Cocoa Waste Research Articles

Average Daily Gain, AST and Blood Nitrogen Urea (BUN) Responses of Bali Beef on Cocoa Waste Extract Supplement

the research aimed to identify blood plasma AST, BUN, Triglyceride and average daily gain (ADG) responses of Bali beef on cocoa pod husk (CPH) extracts supplementations. 15 males of Bali beef in fattening premises were divided according to feed treatments; group A1 with normal feed; A2 CPH meal (CPH-M); A3= CPH crud (CPH-CE); A4= high theobromine CPH (CPH-T); A5= high polyphenol CPH (CPH-P). Blood collection and body weighting held one day before treatment (B1); B2= 24 h; B3= 14 d; B4= 28 d; 42 d later. Result show that there was no significant difference in ADG values within all treatments, although the control and CPH-P had higher ADG at 14–56d of treatment. The blood AST activity were same (P>0.05) in control, CPH-M and CPH-C and significantly higher (P<0.05) than CPH-T and CPH-P Thus preliminary parameters implied that utilizing of CPH as feed for Bali beef didn’t indicate any negative effect.

Pretreatment of Cocoa Waste for Bioethanol Production Using Ionic Liquid

One of the major advantages of biofuel over fossil fuel is that it is environmentally friendly but unfortunately most of the chemicals used in the pretreatment of lignocelluloses biomass to produce biofuel can cause adverse effects to the environment. In this study, ionic liquid was used for the pretreatment of cocoa waste. Its effectiveness in the treatment process was compared to the alkalis and acids used in the conventional pretreatment media. The effectiveness of pretreatment using ionic liquid, H2SO4 and NaOH was based on the reduction of biomass, production of reducing sugar and also bioethanol. Ionic liquid pretreatment was found to show minimal biomass loss of only 31% after pretreatment compared to H2SO4 and NaOH which showed loss of 61% and 79% respectively. The untreated biomass has 10% amount of cellulose but upon pretreatment with ionic liquid, H2SO4 and NaOH, significant amount of cellulose was detected compared to NaOH which produced only 7% of cellulose. Two types of yeasts were also isolated from Malaysian local fermented food, the tapai ubi which were tested for the abilities to ferment the reducing sugar produced. Using the DNS method for determining reducing sugar, ionic liquid pretreatment was shown to produce 6.3×10–2g/L of reducing sugar while the untreated, H2SO4 and NaOH pretreatment produced 2.87×10–2g/L, 7.4×10–2g/L and 3.37×10–2g/L respectively at the end of 24 hours of incubation. Bioethanol produced during the fermentation was analysed using gas chromatography. Ionic liquid produced a total of 7.885g/L, H2SO4 produced 7.911g/L NaOH produced 6.824g/L and untreated cocoa waste produced 5.116g/L of ethanol at the end of 24 hours incubation.

Pengaruh Fermentasi Limbah Cair Pulp Kakao terhadap Tingkat Keracunan dan Pertumbuhan Beberapa Gulma Berdaun Lebar

The research was conducted to determine the effect of fermentation liquid waste cocoa pulp on the level of toxicity and growth some broad-leaved weeds. Experiments conducted in Way Halim, Sukarame, Bandar Lampung. The timing of the trial starting from June to July 2011. The design used was Randomized Design Group (RAK) with one factor, namely the time of fermentation of cocoa pulp effluent, namely: 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks. Each treatment was repeated thrice. Weed seeds used are young or vegetative phase. The results showed: (1) The Liquid waste cocoa pulp on the fermentation 2 and 3 weeks are able to control the growth of broad leaf weeds up to 4 MSA, visible from suppression the dry weight of weeds and levels of toxicity. (2) Fermentation 1-3 weeks to control weed growth Cleome rutidospermae DC and Agerotum conyzoides, while the other weeds that can be controlled with Asystasia gangA©tica fermentation 3 weeks and Synedrella nudiflora able to be controlled by the fermentation of 2 and 3 weeks up to 4 MSA (3) Toxicity caused by the fermentation of cocoa pulp liquid waste is contact to visible blotches and burning weeds on the affected part. Keywords: broadleaf weeds, cocoa pulp, fermentation

Racing greens [automotive

The World Motor Sport Council vetoed development into fossil fuel-guzzling Formula One engines, instead encouraging the industry to focus on alternatives such as hybrid fuel systems. At the same time, Formula One is pushing hybrid drive systems that recover braking energy in race cars, while governing body the FIA has a 'Make Cars Green' website, aiming to reduce the impact of cars on the environment. But while the lion's share of race car development has focused on cutting carbon emissions, a team of researchers from Warwick University and the Warwick Innovative Manufacturing Research Centre in the UK wants to do more. Their proof- of-concept Formula 3 race car - 'WorldFirst' - not only runs on a biodiesel blend of waste cocoa butter and vegetable oil, but has been built with a host of unconventional sustainable materials, including flax, carrot fibre and potato starch.

Performance of A Horizontal Cylinder Type Rotary Dryer for Drying Process ofOrganic Compost from Solid Waste Cocoa Pod

Cocoa pod husk is the bigest component of cocoa pod, about 70% of total ht of mature pod, and to potentially used as organic compost source. Poten tial solid waste of cocoa pod husk from a cocoa processing centre is about 15— 22 m3/ha/year. A cocoa plantation needs about 20—30 ton/ha/year of organic matters. One of important steps in compos processing technology of cocoa pod solid waste is drying process. Organic compost with 20% moisture content is more easy in handling, application, storage and distribution. Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute has designed and tested a horizontal cylinder type rotary dryer for drying process of organic compos from solid waste cocoa pod with kerosene burner as energy sources. The objective of this research is to study performance of a horizontal cylinder type rotary dryer using kerosene burner as energy source for drying process of organic compost from solid waste cocoa pod. The material used was solid waste cocoa pod with 70—75% moisture content (wet basis), 70% size particle larger than 4.76 mm, and 30% size particle less than 4.76 mm, 690—695 kg/m3 bulk density. Drying process temperatures treatment were 60OC, 80OC, and 100OC, and cylinder rotary speed treatments were 7 rpm, 10 rpm, dan 16 rpm. The results showed that dryer had capacity about 102—150 kg/h depend on drying temperature and cylinder rotary speed. Optimum operation condition at 100OC drying temperature, and 10 rpm cylinder rotary speed with drying time to reach final moisture content of 20% was 1,6 h, capacity 136,14 kg/ h, bulk density 410 kg/m3, porocity 45,15%, kerosene consumption as energy source was 2,57 l/h, and drying efficiency 68,34%. Key words : cocoa, drying, rotary dryer, compost, waste

Potassium recovery from farm wastes for crop growth

Potassium (K) is a scarce agricultural chemical, which is being depleted from Nigerian soils at a fast rate. There are no known resources in Nigeria and farmers depend on imported muriate of potash (KCl) for their needs. A study has been undertaken on the potential for resource utilization of potash from known farm wastes available in plentiful supply. Thirteen farm wastes were assessed for their K and other mineral contents. Among them, cocoa waste, plantain waste, market waste, and water hyacinth were found to be rich in their K contents. Varying levels (0, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 tons/ha) of these wastes in ash form along with recommended NPK fertilizer were examined in greenhouse experiments using Amaranthus cruentus L. as a test crop. The results indicated that water hyacinth and cocoa waste promoted maximum crop growth and yield when applied at 10 tons ha−1, respectively. Crop growth and yield were significant at the 0.05% level as compared to application of conventional NPK fertilizer at K levels 10 and 20 kg ha−1. From the soil residual K levels and plant uptake, it was observed that the K from water hyacinth seems to be more available to the plant as compared to sources from other farm wastes. Samples of potassium salt in the carbonate form were recovered and concentrated from ash of water hyacinth and cocoa waste which may prove to be economical for farmers in the country to meet K demand of their soils.