Cocoa Research Center Research Articles

Analysis of Training Implementation at the Coffee and Cocoa Research Center

This research aims to determine the process of implementing training carried out at the Indonesian coffee and cocoa research center. The background to this research is the low quality of human resources currently available in Indonesia. This research is included in descriptive research. The population and sample for this study were all respondents from 7 different training courses totaling 29 people and 32 widyaiswara teaching students. Sampling technique with saturated samples. The data collection techniques used are observation and documentation. data analysis techniques with qualitative descriptive analysis and quantitative descriptive analysis.

Stomata Diversity Profile of Several Coffee Species at the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Center

Stomata Diversity Profile of Several Coffee Species at the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Center

First Records of the Exotic Ant Strumigenys rogeri, Emery 1890 in Brazil

Strumigenys Smith, 1860 is a megadiverse ant genus with 858 species distributed worldwide. These ants forage and nest in leaf litter, rotten wood, dried leaves or twigs and are specialized predators. Here we present the first records of the pantropical Strumigenys rogeri Emery, 1890 in Brazil. The information was obtained from specimens conserved in the Formicidae Collection of the Cocoa Research Center. We recovered data of occurrence of S. rogeri in six locations in southern Bahia, Brazil. The specimens were found in remnants, secondary growths or agroforest areas within the Atlantic Brazilian rainforest biome. Interestingly, areas of cocoa agrosystems shaded with Eritryna legume trees seem allowing this ant to be relatively easy to find. It is reasonable to think that many specimens of S. rogeri were accumulated in entomological collections throughout Brazil or were misidentified due to the complicated taxonomy of the genus.

Absorption of Cadmium and its Effect on the Growth of Halfsib Family of Three Cocoa Clones Seedling

The issue of cadmium in cocoa beans has become one of the primary considerations in setting quality criteria in chocolate-consuming countries. Using rootstock genotypes that are tolerant to cadmium uptake can provide data on the absorption of cadmium into shoots for recovery. This study examined cocoa plants’ growth and physiological response to cadmium (Cd) accumulation. The research was carried out using polybags in the Greenhouse of the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Center using a half-sib family of cocoa aged 4 months after sowing. The study was designed using a completely randomized split-plot design with 3 replications. The parent plots were the half-sib families of Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, and Scavina 6. The subplots were added with cadmium solution at 0 (control), 2, 4, and 8 ppm. The results showed that adding cadmium up to 8 ppm did not affect the growth and biomass of cocoa seedlings; however, it had a negative effect on plant physiological processes of the net assimilation rate and relative growth rate. Cadmium content in the tissue increased with increasing cadmium concentration in the growing medium. The accumulation of cadmium in roots was higher than that of shoots. Absorption of cadmium in the root tissue of Sulawesi 1 was higher than that of Scavina 6 and Sulawesi 2; genetic factors did not affect cadmium uptake in the shoots. There was a positive correlation between root dry weight and cadmium concentration in the tissue; the higher the dry weight of the root tissue, the higher the cadmium uptake in plants.

Chlorogenic Acid Fractionation in Robusta Green Bean Extract as a Combination Agent of Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Periodontal Tissue Engineering

Background: Robusta coffee beans contain very high chlorogenic acid. In the last decade, chlorogenic acid was developed as an adjunct in stem cells to enhance the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of stem cells when used as a therapeutic agent. Chlorogenic acid can increase proliferation and migration and inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in stem cells thereby increasing the ability of stem cells to regenerate tissue. Purpose: To analyze the levels of chlorogenic acid in robusta coffee bean extract which can be used as a combination agent for Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSC) in periodontal tissue engineering therapy. Materials and Methods: Robusta coffee bean extract was obtained from the Coffee and Cocoa Research Center, Jember Regency which was processed and processed using the fractionation method. This study used DPSC with the extraction of premolar teeth of orthodontic patients. The toxicity test was performed on the coffee extract 0.0625%; 0.125%; 0.25%; 0.5% to determine the biocompatible concentration of DPSC. Results: The highest fractionation and measurement of chlorogenic acid content obtained was 30.49%. Robusta coffee bean extract with a chlorogenic acid content of 30.49% at concentrations of 0.125% and 0.0625% did not cause toxicity to DPSC. Conclusion: Chlorogenic acid in robusta coffee bean extract concentrations of 0.125% and 0.0625% are relatively biocompatible as a combination agent for DPSC in periodontal tissue engineering therapy.

Pengaruh Jumlah Ruas dan Konsentrasi Rootone-F pada Pertumbuhan Setek Kopi Robusta

Coffee is one of the commodities in Indonesia that excels in exports, and one of the most widely cultivated coffees in Indonesia is robusta coffee. Propagation by segment cuttings on Robusta coffee plants can produce new plants in large numbers and have the same gene characteristics as the parent in a short period. Then there is a growth regulatory administered exogenously (from outside) are an alternative way to accelerate root formation in plants. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the number of segments and concentration of Rootone-F on the growth of robusta coffee cuttings. The research was conducted for three months, from 23 March 2021 to 15 June 2021. The research was conducted at the Kaliwining Gardens, the Coffee and Cocoa Research Center, Jember. The statistical method used was a completely randomized design (CRD) by factorial. The first factor was the number of segments and the second factor was the concentration of Rootone-F; there were 12 treatment combinations and three replications. The results showed that the number of internodes' treatments was significantly different on shoot length, root wet weight, and root dry weight. The concentration of Rootone F was not significantly different for all variables observed.

Penentuan Tenaga Kerja Optimal pada Packaging Kopi dengan Menggunakan Analisis Beban Kerja Metode Work Sampling

The effectiveness, efficiency, and productivity of the company are very much determined by the workload. By knowing the workload, a company can find out the optimum number of workers needed to meet the target. This is also important for the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Center, especially in the processing of coffee in the packaging section. Therefore a workload analysis will be carried out using the Work Sampling Method. From the results of the work sampling method, it can be seen that worker productivity is 0.90697, as well as a rating factor of 0.09 and an allowance of 22.With these results it can be calculated that the standard time needed by workers in coffee packaging is 10.98 minutes and the optimum number of workers required 2.06 people.

Potential of Chlorogenic Acid from Coffea canephora to Improving Innate Immunity System Components among BALB / c Mice

The aim of this study was to verify the phagocytosis activity which displayed in CD11b and B220 markersand also the markers of erythroid 2 nuclear factor related factor 2 (Nrf2) as a key regulatory transcriptionfactor on various antioxidant gene expressions and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) as an antioxidant markerthat related with protein. Nrf2 plays an important role to inhibit the ROS accumulation and eliminate freeradicals. The active compound of chlorogenic acid in robusta coffee type (Coffea canephora) in IndonesianCoffee and Cocoa Research Center was used in three groups of mice in this study and it was gave differentdose in each groups. The assessment samples were taken from the peritoneal fluid of mice than it wasanalyzed by using Flow Cytometry method to find phagocytosis function and antioxidant activity. Theresults of ANOVA statistical test was p <0.05 in all parameters, this mean that there was indicated that theactive compound of chlorogenic acid in coffee was involved in natural immune system mechanism and itwas seen in increasing of phagocytic activity and antioxidant levels.

Diversity of the Ant Genus Neoponera Emery, 1901 (Formicidae: Ponerinae) in the north of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with new Records of Occurrence

Composed of two main forest formations, Ombrophilous Forest and Seasonal Forest, the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome is constituted currently by a mosaic of forest remnants and secondary vegetation. Representatives of the Ponerinae ant genus Neoponera are observed mainly in both wet and seasonally dry forests. The aim of this study was to approach the diversity of the genus Neoponera in the north of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil (from the extreme north of its distribution to the Doce River hydrographic basin in the south), associating the occurrence of ant species with the types of vegetation. We have compiled occurrence data from the collection of the Myrmecology Laboratory of the Cocoa Research Center, on internet, or available in literature. We found information on 23 species of Neoponera, including a new record for the Atlantic Forest, Neoponera globularia (Mackay &amp; Mackay, 2010), and a new record for Brazil, Neoponera fiebrigi Forel, 1912. The relative composition of the Neoponera assemblages was evaluated according to the types of vegetation. We found that the occurrence of the genus Neoponera is mainly related to the types of vegetation of the focus region, principally dense forests where a higher diversity was observed.

A Coleção de Formicidae do Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CPDC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil

Criada em 1990, a Coleção de Formicidae do Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CPDC) conta atualmente com cerca de 500.000 espécimes, em geral montados a seco, correspondendo a aproximadamente 4.000 espécies nominais e morfoespécies. Além da coleção geral, existe uma pequena coleção de tipos e uma biblioteca de pesquisa no âmbito do Laboratório de Mirmecologia. O laboratório é multi-institucional e a curadoria da CPDC está hoje dividida entre J.H.C. Delabie (Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau/Comissão Executiva de Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira – CEPEC/CEPLAC e Universidade Estadual Santa Cruz - UESC) e A. Arnhold (Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia - UFSB). O bioma Mata Atlântica, sobretudo da Bahia e do Espírito Santo, está particularmente bem representado, com séries de amostras provenientes de florestas, manguezais, cacauais, sistemas agroflorestais, pastagens e outros cultivos regionais. A coleção contribui também na conservação de muito material biológico brasileiro da região amazônica, do Cerrado, da Caatinga e de outros países da região neotropical, assim como de outras regiões biogeográficas. A dinâmica de incorporação do material biológico na coleção é detalhada ao longo do texto, assim como as perspectivas de desenvolvimento das futuras ações previstas em torno da Coleção CPDC, em parcerias com a UESC e a UFSB.

Chocolate Industry in Puslitkoka Jember is Benefits of Colonial Heritage

In Indonesia, plantations can cultivate industrial crops such as cocoa, coffee, coconut and tea. The plantation system in Indonesia was also introduced through Western colonialism, namely Dutch colonialism. One of the places in Indonesia that has quite extensive plantation areas is Jember Regency, which is located in East Java Province. When compared to other parts of Indonesia, such as Sumatra and western and central Java, East Java was indeed too late to be exploited by the Dutch colonial government at that time. The Dutch sent several colonial researchers such as natural science researchers, especially foreign botanists in the early 19th century or around the 1800s, and traveled to trace the tip of the eastern island of Java called Java’s Oosthoek. Cocoa plants were introduced by the Spaniards in 1560 in Minahasa, North Sulawesi. According to van Hall, in 1859 there were 10,000 - 12,000 cocoa plants in Ambon. Of that many trees produced 11.6 tons of cocoa. However, then the plants disappear without further information (Van Hall, 1932 in Pujianto, et al: 2015). According to Graafland (Hall, 1949) cocoa plants have existed in Indonesia during the “culture culture” in 1826, but not yet a company plant. According to Jansen, the resident of Minahasa (Hall, 1949) efforts to make cocoa as a cash-generating plant have been tried in the area. However, it will face difficulties due to disease pests. Indonesia has an Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Center (Puslitkoka). Founded on January 1, 1911 under the name Besoekisch Proefstation (Besuki Research Center) which has an office on Jl. PB. Sudirman No. 90 Jember. But starting in 1987 all activities / operations were transferred to the new office located in Nogosari Village, Rambipuji District, Jember, approximately 20km southwest of Jember City. As a colonial legacy, Puslitkoka now appears to be an educational tourism and become a chocolate industry that contributes a lot in terms of socio-economic conditions of the local community. Because many workers or employees are needed, the surrounding community is made employees with different salaries according to position, education, and years of service.

A xiloteca do Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau e as madeiras da Mata Atlântica

Xiloteca é uma coleção científica de madeiras identificadas com dados de coleta disponíveis e que é representativa da diversidade biológica. É um referencial para estudos e pesquisas na área botânica e tecnológica, tanto para produtores, como para comerciantes de madeira, servindo também para comparação e identificação de novas amostras de madeira. A xiloteca em estudo está associada ao herbário do Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, que atualmente é um dos maiores da região nordeste e conserva a mais importante coleção de espécimes vegetais representantes da Mata Atlântica do sul baiano e norte do Espírito Santo. O objetivo desse estudo é dar visibilidade às informações presentes nessa xiloteca. Com o aumento da visibilidade da xiloteca para uma maior audiência – pesquisadores e público em geral –, espera-se valorizar informações sobre o patrimônio das espécies vegetais do sul da Bahia, resguardando dados de importante relevância para a compreensão da diversidade florestal da região.

Ant Community Evolution According to Aging in Brazilian Cocoa Tree Plantations

Agriculture is frequently held accountable for the depletion of biotic diversity, although a few agroforestry systems support the conservation of a number of organisms. Cocoa farming is noteworthy as an example of an agricultural activity that benefits or maintains species richness. However, the mechanism by which the biodiversity persists throughout the entire process of plant development remains obscure. In Southeastern Bahia, Brazil, cacao tree plantations support the conservation of a large amount of organisms native to the Atlantic Forest, between them the ants. This study aims at recording the relationship between cocoa tree development and ant community structure. The experiment was carried out in a series of six cocoa tree plantations aged one, three, four, eight, fifteen and 33 years, distributed across the experimental grounds of the Cocoa Research Center at Ilhéus. 1,500 ant samples were collected using the sampling techniques: hand collection, honey and sardine baits, entomological blanket and “pitfall”. Highest values for diversity and richness were reported in the 15-years-old cocoa plantation. No significant correlations between diversity, richness or plant age were reported. Considering the faunistic composition, a statistical similarity was observed between the plantations close in age to one another. Plant aging did not exert any influence on the diversity gradient and richness in the succession process of the ant community. In young plantations, there are low differences between the ants found on the ground and the ones found on the young cocoa trees. In older plantations, the ant community divides in two distinct assemblages on the ground and on the trees. The variations observed in the ant community along the plant development were likely caused by the structural organization of the dominant species mosaic.

The Perspective of Food Sustainability and Security for Forest Edge Community through Increasing Coffee Competitiveness for Income Sustainability

The consumption of rice on the edge of the forest tends to increase unbalanced with production causing food insecurity. Efforts to strengthen the food security of forest-edge communities can be through diversification of non-rice food (corn, sweet potato, banana, cassava and arrowroot) and increased income of smallholder coffee farmers. The objectives of the research are to obtain a model of increasing the competitiveness of the people's coffee to strengthen the resilience and security of forest-edge communities. Research location in Bondowoso District.. The results of the research show that: (1) The model of enhancing the competitiveness of coffee people can strengthen the resilience and security of marginalized communities by involving local institutions in Jember (Perhutani, Plantation Department, Industry Office, Coffee and Cocoa Research Center, Cooperative Service, and Higher Education) . (2) The strategy to strengthen the resilience and security of the food of marginalized forest communities can also through the diversification of non-rice food consumption. (3) Diversification of non-rice food consumption (66-77%) and rice (23-34%). (4) In general, the food security and security of forest-edge communities in the category is quite steady.

Kesejahteraan Karyawan Perspektif Maqashid Syariah Pada Pusat Penelitian Kopi dan Kakao

The purpose of this study is to determine the economic impact in improving the welfare of employees Coffee and Cocoa Research Center Indonesia when viewed through the perspective of maqashid sharia. The method used is a qualitative approach, a strategy case studies and descriptive analysis techniques are collecting data through interviews and observations of informants. Informants are employees working at the Coffee and Cocoa Research Center Indonesia amounting to nine people. The Results from this study is economic impact and fulfillment of welfare for employees at the Coffee and Cocoa Research Center still ranks necessities. Five indicators used in this study is maqashid syariah can be met by almost all employees. The economic impact can be seen, among others, the changes experienced by the employee, the changes are seen from the increased monthly income,expenditure control, insufficient subsistence, and increasing assets and preparation for future family prepared before retirement arrives.

Simulation model for phytomona epidemics in coconut trees

A mathematical deterministic compartmental model of a system composed by the host plant - coconut palms, the pathogen microorganism - Phytomonas staheli McGhee & McGhee, and the insect vector - Lincus lobuliger Bred. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) was developed. A healthy insect becomes infected after feeding on a diseased tree starting an epidemic by disseminating P. staheli to healthy palms. This process initiates an exponential disease growth that decreases when the number of infected plants increases. The software Vensim DSS® was used as a tool to build a simulation model of disease dynamics. Compartments (stocks) for healthy, infected and eradicated plants represented the plant components of the system. There are two sub models for the insect vector population; the compartments represent each life stage of the healthy and infected vector population. The simulation outputs were compared with data from a recorded epidemic of Phytomonas that occurred at the Experimental Station Lemos Maia (Cocoa Research Center, CEPLAC/CEPEC), located at Una, Bahia. Here we present extensive data on the sensitivity analysis of the parameters and results from simulations of application of epidemics control methods. The model indicates that control techniques for the vector only delays the spread of the disease, and that it would be more convenient not to apply control techniques for Lincus sp. in areas where the disease is absent.

Variability in cacao selected by producers for resistance to witches´ broom based on microsatellite markers

This study aimed at a microsatellite marker-based assessment of the genetic variability of 30 accessions of Theobroma cacao selected for resistance to witchesbroom on commercial plantations in the cocoa region of Bahia State and to compare them with traditional sources of resistance to witchesbroom (SCA-6 and IMC-67) and other parents (ICS-1 and SIC-19) used in the breeding program of the Cocoa Research Center (CEPEC). Sixteen pairs of specific primers for microsatellite loci were used, generating 64 alleles. The genetic distance between the analyzed accessions ranged from 0.13 to 0.71 and the heterozygosis levels from 23 to 76%. The cluster analyses grouped 18 accessions (60%) together with SCA-6. Accessions selected on farms for their high levels of resistance to witchesbroom, good agronomic traits, which are genetically distant from SCA-6, have a high potential for the breeding program or even for direct recommendation to farmers.

Genetic variability and heterozygosity of cocoa accessions of Parinari (Pa) population, based on microsatellite markers

The objective of this work was to study the genetic variability and the heterozygosity of accessions of the Parinari (Pa) series in the collection of the Active Germplasm Bank (BAG) of the Cocoa Research Center (CEPEC), CEPLAC, Bahia using microsatellite markers. In the present study, 34 accessions of Theobroma cacao L. were used, being 25 of the Parinari series. Twelve microsatellite loci were analyzed generating a total of 49 alleles. Results indicated genetic variability among the Parinari accessions with genetic distances varying from 0.00 to 0.64 and heterozygosity levels between 11 and 72%. About 40% of the accessions presented heterozygosity equal or greater than 50%.

Uso de marcadores RAPD na classificação de isolados de Phytophthora spp. causadores da podridão parda do cacaueiro no Brasil

Objetivou-se neste trabalho propor uma metodologia para a utilização de marcadores RAPD como uma ferramenta auxiliar na classificação de isolados de Phytophthora spp. causadores da podridão-parda do cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao) no Brasil. Existe uma necessidade constante de monitorar populações de Phytophthora spp. nas regiões cacaueiras do Brasil e a tarefa de classificação dos isolados é difícil e demorada. Com base em estudos de diversidade genética de isolados de Phytophthora capsici, P. palmivora e P. citrophthora por meio de marcadores RAPD, foram escolhidos três isolados de cada espécie como padrões e dois "primers" decâmeros mais informativos na diferenciação das espécies (OPA 13 e OPH 18). O DNA genômico dos isolados padrões e de três isolados não classificados foi extraído e amplificado, utilizando-se os dois "primers" decâmeros mais informativos. Os padrões de marcadores RAPD obtidos permitiram uma diferenciação visual clara dos isolados de cada espécie e mostraram-se úteis na classificação de isolados de Phytophthora spp. A metodologia proposta já está sendo utilizada no Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, solucionando eventuais dúvidas resultantes da caracterização morfológica dos isolados.

LEAF GAS EXCHANGE IN TWO DWARF COCONUT GENOTYPES IN THE SOUTHEAST OF BAHIA STATE, BRAZIL.

Net photosynthetic (A) and leaf transpiration (E) rates and stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs) of Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD) and Brazilian Green Dwarf (BGD) coconut accessions (Cocos nucifera var. ‘nana’ L.) were studied and discussed in terms of the technical aspects related to light-response curves in field conditions. Measurements of gas exchange were performed during four days, in April and may 2000, at the Cocoa Research Center Experimental Station (Una - BA, Brazil). The A, gs and E parameters were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) different between the two genotypes. The mean maximum values of A, gs and E were 10.4 and 12.0 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, 0.21 and 0.35 mol H2O m-2 s-1 and 3.07 and 3.69 mmol m-2 s-1 for MYD and BGD, respectively. For both genotypes a good fitting of the light-response curve models were obtained, indicating that A and gs were dependent of the photosynthetically active radiation incident on leaf surface (Qi), in spite of high genotipic variation. Interesting results were achieved when an empirical multiplicative model was used. The model relating A or gs with Qi and with leaf-to-air water vapour pressure deficit inside the chamber (VPDL) was tested for both genotypes and showed a negative influence of the latter on the stomatal behavior and consequently on A. Such effect was more pronounced in BGD than in MYD. These and others relationships involving leaf gas exchange and microclimatic variables in coconut palm trees are discussed