Cocoa Exports Research Articles

ANALISIS HARGA INTERNASIONAL, NILAI TUKAR, DAN KONSUMSI KAKO AMERIKA TERHADAP DAYA SAING EKSPOR KAKAO INDONESIA

This study aims to examine the export competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa and its influential factors during 1995 – 2015. The data analysis was carried out by using Time Series data published by the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), UN Comtrade, Cocoa World, Department of Agriculture, and Mundi Index. The method used in this study was RCA and PAM. The result of RCA analysis shows that the export competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa is considered good since the average export of cocoa was 1.25 during 1995 – 2015. Therefore, referring to this, Indonesian has shown a great deal of export competitiveness of cocoa and, thus, has a chance in cocoa industry. Meanwhile, the result of PAM analysis indicates that both International price and cocoa consumption in the United States have an impact on export competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa. Keywords: cocoa, cocoa consumption in America, competitiveness, export, International price

Chocolate and The Consumption of Forests: A Cross-National Examination of Ecologically Unequal Exchange in Cocoa Exports

This study explores the potential links between specialization in cocoa exports and deforestation in developing nations through the lens of ecologically unequal exchange. Although chocolate production was once considered to have only minimal impacts on forests, recent reports suggest damaging trends due to increased demand and changing cultivation strategies. I use two sets of regression analyses to show the increased impact of cocoa export concentration on deforestation over time for less-developed nations. Overall, the results confirm that cocoa exports are associated with deforestation in the most recent time period, and suggest that specialization in cocoa exports is an important form of ecologically unequal exchange, where the environmental costs of chocolate consumption in the Global North are externalized to nations in the Global South, further impairing possibilities for successful or sustainable development.

Impact of 2007- 2009 Global Financial Crisis on Cocoa Exportation in Nigeria

The essence of this study is to examine the impact of the global financial crisis of 2007- 2009 on cocoa production in Nigeria. Although the crisis had its roots in American financial markets, it percolates very rapidly to other economies throughout the entire global financial markets through several transmissions medium. Our main concern was to determine if the crisis in question created any structural changes in cocoa export in Nigeria or not. To achieve our objectives, we collected data spanning from 2004 to 2014. Subsequently we divided our sample into two subsamples- pre crisis period, post crisis period and applied the least square technique to the two subsamples and the pooled sample to test the statistical significance of all the identified variables. It appears that the crisis did not produce any structural changes in cocoa export in Nigeria. In the light of this finding, it is our considered opinion that Cocoa export offers alternate source of stable foreign exchange earnings that is immune from negative demand shocks and vagaries of uncertainty. Therefore, it behooves on the Nigerian policy makers to evolve policies that will promote Cocoa production in order to diversify the Nigeria economy and forestall the drift that Crude oil price volatility has exposed her economy to.

Non-Tariff Barriers and Factors that influence The Indonesian Cocoa Export to Europe

The aim of this study are: first, to analyse the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa in the European Unio market; second, to analyse the competitiveness and the factors that influence the Indonesian cocoa exports to the EU market; third, to calculate the non-tariff barriers imposed by the European Union market for Indonesian cocoa. Methods used are the RCA index and gravity models. The differences between actual and potential trade flows are indicated as non-tariff barriers. Results of the calculation RCA is showed that all destinations of a cocoa export have a high competitiveness (RCA> 1) but tend to decrease. Results of the estimate gravity models show the factors influencing the Indonesian cocoa exports are the real per capita GDP of Indonesia and the destination country, CPI of destination countries, the economic distance, exchange rates, and tariff. The result of non-tariff barriers indicated that the Netherlands is the state which has the largest non-tariff barriers among the most other EU countriesDOI: 10.15408/sjie.v5i1.3131

The Impact of Trade Facilitation on Agricultural Products Standard Compliance in Relation to Cameroon’s Export Performance

This is a research on the impact of trade facilitation on agricultural products standard compliance in relation to Cameroon’s export performance. The background and literature review was based on concepts like the Trade facilitation, Standards, Residual levels and agreement like the Trade Facilitation Agreement. Secondary data was used for this study, precisely a time series data. The OLS technique was used in the data analysis and the null hypothesis was rejected implying that Standards compliance has a positive relationship with Cocoa Export. Even though some initiatives in relation to Trade Facilitation have been implemented to raise these export volumes, a significant effort by the government needs to be addressed. Looking at the advantages of Trade Facilitation in the long run, it is worth necessary to neglect the high cost of its initial implementation and strive towards compliance. There were recommendations made in the areas of Trade Facilitation promotion and Standards compliance.

Cocoa exports' effects of the European Union's sanitary and phytosanitary measures

There has been increasing demand for quality products through the imposition of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures mostly in developed markets due to change in tastes. However, the preponderance of these measures has effects on trade, particularly for Africa. To this end, this study investigates Africa's cocoa exports effects of the European Union's SPS using the two-step Helpman et al. (2008) model for the period from 1995 to 2012. This study finds that product standards for cocoa are trade enhancing at the extensive margins, while they are not the case at the intensive margins. Thus, this finding suggests that the level of standards compliance for existing exporters is inadequate such that it impacted negatively on their export intensity. The implication of this is that the quality of Africa's cocoa outputs needs to be upgraded through improvement in science and technology as well as educational capacity of the producers.

Institutional Development Model Cocoa Farmers in East Java Province District Blitar

Abstract The agricultural sector especially the plantation sub-sector are required to play a role in the national economy, among others through the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the creation of foreign exchange, the food supply. Cocoa absorb labor at the same time create jobs for farmers, contribute to a positive foreign exchange, and encourages the growth of agribusiness and agro-industries in the area. The quality of exported cocoa is generally not good, because about 90% of Indonesian cocoa exports which are not fermented. The purpose of this study was (1) to analyze the driving factor inhibiting the fermentation of cocoa farmers, (2) determine the root cause of the problem reluctance of farmers ferment, (3) institutional strengthening to formulate models that could encourage farmers to ferment. The method used in this research, descriptive methods, and action research in Blitar of East Java Province Sampling method using Simple Random Sampling with the number of samples in each region sebanyak45 farmers. Including data analysis methods or the force field analysis Force Field Analysis (FFA), analysis or Fish Bone Fishbone Analysis, to analyze the root of the problem is less reluctance of farmers to ferment cocoa. In addition to data collection is done through the collection of primary data was also conducted Focus Group Discussion (FGD). This research is expected to encourage farmers to utilize fermented cocoa and cocoa-products in order to increase their family income. The wider benefits that cocoa exports of Indonesia has a good quality so that no rebates (automatic detention) in the world market. The results showed that farmers ferment inhibiting factor is the difference between the price of cocoa beans fermented and not fermented very small. The root problem reluctance cocoa farmers ferment cocoa beans market cluster is a cluster focus issues and knowledge of farmers are at the root problem of the factors that affect farmers in the fermentation of cocoa beans. While the model of institutional empowerment of farmers through the strengthening of institutional synergy among stakeholders.

Examining the Political-economy of Cocoa Exports in Nigeria

Examining the Political-economy of Cocoa Exports in Nigeria

An Alternative Model of Cocoa Production Institution: A Solution in Facing Asean Economic Community

There is an indication that cocoa production institution is not working well as farmers’ expectations. The lack of coordination among institutions cause cocoa institutions are not institutionalized. The study are expected to: (1) construct the institutional model for enhancing competitiveness of cocoa exports in facing Asean Economic Community, (2) formulate a coordination model among institutions of cocoa production in accelerating Indonesian economic development. ISM analysis results show that: first, there are 11 institutions that should be more pro-active in improving cocoa production, namely: (1) Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI), (2) Gardens Management Coordination Forum (FKMK), (3) Indonesian Cocoa Association (ASKINDO), (4) Indonesian Cocoa Farmers Association (APKI), (5) Indonesian Cocoa Industry Association (AIKI), (6) Provincial Office for Plantation, (7) Financial Institutions/Banks, (8) Marketing Agencies, (9) Local Office for Forestry and Plantation, (10) Extension Service Officer in District level, and (11) Joined Farmers Group (Gapoktan). Second, through the formulation of structural model of coordination in the institutional production of cocoa in the acceleration of economic development, it was revealed that the main causal of the coordination function weakness are (1) the weak of institutional training, and (2) the impact of regional autonomy policy, implies that an alternative model of cocoa production should focus on improving institutional training and reducing negative impact of regional autonomy.

Cocoa Export Permit and Quota System In Nigeria During World War II, 1939-45

The cocoa trade in colonial West Africa, before World War II, had been operated through market forces. All attempts made by foreign trading firms to form ‘cocoa buying pool’ and eliminate market forces met with stiff opposition by African farmers and middlemen, the famous of which was the cocoa hold-up in Ghana in 1937-8. However, following the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the British colonial government abrogated the virtue of free market and took control of the cocoa trade in West Africa, appointing the trading firms as its buying agents. This paper examines the organisation, operations and contradictions of cocoa permit and quota system which were the principal elements of the war-time cocoa control scheme in British West Africa.

West Africa's resurgent economic performer

Cote d’Ivoire has for centuries been known as a country blessed with abundant natural resources. Today this is reflected in the West African country’s status as the world’s largest exporter of cocoa.

“Nkrumah’s Baby”: the Akosombo Dam and the dream of development in Ghana, 1952–1966

The Akosombo Dam across the Volta River in Ghana remains at the center of debates and imaginations about nationhood, modernity, and development. Originally designed in the 1920s to serve the British metropole, the Volta River Project was reshaped by the country’s founding leader Kwame Nkrumah in the 1950s. The revised project included a hydroelectric dam, an aluminum smelter to process Ghanaian mined bauxite, new cities, a deep sea harbor, and other infrastructural investments. The project became central to a modernization program that promised rapid industrialization and reducing the country’s dependence on cocoa exports. Public discourses increasingly identified the project with Nkrumah and his dream of development. In the course of its planning and construction, the Akosombo Dam became a manifestation of the personalization of state politics that engaged with international donors, multinational companies, foreign governments, and local expectations. Based on multi-sited archival and oral research, the article explores how public, government, and expert discourses about the Volta project produced different temporalities of an industrialized future that would transform the country’s rural past and create new cities, factories, and infrastructures during the 1950s and 1960s. The Volta scheme is an excellent prism to reconstruct how a large dam became not just the engine for the imagined transformation of Ghana during Africa’s era of decolonization but also a vehicle for multiple actors with competing agendas within the Cold War context. In this article, I unpack these interventions that led to a series of tensions and paradoxes. Analyzing the Volta scheme’s debates and public spectacles provides an account about the interplay between development aspirations and possibility, dreams and reality.

Historical dictionary of Ghana

Ghana, the former British colony of the Gold Coast, is historically known for being the first country to the south of the Sahara to attain political independence from colonial rule. It is known for its exports of cocoa and a variety of minerals, especially gold, and it is now an oil exporting country. But Ghana's importance to the African continent is not only seen in its natural resources or its potential to expand its agricultural output. Rather the nation's political history of nationalism, the history of military engagement in politics, record of economic depression and the ability to rise from the ashes of political and economic decay is the most unique character of the country. This fourth edition of Historical Dictionary of Ghana covers its history through a chronology, an introductory essay, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 900 cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an excellent access point for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Ghana.

Incentives for cocoa bean production in Ghana: Does quality matter?

This paper investigates the institutional factors that constrain farmers’ incentives to enhance the quality of cocoa beans in Ghana. Data were collected at three levels of aggregation in the cocoa bean value chain: village, district, and national level. Multi-stage cluster sampling was employed to sample 120 farmers and 12 purchasing agents of licensed buying companies from 12 villages in Assin Foso, Suhum, Dormaa and Wasa Akropong cocoa districts. Convenience sampling was used to sample key informants from relevant organizations and service providers at district and national levels. The study revealed that, even though quality is important to all categories of actors in the cocoa sector, interactions among them are hampered by problems of information asymmetry that result especially in farmers evading recommended practices. While cocoa sector policies ensure the export of premium quality cocoa, policies have not sufficiently alleviated the information problem especially in the relation between farmers and cocoa purchasing agents. It explains why Ghanaian farms have not been able to reach their full potential to produce more than 1,000,000 metric tons of premium quality cocoa annually. Amongst other options, self-selection policies, such as quality testing with price premiums, are recommended for testing as potential incentive mechanisms that address information asymmetry.

Operational Activities of Cocoa Export Processing Factories in Ondo State, Nigeria

The specific objectives are to: examine the or ganizational structure of the cocoa Export Processing Factories in the study area, investigate the contribution of cocoa Export Processing Factories to the quality and quantity of cocoa beans in Nigeria, examine the effects of incentives granted by the Federal Government to encourage cocoa exports on the productivity and efficiency of cocoa Export Processing Factories, identify the major constraints facing cocoa Export Processing factories in the study area. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected from the three cocoa processing factories in Ondo State, three recognized cocoa exporters with international af filiation, and sixty cocoa marketers within the state, using structured questionnaire. The secondary data were collected from various publications of the Central Bank of Nigeria. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Trend analysis, Profitability analysis, Correlation analysis and t - test. The study revealed that cocoa processing companies are confronted with a variety of challenges ranging from high cost of production including that of unpredictable and fluctuating prices of raw cocoa beans, inevitably high and additional cost of generators and diesel resulting from epileptic power supply to lack of funds when needed. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that Cocoa Export Processing Factories are operating at a loss. This might be partly due to the highly capital intensive nature of cocoa processing.

Impact of Government Agricultural Policies on Exports of Cocoa and Rubber in Nigeria

The authors investigated the impact of government agricultural policies on exports of cocoa and rubber in Nigeria using cointegration and Error Correction Model approach. The analysis was carried out on time series data collected from 1970 to 2008. The result shows that Policies like Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF), Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) and Post-Structural Adjustment Programme (PSAP) have a significant positive impact on exports of cocoa and rubber. A possible reason been that the export promotion incentives provided in the SAP and PSAP periods probably encouraged the production of these crops. Among these incentives are liberalization of agricultural exports, liberalization and devaluation of the Naira exchange rate. Similarly, the ACGSF provided incentives in the form of credit which probably encouraged the production of these crops.

Agribisnis Kakao dan Produk Olahannya berkaitan dengan Kebijakatan Tarif Pajak di Indonesia

One of the policies that impact perceived economic actors in Indonesia, especially in the plantation agriculture sector is the policy of fiscal policy determination of the Value Added Tax of 10% of local transactions, especially cocoa beans and cocoa export tax exemption to foreign countries, processed cocoa export tax by 30% and processed cocoa import tax of 5%. Assessment is made ??considering one of the driving factors is the dominant market of cocoa beans is the overseas market. It can spur international trade, especially cocoa products which will increase foreign exchange, can also be a source of employment especially in the country and also increase the income of the people (farmers and businessmen) who are involved in agribusiness cocoa. However, the impact of this policy will be re-perceived economic actors involved in agribusiness cocoa if cacao products from Indonesia to compete in international markets

Determinants of Agricultural Exports

The study examined the factors that influence agricultural exports with specific reference to Cocoa and Rubber. Secondary data was used for this study. Ordinary Least Squares regression (OLS) was used in analyzing the relevant data. The OLS findings revealed that rubber export is influenced significantly (p < 0.05) by domestic rubber production (b = 68124.857), producer price (b = 10741.503), exchange rate (b = -17078.957), domestic consumption (b = -27094.147) and interest rate (b = 14991.565). For cocoa, the OLS shows that cocoa output (b=0.847), domestic consumption (b=-0.850) and rainfall (44.074) significantly (p < 0.05) influence cocoa export. It is recommended that there should be value addition in respect of the cocoa being exported.

Export Tax and Pricing Power: Two Hypotheseson the Cocoa Market in Côte D’Ivoire

The paper models export taxation of a primary commodity in a large country under two hypotheses about the structure of its export market. The first is perfect competition among exporters, where there is an indefinite number of buyers of the local product and at least a partial pass-through of international prices to local producers. The second is an oligopsony, a market structure in some low-income countries where numerous scattered local producers face a few powerful exporters that can influence domestic prices. For both hypotheses, export taxation can be justified on efficiency grounds only for the country that adopts the tax. Designed correctly, a low export tax may be welfare-enhancing for that country but will always be welfare-reducing for its trading partners. The models of export taxation for both hypotheses are calibrated for the illustrative case of cocoa exports from Cote d’Ivoire.

Comparative modeling of DNA and RNA polymerases from Moniliophthora perniciosa mitochondrial plasmid

BackgroundThe filamentous fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime & Phillips-Mora is a hemibiotrophic Basidiomycota that causes witches' broom disease of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). This disease has resulted in a severe decrease in Brazilian cocoa production, which changed the position of Brazil in the market from the second largest cocoa exporter to a cocoa importer. Fungal mitochondrial plasmids are usually invertrons encoding DNA and RNA polymerases. Plasmid insertions into host mitochondrial genomes are probably associated with modifications in host generation time, which can be involved in fungal aging. This association suggests activity of polymerases, and these can be used as new targets for drugs against mitochondrial activity of fungi, more specifically against witches' broom disease. Sequencing and modeling: DNA and RNA polymerases of M. perniciosa mitochondrial plasmid were completely sequenced and their models were carried out by Comparative Homology approach. The sequences of DNA and RNA polymerase showed 25% of identity to 1XHX and 1ARO (pdb code) using BLASTp, which were used as templates. The models were constructed using Swiss PDB-Viewer and refined with a set of Molecular Mechanics (MM) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) in water carried out with AMBER 8.0, both working under the ff99 force fields, respectively. Ramachandran plots were generated by Procheck 3.0 and exhibited models with 97% and 98% for DNA and RNA polymerases, respectively. MD simulations in water showed models with thermodynamic stability after 2000 ps and 300 K of simulation.ConclusionThis work contributes to the development of new alternatives for controlling the fungal agent of witches' broom disease.