties, and Safety of Indigenous Lactobacillus spp. Inhabiting Fermented Green Tender Coconut Water

AI based early identification and severity detection of nutrient deficiencies in coconut trees

Coconut trees are vital in various agricultural and economic sectors. Their susceptibility to nutrient deficiencies poses a significant threat to growth and productivity. Traditional nutrient assessment methods are time and labour-intensive, relying on manual inspection and chemical testing. There has been no significant research on detecting nutrient deficiencies in coconut trees. Additionally, assessing deficiency, and severity automatically and recommending suitable fertilizers remain unexplored. This research leverages the YOLOv9 model to identify macro and micronutrient deficiencies in coconut trees and proposes an Image Analysis based Severity Detection (IASD), to determine the severity of these deficiencies. Along with these a Severity Index Calculation Model (SICM) is also introduced that calculates the Severity Index (SI) of these deficiencies. For each identified deficiency, the appropriate fertilizer and its application quantity are suggested. Four deep learning models—RetinaNet, Faster Regional Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN), You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5), and version 9 (YOLOv9) —were compared for the prediction of nutrient deficiencies in coconut trees using a dataset of 5,720 images of nutrient-deficient coconut tree leaves. YOLOv9 outperformed other models with Accuracy, Precision, and Recall values of 80 %, 98.59 %, and 80.37 %, respectively. Manual verification ensured the correctness of IASD and SICM predictions during model creation, providing farmers and agricultural professionals with a precise, automated tool for managing coconut plantations.

Impact of High-density Planting Spacing on Physiological Traits of Cocoa Grown under Coconut Trees

High-density planting (HDP) maximizes land productivity. Optimizing cocoa spacing under coconut trees enhances physiological traits and yield potential. Despite cocoa's integration into coconut agroforestry, spacing's impact on cocoa physiology is unclear. Studying this influence provides insights for better planting strategies, improved crop performance, and sustainable cocoa production in agroforestry settings. The experiment was conducted at the Coconut Farm of the Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Employing a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments replicated three times, the study aimed to explore how different spacing levels influence physiological traits in cocoa cultivation. The treatments involved in the experiment included a double row of cocoa planted between two rows of coconut trees, with spacing configurations as follows: T1 (3m x 1.2m), T2 (3m x 2m), T3 (3m x 2.5m), and T4 (3m x 3m). Additionally, a single row of cocoa between two coconut rows was examined, with spacings represented by T5 (1.5m), T6 (2m), T7 (2.5m), and T8 (3m). Results indicated distinct patterns among spacing treatments, with significant differences observed in various physiological characteristics. Notably, T1 (3m x 1.2m) demonstrated the highest leaf area (462.71cm2) and leaf area index (4.85), while T8 (3m) exhibited the highest light interception (74.12%). Additionally, T3 (3m x 2.5m) showcased the highest chlorophyll index (40.52) in cocoa leaves. These findings underscore the importance of spacing configurations in influencing key physiological parameters in cocoa cultivation, providing valuable insights for optimizing planting practices.

Proximate Analysis and Nutritional Fortification of Tapioca with Phoenix dactylifera, Cocos nucifera and Glycine max Flour

Proximate Analysis and Nutritional Fortification of Tapioca with Phoenix dactylifera, Cocos nucifera and Glycine max Flour

The Use of Liquid Smoke from Coconut Shell as a Natural Food Preservative in the Processing of Flying Fish

The Use of Liquid Smoke from Coconut Shell as a Natural Food Preservative in the Processing of Flying Fish

Effect of drilling process parameters on agro-waste-based polymer composites reinforced with banana fiber and coconut shell filler

Effect of drilling process parameters on agro-waste-based polymer composites reinforced with banana fiber and coconut shell filler

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of MYB Transcription Factor Family in Response to Various Abiotic Stresses in Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.).

Abiotic stresses such as nitrogen deficiency, drought, and salinity significantly impact coconut production, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying coconut's response to these stresses are poorly understood. MYB proteins, a large and diverse family of transcription factors (TF), play crucial roles in plant responses to various abiotic stresses, but their genome-wide characterization and functional roles in coconut have not been comprehensively explored. This study identified 214 CnMYB genes (39 1R-MYB, 171 R2R3-MYB, 2 3R-MYB, and 2 4R-MYB) in the coconut genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes are unevenly distributed across the 16 chromosomes, with conserved consensus sequences, motifs, and gene structures within the same subgroups. Synteny analysis indicated that segmental duplication primarily drove CnMYB evolution in coconut, with low nonsynonymous/synonymous ratios suggesting strong purifying selection. The gene ontology (GO) annotation of protein sequences provided insights into the biological functions of the CnMYB gene family. CnMYB47/70/83/119/186 and CnMYB2/45/85/158/195 were identified as homologous genes linked to nitrogen deficiency, drought, and salinity stress through BLAST, highlighting the key role of CnMYB genes in abiotic stress tolerance. Quantitative analysis of PCR showed 10 CnMYB genes in leaves and petioles and found that the expression of CnMYB45/47/70/83/85/119/186 was higher in 3-month-old than one-year-old coconut, whereas CnMYB2/158/195 was higher in one-year-old coconut. Moreover, the expression of CnMYB70, CnMYB2, and CnMYB2/158 was high under nitrogen deficiency, drought, and salinity stress, respectively. The predicted secondary and tertiary structures of three key CnMYB proteins involved in abiotic stress revealed distinct inter-proteomic features. The predicted interaction between CnMYB2/158 and Hsp70 supports its role in coconut's drought and salinity stress responses. These results expand our understanding of the relationships between the evolution and function of MYB genes, and provide valuable insights into the MYB gene family's role in abiotic stress in coconut.

Degradation mechanism and ecotoxicity analysis of levofloxacin by palladium-modified nano zero-valent iron doped coconut shell biochar

The palladium-modified nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) doped coconut shell biochar (Pd-nZVI/BC) was successfully obtained through bimetallic modification and liquid-phase reduction. The synthesized Pd-nZVI/BC was further enhanced by the addition of an H2O2 co-catalyst for the removal of antibiotic levofloxacin (LVF). Results demonstrated that removal of LVF by Pd-nZVI/BC accomplished 94.6 % under proper conditions. Adsorption and degradation processes were involved in the LVF removal, and the predominant free radicals were •OH and •O2-. Adsorption relied mainly on electrostatic interactions, π-π interactions, and hydrogen bonding. While demethylation, deamidation, quinolone ring aldolization, depiperazinylation, deacetylation, decarboxylation, dehydroxylation, and oxidative breakage of the piperazine ring occurred during the degradation processes. Based on the degradation pathways, the ecotoxicity of LVF and its degradation intermediates were compared and assessed. Results implied that majority of the antibiotic LVF pollutant was eliminated or mineralized, and the toxicity potential of LVF was reduced in the Pd-nZVI/BC system. Simultaneous biochar utilization and pollutants removal could be achieved.

Performance of A Triboelectric Nanogenerator Utilising Coconut Husk Layer

Triboelectric nanogenerators, known as TENGs, offer great potential as versatile energy harvesting devices. In recent years, there has been a rise in TENG designs that prioritize compatibility with sustainable biomaterials, leading to new possibilities in green technology. The novelty of this work lies in its pioneering exploration of utilizing sustainable biomaterials, particularly coconut husk, within the field of Tribo-electric nanogenerators (TENGs). This study focuses on evaluating and characterizing coconut husk as TENG material considering factors such as rotational speed, vane count, and coarseness, all of which influence the output potential of the B-TENG. The B-TENG model employed in this research operates on a rotational sliding mode, featuring a biobased material layer of coconut husk, a layer of PTFE, and copper as electrodes. The B-TENG has a diameter of 100 mm with varying vane configurations (3-vane, 4-vane, and 5-vane). The sliding mode demonstrated impressive versatility, yielding output voltages spanning from 0.73 V to 4.0 V across rotational speeds of 200 RPM to 1400 RPM. Remarkably, the 5-vane fine-grained coconut husks achieved a maximum power of 121.10 mW at 10 Ohm and a power density of 3.84 mW/cm2. This research carries global significance, contributing to the advancement ofenergy harvesting technology. Its applications range from harnessing the motion of human bodies to rotating machineries in any industry.

Production technique of Encarsia guadeloupae for the management of Rugose Spiralling Whitefly (Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin) on coconut

In the years 2020-23, a field experiment on Encarsia production technique for managing Rugose Spiraling Whitefly (Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin) in coconut palms was conducted at the AICRP (Palms), RCRS, Bhatye, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, to evaluate the efficacy of Encarsia parasitoids in controlling the rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) on coconut palms. The study employed a completely randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. Single palms of susceptible coconut varieties were selected for each treatment. Empty plastic bottles (1-liter capacity) were collected and modified by creating three holes (5x5 cm) in the middle region. These holes were covered with muslin cloth (30x20 cm) secured by rubber bands. The modified bottles were then hung on coconut fronds. Twenty healthy RSW nymphs were identified and placed in each designed plastic bottle cage. Field-collected Encarsia parasitized pupae of RSW were released into the cages, and the bottle mouths were plugged with cotton. The number of healthy and parasitized RSW nymphs on leaflets was recorded at 7, 10, and 15 days after treatment application. Encarsia parasitized pupae of RSW at a rate of 10 per palm resulted in the highest parasitism (62.08%). This treatment significantly outperformed T2 (Encarsia parasitized pupae of RSW at 5 per palm, 45.69%), T1 (Encarsia parasitized pupae of RSW at 3 per palm, 40.13%), and the control (T5, 7.36%). Encarsia parasitized pupae of RSW at 8 per palm achieved a parasitism rate of 54.86%, comparable to T4. The mass production technique of Encarsia guadeloupae under field conditions appears safe, eco-friendly, and effective for managing rugose spiralling whitefly in coconut palms. Key words: Coconut, Encarsia, Mass production, Rugose spiralling whitefly

First report of invasive nesting whitefly Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): Impact on coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) in Jaffna, Sri Lanka

An invasive whitefly species Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi was recorded during January 2024, for the first time in Sri Lanka. Its occurrence was observed in association with Aleurodicus. dispersus and Aleurodicus rugioperculatus and Pseudococcus sp. on the underside of the coconut palm leaves (Cocos nucifera L.) from home gardens in Jaffna district. This species is commonly known as Bondar’s nesting whitefly, and is added as a new member for the coconut whitefly complex in Northern Province in Sri Lanka. Key words: Bondar’s nesting whitefly, Coconut Jaffna, Paraleyrodes bondari, Sri Lanka.

Biodegradation of Spent Automobile Engine Oil in Soil Microcosms Amended with Coconut Shell

Food insecurity and low yield have resulted from the detrimental effects of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution on agricultural soils over time. This study was carried out to determine the bioremediation efficacy of coconut shell on microbiological composition and total petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in spent engine oil polluted soil. Top soil (0-15 cm depth) samples were randomly collected from areas with history of spent engine oil pollution within Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. One kilogram of the polluted-soil was measured into each of nine plastic containers. Coconut shell collected from the Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, was standardly prepared and mixed with the soil at the rate of 0, 50 and 100 g kg-1 soil in triplicate. The experiment used a completely randomized design. Soil samples were taken from each container at 0 and 28 days for hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and total petroleum hydrocarbon determination using standard methods. Data obtained from the experiment were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. The species identified were Enterobacter sp and Escherichia coli, with Enterobacter sp being the most predominant isolate. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (mgkg-1) of the soil on day 0 was 59.78 ± 1.85. After the amendments (at control, 50 and 100 g kg-1), the total petroleum hydrocarbon (mgkg-1) values were 44.92 ±2.26, 34.82 ± 1.78 and 31.49 ± 0.87 at 28 days respectively. Coconut shell and the high level carbon utilizing bacteria, Enterobacter sp, significantly enhanced the biodegradation process as an impressive 47.32% remediation efficiency was achieved 28 days after amendment in soil treated with 100g of coconut shell. It is recommended that a biostimulation strategy that uses coconut shell and Enterobacter sp be employed in the remediation of spent engine oil and petroleum hydrocarbon polluted soils.