Coconut Diethanolamide Research Articles

Formulation and assessment of the efficacy of a herbal shampoo containing lavender oil

Today considerable consumer interest has risen towards the use of herbal hygienic and cosmetic products. Lavender oil is a well-known essence with uses in the treatment of alopecia, dandruff and scalp hair re-growth, as well as possessing antimicrobial, antiviral and antifungal effects. Hence, this study was undertaken to formulate and assess the efficacy of a new clear liquid hair shampoo containing this essence. Initially, various concentrations of anionic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants were examined to obtain a suitable and effective cleansing detergent base. Next, the necessary additives were incorporated into the detergent base to obtain the most desirable clear shampoo formulation. Finally, 0.5% lavender essence was included within the shampoo base and then the product underwent various physico-chemical tests as well as assessment of the efficacy and acceptability in twenty volunteers. Following extensive formulation, eventually a clear liquid shampoo containing triethanolaminelauryl sulfate and sodium laurylether sulfate (anionic detergents), coconut diethanolamide (foam builder, stabilizer and hair softener), poloxamer 407 and alkyldimethylaminobetaine (nonionic and amphoteric co-detergents for reducing eye and skin irritation), sodium chloride (viscosity adjusting agent), methyl and propyl paraben (preservatives), BHA (antioxidant), glycerin (conditioner), EDTA (sequestrant) and lavender oil was prepared. This formulation had a clear appearance, pleasant odor, good spreadability, substantivity and skin feel, and a pH of 7.05±0.07. It produced copious amounts of a rich, stable, and durable foam, with desirable washability following use. This shampoo formulation supported no microbial or fungal growth, and remained stable under thermal, mechanical and accelerated stability tests (at 40°C for 6 months). Finally, the efficacy (especially against dandruff), applicability and acceptability of this shampoo was justified and approved by twenty volunteers. The formulated lavender oil containing clear liquid shampoo appears to be a pleasant, acceptable and effective herbal product, particularly suitable against dandruff as well as hair and scalp hygiene.

New surfactant classes for enhanced oil recovery and their tertiary oil recovery potential

We investigate four different types of surfactants for effectiveness in tertiary oil recovery (TOR). The selected surfactant formulations were tested for enhanced oil recovery using coreflood tests on Berea sandstones. In addition to the corefloods, one sandpack surfactant flood was performed. The porous media were conditioned to residual waterflood oil saturation prior to surfactant slug injection. This was followed by polymer drive slug injection, and incremental oil recovery was measured against time. The tested formulations were selected after an extensive research effort including measuring interfacial tensions (IFT) and adsorption behavior on kaolinite clay. Effective were low 1-naphthol concentrations dissolved in 1-butanol in alkyl polyglycoside surfactant formulations which led to significant additional incremental oil recovery (40% TOR) due to dramatic reductions in IFT. Three other types of surfactants in this study include: • a di-tridecyl sulfosuccinic acid ester, • coconut diethanolamide, and • alkylpropoxy sulfate sodium salts which led to TOR of 15%, 75% and 35–50%, respectively. These results indicate that a wide variety of surfactants can meet the technical requirements as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) agents.

Effect of Thickening Agent on Water-Based Working Fluid for EDM

Different thickening agents are added into the prepared water-based working fluid for electrical discharge machining (EDM), and the influence on the process performance is investigated in this paper. The experimental results demonstrate that the proper addition of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and coconut diethanol amide (CDEA) can increase the material removal rate of EDM, advance the electrical conductivity of the working fluid and enlarge the discharge gap, but has a little influence on the relative electrode wear ratio. Moreover, the material removal rate can increase 1.1 times and 1.3 times with proper addition of PVA and CDEA respectively in comparison with no thickening agent, and the addition of CDEA promotes better EDM performance

Effect of Thickening Agent on Water-Based Working Fluid for EDM

Different thickening agents are added into the prepared water-based working fluid for electrical discharge machining (EDM), and the influence on the process performance is investigated in this paper. The experimental results demonstrate that the proper addition of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and coconut diethanol amide (CDEA) can increase the material removal rate of EDM, advance the electrical conductivity of the working fluid and enlarge the discharge gap, but has a little influence on the relative electrode wear ratio. Moreover, the material removal rate can increase 1.1 times and 1.3 times with proper addition of PVA and CDEA respectively in comparison with no thickening agent, and the addition of CDEA promotes better EDM performance

Characterization and quantitative analysis of surfactants in textile wastewater by liquid chromatography/quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

A method based on the application of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to hybrid quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QqTOF-MS) with an electrospray (ESI) interface has been developed for the screening and confirmation of several anionic and non-ionic surfactants: linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS), alkylsulfate (AS), alkylethersulfate (AES), dihexyl sulfosuccinate (DHSS), alcohol ethoxylates (AEOs), coconut diethanolamide (CDEA), nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs), and their degradation products (nonylphenol carboxylate (NPEC), octylphenol carboxylate (OPEC), 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-octylphenol (OP) and NPEO sulfate (NPEO-SO4). The developed methodology permits reliable quantification combined with a high accuracy confirmation based on the accurate mass of the (de)protonated molecules in the TOFMS mode. For further confirmation of the identity of the detected compounds the QqTOF mode was used. Accurate masses of product ions obtained by performing collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the (de)protonated molecules of parent compounds were matched with the ions obtained for a standard solution. The method was applied for the quantitative analysis and high accuracy confirmation of surfactants in complex mixtures in effluents from the textile industry. Positive identification of the target compounds was based on accurate mass measurement of the base peak, at least one product ion and the LC retention time of the analyte compared with that of a standard. The most frequently surfactants found in these textile effluents were NPEO and NPEO-SO4 in concentrations ranging from 0.93 to 5.68 mg/L for NPEO and 0.06 to 4.30 mg/L for NPEO-SO4. AEOs were also identified.

Simultaneous determination of one nonionic and two anionic surfactants using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and multivariate analysis

A direct and reagent free procedure for simultaneous determination of sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), coconut diethanol amide (CDEA) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LABS) in undiluted samples of hand dishwashing liquids has been developed. This determination was carried out by using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR) and multivariate analysis. An implementation of the PLS statistical approach to quantitative analysis of one nonionic and two anionic surfactants was applied to a set of mid-infrared spectra (1305–990 cm −1) recorded for commercial detergent samples and ternary standard solutions. An orthogonal calibration design for three components and five levels for standards were employed. Number of factors and scans and also the resolution were optimized. The statistical parameters such as the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), standard error of prediction (SEP) and relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) were evaluated. These parameters were obtained as: RMSEC 0.13, 0.20 and 0.14, RMSEV 0.09, 0.17 and 0.04 and SEP 0.12, 0.39 and 0.18 (g per 100 g) for SLES, CDEA and LABS, respectively. R.S.D. for five independent analyses were 1.69 for SLES, 3.76 for CDEA and 1.76 for LABS. The component linear correlation coefficients comparing actual and predicted concentrations of SLES, CDEA and LABS in some real samples were 0.9995, 0.9915 and 0.9974, respectively.

Eyelid dermatitis with positive patch test to coconut diethanolamide

Objective: The aim was to detect a possible allergen in a patient with eyelid dermatitis. Patient and methods: a non atopic 27-year-old female presented with eyelid dermatitis since 3 months. This dermatitis persisted despite the fact she had stopped the use of make up; she had acrylic artificial nails since 2 months and sometimes used hair dyes;patch tests were performed with Finn Chamber® tests with readings at D2 and D3, according ICDRG criteria, with European standard series, additional series (including toluenesulfonamide formaldehyde resin), cosmetic, acrylates, hairdressing series, in 3 patch test sessions, using Chemotechnique Diagnostics® allergens. Results: The only positive patch test was coconut diethanolamide (0.5% pet.)++ at D2 and D3. After removal of the shampoo containing this allergen, the dermatitis cleared. Coconut diethanolamide (cocamide DEA), tensioactive synthesized with coconut oil is widely used in shampoos, soaps, shower gels, barrier creams, washing up liquids, metalworking fluids, hydraulic oils. Involvement of eyelids is not frequently described in the literature with this allergen. Conclusion: Coconut diethanolamide should be added in cosmetic series, and it should be useful to test this allergen in patients with eyelid dermatitis.

P16 Eyelid dermatitis with positive patch test to coconut diethanolamide

Objective: The aim was to detect a possible allergen in a patient with eyelid dermatitis. Patient and methods: a non atopic 27‐year‐old female presented with eyelid dermatitis since 3 months. This dermatitis persisted despite the fact she had stopped the use of make up; she had acrylic artificial nails since 2 months and sometimes used hair dyes;patch tests were performed with Finn Chamber® tests with readings at D2 and D3, according ICDRG criteria, with European standard series, additional series (including toluenesulfonamide formaldehyde resin), cosmetic, acrylates, hairdressing series, in 3 patch test sessions, using Chemotechnique Diagnostics® allergens.Results: The only positive patch test was coconut diethanolamide (0.5% pet.)++ at D2 and D3. After removal of the shampoo containing this allergen, the dermatitis cleared. Coconut diethanolamide (cocamide DEA), tensioactive synthesized with coconut oil is widely used in shampoos, soaps, shower gels, barrier creams, washing up liquids, metalworking fluids, hydraulic oils. Involvement of eyelids is not frequently described in the literature with this allergen.Conclusion: Coconut diethanolamide should be added in cosmetic series, and it should be useful to test this allergen in patients with eyelid dermatitis.

FS08.6 Persistent post‐occupational dermatitis: a case series

Objectives: Persistent post‐occupational dermatitis (PPOD) was mentioned by Wall and Gebauer in 1991 to describe ongoing skin disease precipitated by occupational contact dermatitis (OCD). There has been little formal recognition or clarification of this condition.Methods: Approximately 1600 records from our Occupational Dermatology Clinic were searched to identify likely cases. PPOD was difficult to diagnose as relatively few patients had been reviewed after initial assessment.Results: A number of patients with reasonably clear histories of persistent occupational contact dermatitis were identified, which followed either irritant or allergic occupational contact dermatitis. These included a 57 yr old male who worked with photographic chemicals, a 51 yr old female food handler and a 25 yr old female food handler who were all diagnosed with irritant contact dermatitis and yet experienced persistent dermatitis even after avoiding the irritants that were associated with causing their dermatitis. A 51 yr old process worker allergic to acrylates, a 28 yr old laboratory worker allergic to rubber accelerators and coconut diethanolamide in her hand wash and a 48 yr old epoxy applicator allergic to epoxy resins experienced recurrent dermatitis for years after avoiding their causative allergens, although with gradual decrease in the frequency of outbreaks of dermatitis. Unfortunately, many patients experienced difficulties with workers’ compensation because the persistence of their dermatitis was thought by some medical examiners negate its work‐relatedness.Conclusion: There needs to be greater recognition and understanding of PPOD. We are planning to follow‐up patients from our clinic to better study and define this condition.

In vitro screening of novel treatments for Aphanomyces invadans

Forty-nine compounds were tested in vitro for fungicidal activity against hyphae of the fish-pathogenic Oomycete fungus, Aphanomyces invadans. These comprised: (a) chemicals with previous reported activity against Oomycete fungi; (b) chemicals in use in Asia to treat ulcerative disease outbreaks; (c) commercial biocides and fungicides; (d) natural products with potential antimicrobial activity; and (e) surfactants tested separately and in combination with some of the above treatments. No compounds tested proved as effective as malachite green, but some low-toxicity natural compounds and particular surfactants showed potential for further studies. Some compounds that are currently in use in Asian aquaculture were shown to have no effect on A. invadans hyphae at recommended treatment rates. A range of compounds that demonstrated activity against the mycelium were selected for further testing in a zoospore motility assay. Lower treatment concentrations were required to inhibit zoospore motility than were required to inhibit hyphal growth. Zoospore activity ceased within 1 h of exposure to 2.5 parts per million (p.p.m.) coconut diethanol- amide; 1.25 p.p.m. propolis + 0.5 p.p.m. 13/6.5; 5 p.p.m. neem (Azadirachta siamensis) seed extract + 0.01 p.p.m. OP10; 20 p.p.m. tea tree (Melaleuca alternifloria) oil; and 25 p.p.m. D-limonene + 0.05 p.p.m. E-Z-MulseTM. The treated spores were shown to be non-viable in culture medium. Selected compounds were further tested for ability to inhibit zoospore production by A. invadans mycelium over a 72-h period. In toxicity trials, silver barb, Barbodes gonionotus (Bleeker), exposed to 2.5 p.p.m. coconut diethanolamide; 2.5 p.p.m. OP10; 0.5 p.p.m. E-Z-MulseTM; 20 p.p.m. neem seed extract + 0.5 p.p.m. OP10; and 5 p.p.m. D-limonene + 0.5 p.p.m. E-Z-MulseTM suffered no mortalities and no obvious behavioural changes. Similarly, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), exposed to 25 p.p.m. propolis + 1 p.p.m. OP10; 10 p.p.m. neem seed extract + 0.01 p.p.m. 13/6.5; and 10 p.p.m. D-limonene + 0.01 p.p.m. OP10 suffered no mortalities and no obvious behavioural changes.

Inter-laboratory comparison of liquid chromatographic techniques and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of surfactants in wastewaters

Seven laboratories participated in an inter-laboratory comparison exercise within the framework of the PRISTINE, SANDRINE and INEXsPORT European Union Projects. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) methodologies were used for the extraction of target analytes from wastewaters. The analytical strategies were based on liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometric (MS) or to fluorescent (FL) detection in all cases with the exception of one laboratory using a test-tube enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Samples were spiked with the surfactants nonylphenolpolyglycol ether, coconut diethanolamide, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, nonylphenolpolyglycol ether sulfate, alkylpolyglycol ether and secondary alkane sulfonate. After enrichment on previously conditioned SPE cartridges, the SPE cartridges were distributed among the participating laboratories without the information about the amount of spiked surfactants. In addition, SPE cartridges loaded with a real-world environmental sample containing a tannery wastewater were also analyzed. The results of the programme showed that SPE followed by LC–MS techniques are reliable for the surfactants determination at submicrogram to microgram per liter levels in wastewaters. Inter-laboratory precision values were calculated as the reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSD R) which was determined from the reproducibility standard deviation ( s R) and the average concentration at a particular concentration level. When data from all laboratories were pooled, the RSD R values ranged from 5.1 to 28.3% for the determination of target analytes. The most accurate result corresponded to that given for linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. Taking into account that different methodologies were used (including non-chromatographic techniques) and the complexity of the samples analyzed, it can be considered that acceptable reproducibility values were obtained in this inter-laboratory study.

Allergy to cocamide DEA

Three cases are reported of individuals allergic to cocamide DEA, also known as coconut diethanolamide. In two cases, multiple other cutaneous allergies were present. In both instances, cocamide DEA was present in several personal care products used by the patients. In the third case, occupational exposure was suspected. Cocamide DEA is an unusual allergen that may cause contact dermatitis in individuals who often have multiple other skin allergies.

Dentistʼs Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis Caused by Coconut Diethanolamide, N-ethyl-4-toluene Sulfonamide and 4-tolydiethanolamine

Dentistʼs Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis Caused by Coconut Diethanolamide, N-ethyl-4-toluene Sulfonamide and 4-tolydiethanolamine

Dentistʼs Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis Caused by Coconut Diethanolamide, N-ethyl-4-toluene Sulfonamide and 4-tolydiethanolamine

Dentistʼs Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis Caused by Coconut Diethanolamide, N-ethyl-4-toluene Sulfonamide and 4-tolydiethanolamine

Occupational allergic contact dermatitis due to coconut diethanolamide (cocamide DEA).

Coconut diethanolamide (CDEA), manufactured from coconut oil, is widely used as a surface-active agent in hand gels, hand-washing liquids, shampoos and dish-washing liquids. CDEA has rarely caused allergic contact dermatitis. During 1985-1992, we investigated 6 patients with occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by CDEA. 2 became sensitized from a barrier cream, 3 from a hand-washing liquid, and 1 had been exposed both to a hand-washing liquid and to a metalworking fluid containing CDEA. Leave-on products (hand-protection foams) caused sensitization much more rapidly (2-3 months) than rinse-off products (hand-washing liquids; 5-7 years). Due to the extensive use of CDEA and the lack of proper declaration of products, it is difficult to avoid CDEA exposure. No contact allergy to another coconut-oil-derived sensitizer (cocamidopropyl betaine) was found in the patients.

Dentist's occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by coconut diethanolamide, N/ethyl/4/toluene sulfonamide and 4/tolyldiethanolamine.

Dental personnel are exposed to many sensitizing compounds at work and often develop multiple delayed allergies. Here we report on a dentist who got sensitized to several products that have not, or only seldom, caused sensitization earlier. These products were: coconut diethanolamide from her handwashing liquids, N-ethyl-4-toluene sulfonamide, a resin carrier in dental materials for isolating cavities underneath restorations, and 4-tolyldiethanolamine, an accelerator for inducing polymerization of dental acrylic resins at room temperature. The patient also had allergic patch test reactions to formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde resin, fragrance mix, and lauryl monoethanolamide, possibly from occupational exposure.

Interfacial Tension and Behavior of Nonionic Surfactants

Abstract Low interfacial tensions are possible with nonionic surfactants. The effects of several solution variables (e.g., salinity and alcohol) on low-tension behavior have been determined for some nonionic surfactants. Nonionics have been found to be much less sensitive to changes in solution conditions than anionics (sulfonates) studied to date. Introduction A survey of the literature reveals very few examples of low interfacial tension (IFT) with nonionic surfactants and few systematic studies of the IFT behavior of nonionics. Youngs examined the tension behavior of some aminimides; Shinoda et al. investigated the emulsion phase-inversion temperatures of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants and stated that the IFT between the oil and aqueous phases approaches zero at the phase-inversion phases approaches zero at the phase-inversion temperatures.It has been shown that it is possible to achieve ultralow; (10 dyne/cm) IFT's using pure hydrocarbons as the oil phase. Subsequent work has proved the feasibility of attaining low IFT's between pure hydrocarbons and pure alkylbenzene sulfonates. In this paper, nonionic surfactants are similarly shown to be capable of giving IFT'S. Further, the low-tension state is associated with the three-phase (microemulsion) region of the ternary phase diagram, but the presence of a "middle" phase is not a sufficient condition for low IFT's.The effects of several solution variables on low IFT behavior have been determined for some nonionic surfactants. Comparison of these results with those of similar studies of anionics (sulfonates) shows that nonionics' behavior is (1) much less sensitive to hydrophobe structure; (2) less sensitive to salinity changes; (3) more tolerant to divalent cations (i.e., Ca+ +); (4) less dependent on alcohol concentration; and that (5) for some nonionics, pH can be an important factor.Obviously, the first four of these could be of considerable significance from a practical standpoint, as they all represent improvement over the behavior usually exhibited by sulfonate surfactants. Materials and Experiment The ethoxylated aliphatic primary alcohols and the five ethoxylated dinol phenols (DNP) are commercial samples provided by Witco Chemical Corp. These samples are described in Table 1. Witco also supplied a commercial coconut diethanolamide [R-CON(CH CH OH), R C,]. Other alkyl variants of the diethanolamides were synthesized in this laboratory.The ethoxylated nonylphenols (IGEPAL CO) were supplied by GAF Corp. and were 100% active materials. We had at our disposal products with 4, 6, 7.5, 9, and 10.5 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of hydrophobe - IGEPAL CO430, CO530, CO610, CO630, and CO710, respectively. To obtain products containing intermediate values of ethylene oxide, mole-fraction weighted mixtures of these materials were prepared.The Klearfac AA-270 phosphate ester was provided by BASF Wyandotte. Steven McGuire of provided by BASF Wyandotte. Steven McGuire of Conoco Inc. ethoxylated samples of 6-undecanol and 7-tridecanol prepared in this laboratory. DNP-M1 is an experimental ethoxylated dinonyl phenol of somewhat narrowed molecular weight distribution provided by Milliken Chemical Co. provided by Milliken Chemical Co. SPEJ P. 349