Cocoa Pod Husk Research Articles

Numerical and experimental investigation on the thermochemical gasification potential of Cocoa pod husk (Theobroma Cacoa) in an open-core gasifier

Thermochemical conversion is a promising technology to generate producer gas (PG) from different types of agroforestry biomass residues. To use an existing open-core biomass gasifier for different feedstocks available in a agroforestry region, its viability must be studied systematically. Cocoa pod husk (CPH) is one of the promising agricultural wastes, widely available in tropical farmlands of hilly regions. In this study, a commercial 115 kWth biomass gasifier is used in both numerical and experimental methods to find the potential of CPH as a feedstock. The moisture of CPH is varied from 5 to 25%, and the performance of gasifier is investigated for ER between 0.20 and 0.40. The results show that compositions of CO, H2 and CH4 in PG are 20–24%, 12.0–16.5% and 2.0–3.2%, respectively, for the tested conditions. The best equivalence ratio and moisture content are identified as 0.25 and 5%, respectively. The calorific value, conversion efficiency and cold gas efficiency are found as 6.13 MJ/Nm3, 82% and 68%, respectively. The predicted performance parameters and temperature distribution are compared with experimental values and literature. Thus, CPH is identified as a promising feedstock for an open-core gasifier.

Cause-and-Effect Relationship Analysis of Cocoa Pod Husk Composites in Water Absorption Process Parametric Evaluation: A DEMATEL Approach

Polymer composites are expanding in scope and applications to water-based structures such as the ship's hull in ship vessels due to their resistance to water and satisfactory mechanical properties. Unforunately, few studies have tackled their water absorption properties. In this paper, a novel method, DEMATEL, is used to analyse the conflicting water absorption process parameters of cocoa pod husk composite using the cause and effect associations of the parameters. The parameters considered are particulate loading, initial weight, particulate weight, the weight of the matrix, and weight after 150 days and rate of water absorption. A comparison scale explains the extent of influence of a criterion on the other. The direct relationship matrix is normalized and the total relation matrix generated to procedure a causal diagram. The most fascinating findings of the study are the differences between the sum of row and columns, which places particulate weights as the most appealing, 1.0798, while the rate of water absorption as the least appealing criterion. Besides, the sum of the row and column that yields the most attractive results is the particulate weight (5.4982) while the least attractive result is the rate of water absorption (3.5436). The novelty of this work lies in the application of DEMATEL structure to examine contextual associations between the essential pointers of water absorption process parameters, for cocoa pod husk composites in the water environment. To our knowledge, it is the first type of work in this area on the selected agro-filler-based composite.

Effect of agricultural waste as organic fertilizer on yield and soil properties of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

The use of fertilizer particularly for the inorganic fertilizers has increased annually to cope the global demand of crop production. Nevertheless, inorganic fertilizer is expensive and associate with the negative effects to the environment and the soil structure. Alternatively, agricultural waste can be composted and used as organic fertilizer. Although such fertilizer has low nutrient concentration and solubility, it releases nutrients slowly which makes them available for a longer period. Moreover, this agricultural waste such as biomass and manure from plantation and livestock farms are available in abundance. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of different types of fertilizer treatments as listed; T1 – inorganic fertilizer (control), T2 – chicken manure, T3 – cow manure, T4 – empty fruit bunch and T5 – cocoa pod husk on the production of cocoa mature tree and its soil fertility. The results have shown that organic fertilizers with its consistency application has produce comparable production with inorganic fertiliser and have no differences in the soil chemical properties between the treatments. Hence, this study has clearly demonstrated that agricultural wastes act as organic fertilizers were able to increase crop production and improved the soil fertility in cocoa cultivation.

Bioactivity assessment of ethanolic extracts from Theobroma cacao and Cola spp. wastes after solid state fermentation by Pleurotus ostreatus and Calocybe indica

The use of agro-industrial residues for production of bio-functional products has aroused the interest of scientists as a positive step towards ecological sustainable. In this study, Pleurotus ostreatus or Calocybe indica was used in solitary and were combined in solid state fermentation to improve bioactivities of extracts from cocoa pod husk (CPH) and kolanut pod (KP). The bioactive compounds in extracts were revealed using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS). Phenolic and flavonoid contents of studied extracts were within 34.80–56.9 mg/g Gallic acid equivalent and 11.50–31.5 mg/g Quercertin equivalent, respectively. Extracts from unfermented and fermented pods of Theobroma cacao and Cola spp. displayed notable antimicrobial activity against indicator microorganisms with zones of inhibition ranged from 5.0 to 18.0 mm. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts against microorganisms ranged from 2.5 to 10.0 mg/ml. IC50 of extracts against free radicals ranged from 0.3 to 1.7 mg/ml, 0.4–1.7 mg/ml and 0.4–1.8 mg/ml for DPPH, Fe and OH−, respectively. Some of bioactive compounds identified using GCMS were phenol, glycerine, pimelic ketone, D-ribonic acid, methyl myristate, palmitic acid methyl ester, oleic acid ethyl ester, lauramide, oleic acid amide, 1,2-cyclododecanediol, resorcinol, phytol and others. The bioactivities of extracts from unfermented and fermented CPH and KP can be attributed to the presence of assorted bioactive compounds, which can be exploited as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antitumor promoting agents and therefore, useful for production of functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

Efficacy of Selected Crop Residues and Rock Phosphate in Improving the Quality of Cattle Manure

ABSTRACT Cattle manure (CM) is noted for its poor nutrient quality especially in Ghana where most cattle are fed on a free range. There is therefore a need to improve its quality since it is a vital nutrient resource for smallholder farmers. An experiment was thus carried out by composting cocoa pod husk (CPH), palm kernel cake (PKC) and rock phosphate (RP) to investigate their effectiveness for use as nutrient sources for improving the fertilizer value of cattle manure (CM). Four compost ratios (CM + PKC (3:1), CM + CPH (3:1), CM + RP (3:1) and CM + PKC + CPH + RP (3:1:1:1)) were formulated and replicated three times in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The findings showed that, addition of CPH, PKC and RP to CM improved the fertilizer value of cattle manure. The CM + PKC + CPH + RP (3:1:1:1) compost increased the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents of cattle manure by 73%, 145% and 50%, respectively and was therefore considered the most effective in enhancing the nutrient value of cattle manure. This compost was thus evaluated through field application to maize. The study also revealed that increasing the application rate of compost increased maize grain yields. Hence, cocoa pod husk, palm kernel cake and rock phosphate can be exploited for use as important resources for improving the fertilizer value of cattle manure.

PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY OF RABBITS FED FERMENTED AND UNFERMENTED COCOA POD HUSK

This study was designed to investigate the performance and nutrient digestibility of rabbits fed cocoa pod husk (CPH). Thirty weaner rabbits of about five weeks old were used for the study. They were allotted to five treatment consisting of three replicates of two rabbits each. Diet T, served as the control with 0%CPH, Diet T2 and T3 contained 30% unfermented and fermented CPH respectively. The experiment lasted for ten (10) weeks. The results showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ration of rabbits fed increasing levels of inclusion of fermented and unfermented CPH in experimental diets. The apparent nutrient digestibility also improved with increasing levels of fermented and unfermented CPH in the diets. However, rabbits performed better on the fermented CPH than the unfermented CPH based diets.

Effect of biologically upgraded cocoa pod husk meal on growth, serum and antioxidant properties of two rabbit breeds

BackgroundThe study evaluated the growth performance, haemabiochemical and antioxidant profile of two breeds of rabbits fed diets containing varying levels of Rhizopus stolonifer fermented cocoa pod husk meal (FCPHM). Cocoa pod husk meal was taken through solid-state fermentation for a period of 2 weeks using Rhizopus stolonifer as its starter culture. One hundred and eighty, 5-week-old unsexed weaned rabbits 90 New Zealand white (NZW) and 90 Chinchilla (CHL) were randomly allocated into three dietary treatments, Diets I, II and III (0%, 12.5 and 25%FCPHM, respectively), and were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design (2 breeds and 3 diets) of a randomized block design.ResultsThe study showed that the breed effect and dietary treatment were significant (p < 0.01) for total weight gain and feed conversion ratio with NZW breed fed 12.5% FCPHM having higher values than CHL breed. Serum total protein concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatment, while alanine aminotransferase, globulin and total protein concentrations were significantly (p < 0.01) affected by the breed effect. The interactive effect of breed and dietary treatment was only significant (p < 0.05) for serum albumin concentration. Malondialdehyde concentration was significantly influenced by both dietary treatments (p < 0.05) and breed (p < 0.001) factors.ConclusionIt was observed that CHL rabbits were more predisposed to stress than the NZW rabbits as indicated by the lipid peroxidation values, and according to this present finding, 12.5% FCPHM is recommended as active feed ingredient in rabbit diets.

Potential of Bioenergy in Rural Ghana

Crop residues are common in rural Ghana due to the predominant role agriculture plays in livelihood activities in these communities. In this paper we investigate the prospects of exploiting agricultural crop residues for rural development in Ghana through bioenergy schemes. A theoretical energy potential of 623.84 PJ per year, which is equivalent to 19,781 MW was estimated using crop production data from the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and residue-to-product ratios. Ghana has a total installed generation capacity of 4577 MW which is four times less the energy potential of crop residues in the country. Cocoa pod husks were identified as important biomass resources for energy generation as they are currently wasted. To further assess the energy potential of cocoa pod husks, different cocoa pod husks samples were collected across the six cocoa growing regions in Ghana and thermo-chemically characterised using proximate and ultimate analysis. The low levels of nitrogen and sulphur observed, together with the high heating value, suggest that cocoa pod husks and for that matter crop residues are eco-friendly feedstock that can be used to power rural communities in Ghana.

THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATION OF SUBSTITUTING COCOA POD HUSK FOR MAIZE IN LIVESTOCK FEEDS IN NIGERIA.

A study was conducted to estimate the amount of maize that could be conserved by substituting cocoa pod husk (CPH) for maize in livestock feeds. For this purpose a conversion coefficient between dry cocoa beans and dry CPH was estimated by using data collected from a survey of 50 cocoa farms. Some livestock feed millers in Nigeria were also surveyed to obtain the composition of feeds for different livestock species. &#x0D; Using the conversion coefficient between dry cocoa beans and dry CPH together with dry cocoa bean outputs between 1970 and 1996 it was estimated that Nigeria produced an average of 274,800 metric tonnes of CPH per year. &#x0D; Using the amount of livestock feed consumption in Nigeria from 1977 - 1996 and the percentage of maize component of the rations, the amount of maize utilized in livestock seeds for the period was estimated 6 Further, using the safe levels of CPH substitution in the various livesto-k feeds as suggested by research conducted in the past, the amount of maize which could be conserved by incorporating CPH in the various feed types was estimated as an annual average of 39,473 metric tonnes of maize. This saying was found to bridge the deficit between demand and supply as given by supplementation done by importing maize. The study concluded that by utilizing (CPH) in compounding various livestock feed rations, the high price of maize arising from excessive demand can be reduced. The limiting role of maize in making available livestock feeds will be alleviated. Furthermore, increased revenue to cocoa producers would accrue as result of additional revenue generated from sale of CPH and good environmental sanitation reducing the incidence of black pod disease and consequently reducing investment in chemicals and labour for the control of the disease. Finally, more malze would be available for human consumption and the supplementation that was done in the form of maize importation may not be necessary.

Prospects of Bioenergy Production for Sustainable Rural Development in Ghana

Biomass supplies about 80% of the energy needs for cooking and heating in rural Ghana. It is predominantly used in traditional and inefficient forms (firewood and charcoal), which presents environmental and health concerns. In order to better the living standard in rural Ghana, efforts must be made to provide modern energy services. Most rural communities in Ghana are so remote that an extension of the national grid is uneconomical, hence biomass electricity provides a viable alternative. Biomass is pivotal to the socio-economic development of rural Ghana due to its easy accessibility and enormous potential in the production of varied energy forms. In this paper, a comprehensive review of biomass resources, biomass energy conversion technologies and bioenergy production potential for rural development in Ghana is provided. The most important feedstock from an energy perspective was found to be crop residues. Based on 2017 statistics, Ghana has a theoretical potential of 623.84 PJ of energy from agricultural crop residues and 64.27 PJ of energy from livestock production. Evidence from literature suggests that biomass gasification is the best conversion technology to expand electricity access rate for rural households in Ghana. The paper concludes that although ample biomass resources exist, cocoa pod husks (CPH) which is very common in rural Ghana can be pelletized and used as feedstock for rural power generation systems.

The lignocellulolytic effect from newly wild white rot fungi isolated from Colombia

Lignocellulose is the most abundant natural polymer on earth. It is the main agro-industrial waste component, it has no added value, and in some cases is the main cause of environmental problems. The fungi can be used in the transformation of residues and different biotechnological processes. In the present research, seven strains of white rot fungi collected in Ibague (Colombia) were isolated. The production of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes as well as their capacity to transform lignocellulose from banana peel, rice husk and cocoa pod husk were evaluated. Strains of Pycnoporus sanguineus, Hexagonia glabra and Lentinus crinitus were selected from the enzymatic screening and showed high production of ligninolytic enzymes. The evaluation of agricultural waste degradation was carried out by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and the results showed the ability of the tested fungi to, preferentially, degrade lignin or cellulose in each substrate. Based on the results, different biotechnological potentialities for each strain were proposed.

Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Limbah Perkebunan Berpotensi sebagai Akarisida Alami Terhadap Caplak Boophilus microplus

This study was aims to exploit the potential waste of cocoa pod (Theobroma cacao L.) as a natural acaricide in ticks (Boophilus microplus). The study was conducted with a two-variable completely randomized design (CRD) with two repetitions. The sample does not differentiate between sex, body weight, and length of about 0.8 - 1 cm. Each 5 ticks were treated as follows: treat 1 extract of 10% cocoa pod husk; treatment 2 20% cocoa pod skin extract; treatment 3 30% cocoa pod husk extract; treatment 4 negative control; treat 5 positive controls. In the first variable the tick was treated with methanol extract, while in the second variable the ethanol extract was treated with 10%, 20%, 30% respectively, negative control and positive control. In treatment I used 25 ticks plus treatment II 25 ticks. Each treatment was repeated to avoid data bias so that a total of 100 ticks were used. The results showed that the cocoa pod husk extract had the best killing power at a concentration of 30% with methanol solvent at 6.21 hours while ethanol solvent at 5.91 hours. The use of extraction materials has not been able to compensate for the use of synthetic materials that can kill in minutes.

Carcass yield and gastro - intestinal tract morphometry of rabbits exposed to dietary cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk meal

In this study, the effect of different forms of dietary cocoa pod husk meal (CPHM) on the carcass yield and gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) morphometry of growing rabbits was investigated. A total of 60 rabbits with mean body weight of 606.42±1.3g were utilized across 12 experimental iso – caloric (2,592.04 Kcal/kg ME) and iso - nitrogenous (16.52% CP) diets containing sundried (T, T, T, T); fermented (T, T, T, T) and hot – water treated (T, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 T , T , T ) cocoa pod husk meal (CPHM) included at 0, 12.5, 25 and 37.5 percent levels, 10 11 12 respectively. The rabbits were subjected to 12 weeks feeding trial in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. The rabbits were slaughtered at the end of the feeding trial and the carcass yield and GIT morphometry were determined. The results showed that the average live weight was between 1616.67 ± 44.10 and 2483.33 ± 16.67 g/rabbit, while the dressed weight was between 966.67 ± 18.12 and 1500 ±28.87 g/rabbit with significant (P &lt; 0.05) differences between treatments. The least values were recorded in rabbits fed the 37.5% level of CPHM inclusion. All primal cuts revealed no significant differences between dietary treatments. The GIT morphometry (relative weight and length of segments) recorded no significant effect that could be ascribed to diets. The study concluded that including sundried, fermented or hot – water treated CPHM up to 37.5% level will reduce the live weight, dressed weight and dressing percent of rabbits while GIT morphometry may be relatively unaffected. Hence, a lower level up to 25% fermented CPHM and levels &lt;25% are recommended for sundried CPHM and hot- water treated CPHM are recommended for growing rabbits.

The effect of adding rice straw charcoal to the processing of bio-pellet from cacao pod husk

Cacao pod husk and rice straw charcoal are potentially transformed into bio-pellet because of their high calorific value. Cocoa pod husk and rice straw charcoal has a calorific value of 4974.837 cal/g and 3569.837 cal/g, respectively. This research aimed to identify the effect of variations in particle size and in the addition ratio of rice straw charcoal on the calorific value of bio-pellet. Randomized block design factorial were employed in this study with factor of the addition ratio of rice straw charcoal and cacao pod husk (i.e. 0%:100%, 20% : 80%, 40% : 60%) and the particle size (i.e. 20, 40, 60 and 80 mesh). The results showed that rice straw charcoal addition resulted bio-pellet with the calorific value of 4111.93 – 4706.57 cal/g, and fulfill the SNI of bio-pellet (SNI 8021-2014). The treatment with addition of 100% cocoa pod husk and 80 mesh particle size generated the superior quality of bio-pellet. The findings confirmed that addition of rice straw charcoal did not enhance the energy potential (i.e. calorific value) of the bio-pellets, hence it is unfavourable option.

Mercury speciation in mine tailings amended with biochar: Effects on mercury bioavailability, methylation potential and mobility

Biochar is a low-cost and environmentally friendly amendment with strong ability for adsorption of mercury (Hg) from aqueous solutions, contaminated soils, and sediments. In the present study, six biochars were prepared from the pyrolysis of cocoa pod husk, sugarcane bagasse and banana pseudostem at 400 and 600 °C in order to use them as an organic amendment and to evaluate their capacities to reduce the bioavailability, methylation potential, and mobility of Hg present in mine tailings without environmental treatment. To quantify the effects of each variety of biochar, incubation experiments of soil were established by mixing mine tailings with 5% by weight of biochar for 90 days. Once the incubation time concluded, sequential extraction procedures were carried out to determine the fractionation of the Hg species. Speciation analysis results indicated that the remedial effects of biochar depended on the source of organic matter and pyrolysis temperature. The bioavailable and organic Hg fractions decreased respectively by up to 75 and 79%, indicating a methylation potential reduction. Immobile Hg fraction increased to 76% with respect to the control. Adsorption and stabilization to HgS from the soluble forms of Hg reduce the percentage of bioavailable Hg. The organic Hg fraction reduction was correlated with the decrease of the bioavailable Hg fraction and with direct adsorption processes in the biochar structure. Highly porous biochars developed at high temperature, with large contents of superficial polar functional groups (H/C), and high pH, electrical conductivity, ash percentage and cation exchange capacity values favor the stabilization and adsorption of Hg in mine tailings. In summary, the application of biochar could be an effective method for the remediation of Hg-contaminated mine tailings, transforming the Hg species into less toxic, soluble, reactive, and bioavailable forms.

Application of cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cocoa Spp) for natural dyes powder on silk batik cloth

The chocolate industry (Theobroma cocoa) in Indonesia reaches a total production of approximately 500 thousand tons. It has the potential to be used as natural dyes for the batik industry. This study aims to utilize cocoa pod husk powder on silk batik. The method was carried out by varying the concentration of maltodextrin as filler powder by 5%, 10%, and 15%, the final mordant variations (alum, calcium oxide, and ferrous sulfate) on silk cloth, and the natural dye solution of cocoa pod husk. The natural dye solution for cocoa pod skin was tested for phytochemistry to see the tannin and flavonoid content, the results of dyeing application on silk batik cloth were tested for the quality of its color resistance to washing, color strength, and color differences. The colorfastness test result showed a good category with an average value of 4-5 and the result of the color strength test showed that the best maltodextrin was 5% with a natural dye concentration of 15g / L. The results of alum mordant, calcium oxide, and ferrous sulfate (tunjung) produced colors that led to light and dark with a predominance of brown, red, and blackish brown.

Relating features and combustion behavior of biomasses from the Amazonian agroforestry chain

The search for new alternatives to supply the overall energy demands of the Amazonia has been growing. Among the available renewable sources, the waste feedstock from the agroforestry chains stand out, but their proper characterization is an urgent need. This study proposes to assess the energy potential of five wastes from agroforestry crops of the Brazilian Amazonia by qualitative and quantitative approaches, highlighting the relation between biomass chemical composition and combustion behavior. The acai seed (AS), cocoa pod husk (CPH), coconut husk (CH), palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB), and maize cob (MC) were investigated. The high energy density (6.94 GJ m−3) and low ash content (1.4%) distinguished AS from the other biomasses. The PEFB showed the lowest ignition temperature (197 °C) combined with the highest ignition index (3.4 × 103% min−3) and net heating value (16.20 MJ kg−1). The superior amounts of hot-water-soluble extractives of PEFB (10.8%) and CPH (18.0%) anticipated the energy release in the main stage of combustion. Furthermore, increases in hot-water-soluble extractives reduced the ignition temperature, while lower H/C ratios increased the flammability. The H/C above 1.6, total lignin content up to 21.1%, and volatile matter/fixed carbon ratio above 4.4 facilitated the ignition of PEFB and MC biomasses.

Cocoa pod husks as potential sources of renewable high-value-added products: A review of current valorizations and future prospects

Cocoa is among the most cultivated and important tropical crops in the world, and it is economically viable in the agro-pastoral systems of tropical Africa. Further, the amount of cocoa residue is steadily increasing due to the strong worldwide demand for chocolate products. This review of cocoa residue found that an average of 18 publications per year were published in the last 10 years. The most common type of publication on cocoa pod husks (CPH) was newspaper articles, which comprised 50% of the publications. This review examines the use of CHP in sustainable development, agrochemical materials, and agro-materials through their potential valorizations into high value-added products. Indeed, CPH is an abundant, accessible, and renewable resource of bioproducts, dietary fibers, nutraceuticals, functional foods, pectin, antioxidant compounds, theobromine, and minerals. Potential food applications of CPH include the production of flavor compounds, gums, texturing agents, and others. The production of biomaterials for food and non-food use, biofuels, and organic acids, such as lactic acid (the polymerization of which produces the PLA used in bioplastic production), are several potential areas for the biotechnological development of CPH and its fractions.

A Sensitivity Analysis of Water Absorption Parameters of Theobroma Cacao L. Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Cocoa pod husk composites for structural applications face a substantial water absorption problem in which the residual tensile, fatigue, and flexural characteristics always exhibit instant deterioration after immersion in water. Unfortunately, there is an absence of sensitivity analysis research on the composite’s water absorption parameters to establish the crucial parameters that may function as drawbacks. Consequently, this study establishes how the sensitivity analysis of the Fickian’s model parameters can be measured using single and joint parametric variations in the water absorbed at saturation, interactive indicator and the response indicator between patterns using experimental data and literature sources. Results revealed that the most sensitive case study was obtained when the response indicator between patterns was varied with the absorbed quantity in time, accounting for 95.24 % (20 out of 21 cases). Accordingly, composite engineers and designers should use the most sensitive parameter to control design features.

Development and characterization of food packaging bioplastic film from cocoa pod husk cellulose incorporated with sugarcane bagasse fibre

Agricultural wastes, including cocoa pod husk (waste from the chocolate industry) and sugarcane bagasse (waste from the sugar industry), are increasing day by day. The development of food packaging biofilms from these two wastes could be beneficial to the environment and human. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop biodegradable plastic films by using cocoa pod husk and sugarcane bagasse. Cellulose and fibre were extracted from cocoa pod husk and sugarcane bagasse, respectively. The developed bioplastic films were divided into several concentration ratios of cellulose and fibre which are 100꞉0 (100% cellulose), 75꞉25 (cellulose꞉fibre), 50꞉50 (cellulose꞉fibre), 25꞉75 (cellulose꞉fibre), and 0꞉100 (100% fibre). The physicochemical properties for all bioplastic concentration ratios were determined in terms of sensory evaluation, drying time, moisture content, water absorption and water vapor permeability. From the observation and analysis of the physicochemical properties of bioplastic, we found that the most suitable bioplastic film for food packaging goes to the combination of 75% cellulose and 25% fibre bioplastic, as it demonstrated the lowest water absorption percentage and water vapor permeability.