Oryctes Rhinoceros Research Articles

Diversity of Bacterial Gut Microbiome of Oryctes rhinoceros Larvae and Their Potency as Source of Protease and Lipase Enzymes

<p><em>Oryctes rhinoceros </em>is an important pest of various coconut and palm species. Studies on the bacterial gut microbiome of <em>O. rhinoceros</em> larvae and their potential use as producers of industrial enzymes are still limited. This study aims to examine the diversity and abundance of bacterial microbiome in the gut of <em>O. rhinoceros</em> and their potential to produce protease and lipase. This study consisted of several stages, i.e., collection of <em>O. rhinoceros</em> larvae from coconut plantations; isolation of culturable bacteria from larval gut; protease and lipase enzyme activity assays; and partial characterization of culturable gut bacteria in terms of morphology, physiology, and biochemistry. There were seven bacteria that were isolated from the gut of <em>O. rhinoceros</em>, which were differentiated by their morphotype. The seven bacterial isolates also showed variations in physiological, and biochemical characteristics, and the larval guts were dominated by Gram-positive bacteria. The Shannon diversity index was 1.33, evenness was 0.682, richness was 7, and the abundance of each type of bacteria varied between 2x10<sup>5</sup> and 9.1x10<sup>10</sup>. Bacteria UBOG1, UBOG3, and UBOG5 were able to produce protease, but all seven bacteria were unable to produce lipase. Thus, bacterial isolates UBOG1, UBOG3, and UBOG5 are potential to be used in industry.</p>

Variants in the mitochondrial genome sequence of Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) infected with Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus in oil palm and coconut plantations

The CRB (coconut rhinoceros beetle) haplotype was classified into CRB-S and CRB-G, based on the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mitochondrial cox1 gene. Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) are the most widely used genetic resources for molecular evolution, phylogenetics, and population genetics in relation to insects. This study presents the mitogenome CRB-G and CRB-S which were collected in Johor, Malaysia. The mitogenome of CRB-G collected from oil palm plantations in 2020 and 2021, and wild coconut palms in 2021 was 15,315 bp, 15,475 bp, and 17,275 bp, respectively. The CRB-S was discovered in coconut and oil palms in 2021, and its mitogenome was 15,484 bp and 17,142 bp, respectively. All the mitogenomes have 37 genes with more than 99% nucleotide sequence homology, except the CRB-G haplotype collected from oil palm in 2021 with 89.24% nucleotide sequence homology. The mitogenome of Johor CRBs was variable in the natural population due to its elevated mutation rate. Substitutions and indels in cox1, cox2, nad2 and atp6 genes were able to distinguish the Johor CRBs into two haplotypes. The mitogenome data generated in the present study may provide baseline information to study the infection and relationship between the two haplotypes of Johor CRB and OrNV in the field. This study is the first report on the mitogenomes of mixed haplotypes of CRB in the field.

Aerodynamic sound production from flying beetles

Extensions of previous research on the aerodynamic sound production by flying beetles are presented. The topic is of interest in terms of both fundamental acoustics and the applications such as classification and tracking of invasive insect species. High speed video with synchronous acoustics recordings of the Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) and the Oriental Flower Beetle (Protaetia orientalis) provide experimental data for the analytical and numerical models. Three dimensional, unsteady flow simulations were conducted using compressible flow software (CAESIM, Adaptive Research, Inc.) with a TVD methodology. Flapping wing motion requires mesh deformation with a rotation with a prescribed bending and also coupled rotation and translation of the wing’s hinge position. Contributions of wing beat frequency and vorticity to sound generation are examined with respect assumptions of the spatial dimensions (two or three dimensional), bending and fluid structure interactions. Underlying sound generation mechanisms at the wing tips are examined in higher fidelity. Both hovering and forward flight are investigated and compared in terms of the different flapping motion of the two species. In addition, relationships of the tones to the temporal lift and drag lift coefficients are highlighted.

Uji Efikasi Berbagai Konsentrasi Insektisida Nabati Buah Majapahit (Aegle marmelos L. Correa) terhadap Mortalitas Hama Uret Tanaman Kelapa (Oryctes rhinoceros L.)

A type of insect that causes a decline in coconut production is the uret pest of coconut (Oryctes rhinoceros L.). The vegetable pesticide of the majapahit fruit is one of several techniques for controlling pests. This study was carried out from April to July 2022 at the Plant Protection Laboratory of the Department of Agricultural Production, Jember Country Polytechnic. The goal of this investigation was to determine the impact of the majapahit vegetable pesticide on the death of the uret pest of coconut plants. This study employed a non-factorial randomized block design (RBD) with four treatments and six replications, namely control, 50%, 60%, and 70% majapahit fruit extract.. The experimental data were examined using ANOVA; if the findings indicated a significant influence, a 5% stage LSD similarly check was carried out, along with the determination of LT50 using probit analysis. Mortality, physical changes, and LT50 are the key factors. The results showed that the majapahit fruit's natural insecticides had a significant impact on the death of the coconut plant's ureth pest, with the LT50 value at a concentration of 70% majapahit fruit extract reaching its lowest point in 178 hours.

Pest and Disease Challenges, Control Strategies as Well as Policy Support for The IPM Program on Coconut

Coconut played an important role in humans as an estate commodity. Many efforts have been made to increase coconut production through intensification, extensification, and diversification but those efforts have not given maximum results yet, likewise, assembling superior coconut varieties also have been carried out, to produce superior coconut varieties such as Tall coconut, Dwarf coconut, Hybrid coconut, but this is also not been able to increase coconut production optimally. On the other hand, several factors can cause the decline in coconut production, such as severe damage caused by major pests and diseases. The list of highlighted major pests in this article was as follows, Rhynchophorus spp., Cyrtotrachelus sp., Oryctes rhinoceros, Amblypelta sp., and Opisina arenosella. Three species of it were categorized as new emerging pests in Indonesia: Cyrtotrachelus sp., Amblypelta sp., and O. arenosella. Cyrtotrachelus sp. has been reported to cause damage, and mortality of coconut plants reached 10.63%, as well as Amblypelta sp., as reported in North Sulawesi Province, while the O. arenosella has been reported to caused severe damage to coconut plantations in West Java. For diseases, are Bud Rot Disease and Nut Fall Disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora. In 2022, Nias Yellow Dwarf coconuts in Tiniawangko Village, South Minahasa, North Sulawesi, infected with Bud Rot disease by 31.53%, causing coconut plants to die, and Nut Fall Disease causing a decrease in production by 25.00%. In addition, it was found that coconut plants died due to infection with an Unknown Disease. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective approach to control all pests and diseass, where possible. This is a combination of methods (pesticides, physical controls such as site hygiene, and biological controls) to minimize the use of pesticides and the cost of control. The IPM program can run well if there is policy support from the government.

Detection and substrate portrayal on the serum phenoloxidase activity from the grub of rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros.

Phenoloxidase (PO) is a significant biomolecule involved in humoral defence mechanism of invertebrates. Spontaneous melanization of insect haemolymph is the major hinderance for studying PO activity, as haemolymph was collected devoid of phenylthiourea. In the study, no visible melanization was observed in crude serum from the grub of Oryctes rhinoceros up to 30 min of incubation amongst crude haemolymph, diluted haemolymph, crude serum and diluted serum that were subjected to visual observation for spontaneous melanization reaction. Accordingly, crude serum was taken for evaluating PO activity. At the same time, as PO substrates tend to auto-oxidize and provide false optical density value, tris-buffered saline devoid of any substrates were used as blank for PO assays. The ideal wavelength at which maximum PO activity occurred for each substrate, namely, tyrosine, tyramine, dopamine, L-dopa, DL-dopa, catechol, protocatechuic acid and pyrogallol was determined as 407, 410, 429, 465, 403, 466, 428 and 400 nm, respectively. Additionally, time course of oxidation for each phenolic substrate by the serum PO were examined and DL-dopa was identified as the specific substrate for serum PO in the grub of O. rhinoceros. Furthermore, maximum PO activity was observed at 5 min of incubation for 10 mM of DL-dopa that was considered as optimum concentration. The ideal pH and temperature for serum PO activity was observed as 7.5 and 20°C, respectively. These results suggested that standardizing a suitable substrate is an essential prerequisite to evaluate the real PO activity of serum which might significantly fluctuate in each insect model.

Assessment of bio-formulations of indigenous strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium robertsii and Metarhizium majus for management of the rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros L., in field

BackgroundAmong all the coconut pests, rhinoceros beetle causes acute and serious damage to coconut palm. Management of this pest is very difficult due to its nocturnal activity, and also, it damages the emerging leaf inside the bud. Management of rhinoceros beetle using entomopathogens will be of great importance as it is economical and ecofriendly. Studies were carried out to decipher the biocontrol potential of indigenous entomopathogenic bacterium (Bacillus thuringiensis) and entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium robertsii and M. majus) against Oryctes rhinoceros in the field, individually as well as in combination, by soil drench as well as by topical spray method.ResultsThe study showed that B. thuringiensis strain NBAIR-BTAN4 showed 24.8% mortality at 5th week in soil drench method and 24% mortality in topical spray method. M. robertsii showed 24% mortality at 5th week in soil drench method as well as topical spray method. Similarly, M. majus showed 24% mortality in soil drench method and 23.2% in topical spray method at 5th week. In combination, NBAIR-BTAN4 + M. robertsii showed 40.8 and 44% in soil drench and topical spray method at 5th week, respectively. Combination of NBAIR-BTAN4 + M. majus showed 44.8 and 40.8% in soil drench and topical spray method at 5th week, respectively. Combination of NBAIR-BTAN4 + M. robertsii + M. majus showed 52.8 and 57.6% mortality at 5th week in soil drench and topical spray method, respectively.ConclusionThe present study showed application B. thuringiensis in combination with M. robertsii and M. majus is effective in management rhinoceros beetle in coconut orchard. Study also indicated that soil drench method is more promising strategy than topical spray method in managing larval population of the beetles and also confirmed that B. thuringiensis, M. robertsii and M. majus are compatible and they seemed to have a synergistic effect in controlling the pest in coconut orchard.

Isolation and Molecular Identification of Amylolytic Bacteria from Oryctes rhinoceros L. Larvae Decomposing Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunches

Oryctes rhinoceros L. is an organism that helps the decomposition of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). In the larvae's intestines, there are symbiotic bacteria that are used in the process of food degradation in the digestive system, one of which is amylolytic bacteria. This study aims to isolate and molecular identify amylolytic bacteria that produce amylase enzymes from horn beetle larvae. The techniques are used to screen and isolate bacteria from horn beetle larvae. Bacterial identification was accomplished by microscopically identifying amylase-producing bacterial isolates, performing biochemical tests on selected bacterial isolates, quantifying amylase enzyme activity, and molecularly identifying 16S rRNA. The results of screening and bacterial isolation obtained five isolates. The largest amylolytic bacterial colony index value was obtained in the EA3 isolate, which was 1.370 mm. Bacterial isolates with the highest activity were found in isolates coded EA1 and EA2, namely 0.049 U/mL and 0.0479 U/mL. According to the findings of 16S rRNA molecular identification, isolates EA1 and EA2 had similarities with the bacteria Ochrobactrum sp. and Pseudomonas mendocina.

Isolation and Identification of Cellulolytic Bacteria from Gut of Horn Beetle Larvae (Oryctes rhinoceros L.)

The horn beetle larvae (Oryctes rhinoceros L.) contain symbiotic bacteria that are used to digest and degrade cellulose as food so that it has the potential to produce cellulase enzymes. This study aims to isolate, characterize and identify microbial symbionts from horn beetle larvae that have the potential to produce cellulase enzymes.The methods in this study include morphology and physiology identification of bacteria, qualitative and quantitative activity tests and species determination using 16S rRNA sequencing technique. Based on the results of morphological observations, five bacterial isolates were taken which has the potential as a cellulase producer is indicated by the presence of a clear zone that is produced when a qualitative test is carried out using congo red staining with different cellulolytic indices. Based on the quantitative bacterial activity test using UV-Vis, the highest activity was found in PES3 isolates at 1.62 x 10-2 and PES5 at 1.61 x 10-2. Species determination results found that PES3 isolates belonged to the genus Acinetobacter and PES5 belonged to Pseudomonas. In addition to the isolates obtained for the environment and the industrial sector, cellulolytic bacteria can provide added value such as hydrolyze cellulose waste into alternative fuels.

Complete Genome Sequences of Six Isolates of the Oryctes rhinoceros Nudivirus.

Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the family Nudiviridae, is an important biocontrol agent of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). We present the genome sequences of six isolates of Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus collected from the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and Tanzania between the years 1977 and 2016.

The coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) outbreak is well established on Efate, Vanuatu

AbstractThe presence of coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB: Oryctes rhinoceros) was reported on Efate, Vanuatu in 2019. The beetle population was determined to belong to the CRB‐S group (Clade II), similar to populations found in the Bismark Archipelago, Papua New Guinea. An introduction of the CRB‐G group (Clade IA) was discovered in 2021. Damage mapping, beetle trapping and genomic identification show that CRB‐S has now spread around about half of the island from the site of the original introduction. CRB‐G is mainly restricted to the seaport and surrounding areas of Port Vila with some outlying specimens. Through the efforts of Biosecurity Vanuatu, O. rhinoceros is still contained on the Efate group of islands and has not spread to the major copra‐producing islands in other parts of the country. Sanitation efforts appear to have reduced damage from coconut rhinoceros beetle within the zone of first arrival of the pest (Mangaliliu, Efate). Oryctes rhinoceros damage, however, is severe in areas with old plantations and limited sanitation activities (e.g. Mele/Devil's point, Efate). A concerted effort is necessary to contain the beetle on Efate and to reduce further spread and impact on the island.

Data analysis of curcumin-chitosan loaded gold nanoparticles from Oryctes rhinoceros’s chitin mediated synthesis as a novel antimicrobial and whitening agent for cosmeceutical application.

It is a major aim in cosmeceutical industry to introduce effective and natural nanosized product. Thus, to obtain this goal, many nanotechnologies involving drug delivery for increasing the efficacy of active ingredients was studied. The efficacy is determined by their drug release profile, antimicrobial and anti-tyrosinase properties, and toxicity test. In this study, an in vitro drug release profile shows a cumulative drug release in 24 h of 52.99%. The tyrosinase enzyme inhibition is 66.385 ± 3.0%.The cytotoxicity of cell viability IC50 is 58% of the curcumin-chitosan gold nanoparticles (CCG-NP) concentration. To conclude, CCG-NP is a stable with a good drug release profile, enhanced both antimicrobial activity and anti-tyrosinase properties. Therefore, CCG-NP has great potential in cosmeceutical industry.

Tracking potential biosecurity incursions using publicly available images: A case of coconut rhinoceros beetle

AbstractThe coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (L.), (CRB) is a major pest of coconut and oil palms that causes significant damage in the Asia/Pacific region. Traditional methods for surveillance and detection of CRB involve in‐person inspections, but these are expensive to carry out and were made impossible by travel restrictions during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In this paper, a method to remotely detect possible CRB incursions and assess damage levels using publicly available images is described. The method involves searching for pictures of palms and identifying those with the distinctive V‐shaped cuts in fronds characteristic of CRB feeding. The method was validated by examining palm images from known outbreak areas and those free from the pest. We found evidence of CRB damage in the previously unreported site of Dili, Timor Leste and possible evidence of CRB in the Solomon Islands even before it was first reported in 2015. Potential limitations and broader applications of this approach are also discussed.

Oryctes Nudi virus against coconut rhinoceros beetle and possibility of its use against date palm dynastid beetles

<i>Oryctes Nudi virus</i> against coconut rhinoceros beetle and possibility of its use against date palm dynastid beetles

Reference genes for expression studies in different developmental stages of Oryctes rhinoceros, the coconut rhinoceros beetle

Reference genes for expression studies in different developmental stages of Oryctes rhinoceros, the coconut rhinoceros beetle

Impact of metal salts on the survival, development, and oviposition behavior of coconut rhinoceros beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).

Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is an invasive pest of palms in the Pacific Region, including Hawaii, for which limited management options are available. O. rhinoceros larvae develop in materials rich in organic materials such as green waste and animal manure. Biosolid waste within Hawaii's infestation zone, however, was determined to inhospitable to O. rhinoceros. To determine if the elevated metal salts present in the biosolid waste was responsible for this observation, O. rhinoceros life stages were acutely and chronically exposed to several metal salts at increasing concentrations to determine the impact of these salts on survival, development, and oviposition behavior. Acute (7 days) exposure to mulch rehydrated in solutions of CaCl2, KCl, MgCl2, or NaCl increasing in concentration from 0 to 0.7 M resulted in increased mortality, with concentrations > 0.5 M generally being 100% lethal to both first and second-instar larvae. A similar trend in survival was observed in subsequent experiments using a horticultural grade of Epsom salt (MgSO4) at 1×, 2×, and 5× the recommended application rate. Chronic exposure (eggs reared on mulch through pupation) to Epsom salt at these same rates resulted in significantly delayed instar development and reduced adult biometrics at both 1× and 2× levels. Similar to the acute exposure, eggs exposed to 5× levels did not hatch, or the first instar died soon after emergence. In choice experiments, gravid females showed no oviposition preference for media hydrated with water or 2× Epsom salt but did avoid ovipositing in mulch rehydrated in 5× Epsom salt. These trials demonstrate a potentially novel approach to managing pest populations of O. rhinoceros.

A mathematical model of invasion and control of coconut rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) in Guam

The coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), is one of the most damaging pests to coconut palms causing severe economic harm. Its expansion from Asia to the Pacific in the early 20th century has been stopped by virus control. However, a new haplotype CRB-Guam has recently escaped this control and invaded Guam, other Pacific islands, and has even established itself in the Western Hemisphere. In this paper, we present a compartmental ODE model of CRB population and control. We carefully consider CRB life stages and its interplay with coconut palms as well as “the green waste”, the organic matters used by CRB for breeding sites. We calibrate and validate the model based on data count of CRBs trapped in Guam between 2008 and 2014. We derive the basic reproduction number determining the CRB population growth without any control measures. We also identify control levels required to eliminate CRBs. We show that, in the absence of viable virus control, the sanitation, i.e., the removal of the green waste is the most efficient way to control the population. Our model predicts that the sanitation efforts need to roughly double from the current levels to eliminate CRB from Guam. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a rare event like Typhoon Dolphin that hit Guam in 2015 can lead to a quick rise of the CRB population.

Biochemical characterization of a purified arginase from the gut of Oryctes rhinoceros larvae

Arginase acts as a mediator in the final phase of the urea cycle, protecting against excessive ammonia under homeostatic conditions by producing L-ornithine and urea. In this study, the physicochemical properties of Oryctes rhinoceros Larva arginase were investigated for biochemical comparison with its well-studied terrestrial mammalian. Oryctes rhinoceros larva arginase was isolated and purified to homogeneity. The purification procedure involved ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and affinity chromatography on reactive Blue 2-agarose. The pure enzyme had a specific activity of 38.7 U/mg, a purification fold of 63.4, and a percentage yield of 16.5%. O. rhinoceros gut arginase had a native and subunit molecular weight of 82 and 45 kDa, respectively and the Km and Vmax were 11.25 mM and 13.055 μmmol/min/mL, respectively. The activity was optimum at 60 °C m max (pH 8). The enzyme retained more than 60% of its activity at 50 °C for 60 min. The inhibition study on the enzyme showed that cations salts (CaCl2 , BaCl2 , HgCl2 , and SnCl2 ) enhanced the enzyme activity at 1 mM concentration except for SnCl2 . EDTA, a chelating compound, strongly inhibited the activity of the enzyme. The 2 effect of different amino acids on activity showed that L-valine, L-serine, L- aspartic acid, and L-glutamic acid had a moderate inhibitory (60%, 63%, 65.4%, 69.1%, respectively) effect on the enzyme activity. The study concluded that there were similarities between O. rhinoceros larva arginase and those of other ureotelic animals in terms of kinetics and physicochemical properties.

Preface

The emerging pest and disease incursions in coconut growing countries result in great economic yield losses and negative impact to the industry, biodiversity loss, and disrupted native and agricultural system.Repeated use of the same active ingredient of pesticide to control pests and diseases could lead to pest and disease resistance. The inevitable effect of climate change, other environmental factors, and the destruction of natural enemies could trigger the incursion and migration of devastating pests and diseases. The massive planting and replanting could create homogeneity in coconut farms, predisposing these to disease infection and pest infestation. The concurrent reported outbreaks of Brontispa in Southeast Asia, Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle, Guam type (CRB-G) in Guam, and Asia-Pacic countries, Coconut Scale Insect in the Philippines, Lethal Yellowing in Jamaica, and Mexico, Bogia Coconut Syndrome in Papua New Guinea, Sexava, Rhyncophorus in Indonesia, and the recognition of the need to develop international biosecurity protocols for safe germplasm exchange have prompted the International Coconut Community (ICC) to hold the 1st IPM symposium.We know that pests and diseases reduced the ability of the industry to fully benefit from the market opportunities. In the face of this situation ICC Sessions and Ministerial meetings as the highest authority and the ICC recommended the ICC Secretariat to convene an IPM symposium to help countries overcome low coconut production due to pests and diseases.The general objective of the symposium is to establish an international IPM network system and synergy to protect the coconut producers & industries and conserve the coconut genetic resources and diversity from the adverse impact of pests and diseases through expertise and experience sharing.The specific objectives of the symposium are:1. To bring together key members of the scientific community for an interactive discussion on emerging issues and advances related to IPM, that will help enhance and develop IPM extension and research on invasive coconut pests and diseases2. To craft ecologically sound, science-based, and sustainable pest and disease management approaches based on IPM practices across countries.3. To create an international platform/network among coconut growing countries to strengthen the development of IPM strategies, pest and disease risk assessment, and inter-country collaborations that will address the research gaps and challenges of managing invasive pests/diseases losses and negative impact on the industry, biodiversity loss, and disrupted native and agricultural system.List of Editor-in-Chief, Managing Editor, Associate Editor, Scientific Committee of IPM Symposium Proceedings are available in this Pdf.

Chryseobacterium oryctis sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the beetle Oryctes rhinoceros, and Chryseobacterium kimseyorum sp. nov., isolated from a stick insect rearing cage.

Two strains of Chryseobacterium identified from different experiments are proposed to represent new species. Strain WLa1L2M3T was isolated from the digestive tract of an Oryctes rhinoceros beetle larva. Strain 09-1422T was isolated from a cage housing the stick insect Eurycantha calcarata. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA and rpoB genes found both strains to be similar but not identical to other Chryseobacterium species. Whole-genome sequencing suggested the isolates represent new species, with average nucleotide identity values ranging from 74.6 to 80.5 %. Genome-to-genome distance calculations produced values below 25.3 %, and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values were 13.7-29.9 %, all suggesting they are distinct species. The genomic DNA G+C content of WLa1L2M3T is approximately 32.53 %, and of 09-1422T is approximately 35.89 %. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain WLa1L2M3T are C15 : 0 iso, summed feature 9 (C16 : 0 10OH or C17 : 1 iso ω6c), C17 : 0 iso 3OH, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), C15 : 0 iso 3OH, C15 : 0 anteiso and C13 : 0 iso, and those of strain 09-1422T are C15 : 0 iso, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), C17 : 0 iso 3OH, C15 : 0 anteiso, C15 : 0 iso 3OH, C16 : 1 ω7c, C17 : 0 2OH and C18 : 0. In addition, physiological and biochemical tests revealed phenotypic differences from related Chryseobacterium type strains. These cumulative data indicate that the two strains represent novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium for which the names Chryseobacterium oryctis sp. nov. and Chryseobacterium kimseyorum sp. nov. are proposed with WLa1L2M3T (=BCRC 81350T=JCM 35215T=CIP 112035T) and 09-1422T (=UCDFST 09-1422T=BCRC 81359T=CIP 112165T), as type strains, respectively.