Coccinia Grandis Research Articles

The benefits and potential of pre-emptive weed biological control: Three case studies in Queensland, Australia

Invasive weed species can have significant impacts on agriculture, biodiversity and livelihoods. The cost and feasibility of managing these species using conventional means can be prohibitive depending on the size of the infestations or the habitats in which they invade. Under these conditions, biological control is seen as a viable, sustainable means to manage many weeds. However, biological control can take many years and at considerable cost to achieve the desired level of control, due to the numerous steps that are involved, including native range surveys and host-specificity testing of potential agents. Pre-emptive biological control targeting particularly high-risk species prior to their arrival in a country or emerging weeds can be cost-effective, especially if the respective biological control agents have been utilized in other countries. While pre-emptive biological control of arthropods has been investigated previously, there are few examples of pre-emptive biological control of weed species. The invasive weed species, Chromolaena odorata, Mikania micrantha and Coccinia grandis have all been or are currently targets of pre-emptive biological control in Australia. Research on the gall fly Cecidochares connexa was initiated prior to its host, C. odorata being detected in Australia. Cecidochares connexa was eventually released in Australia to control C. odorata, after initial research on the agent found it to be suitably host specific and effective against the target weed. Cecidochares connexa has also been released in numerous other countries in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, where it is providing very good control. Australia funded research on the rust Puccinia spegazzinii as part of a project involving Fiji and Papua New Guinea while the target weed, M. micrantha was a target for eradication in Queensland. The rust was later approved for release in Australia to control M. micrantha following additional host-specificity testing. However, research funded by Australia overseas suggests that the rust may not be able to suppress M. micrantha populations below current levels. Consequently, while P. spegazzinii has been released in numerous countries now, it has not yet been field released in Australia. Biological control research in Australia on C. grandis is relatively new as the weed is relatively minor and not yet declared a target for biological control. Consequently, no biological control agents have yet been released in the country. Pre-emptive biological control of C. odorata and M. micrantha has been particularly cost-effective, not just for Australia, but subsequently for numerous other countries where these weeds were well-established and problematic and the respective biological control agents were later released.

Ethnomedicinal survey of the Paliyar tribe: a case study of Kadamalaikundu, Theni District

AbstractThe Paliyar tribe of Kadamalaikundu, Theni District of Tamil Nadu, India, has been deeply associated with forestry and ethnomedicinal practices for ages. The study aimed to identify the important medicinal plant species used by this tribe for ethnomedicinal purposes in the local vicinity. Eighty-nine informants were interviewed using the ‘specimen display’ and forest walk method, semi-structured open-ended questionnaires, interviews, and personal observations. The people from the region reported ninety-three plant species having medicinal properties. The Solanaceae family was recorded as the most dominant plant family, reporting seven different species of medicinal plants, followed by six species of the Acanthaceae family. In the study, Coccinia grandis had the highest use value (2.5), followed by Withania somnifera (2). In contrast, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Gossypium hirsutum, and Ocimum tenuiflorum with use value (1) and the ICF (Informant Consensus Factor) of value 1 accounted for 15 diseases out of forty-one categorized ailments. This study confirmed that the Paliyar tribe was dependent on a large number of medicinal plants for their primary healthcare and veterinary well-being, which require immediate conservation owing to their population fragmentation and the reluctance of the younger generation to adopt ethnomedicinal practices as occupation, which could lead to the loss of traditional knowledge as well. The study also documented the various important medicinal plant uses that could pave the way to the new pharmacological dimensions for modern wellness programs.

Synthesis and characterization of copper nanoparticle of Solanum Virginianum and Coccinia Grandis extract: A comparative study of thermal behavior

Synthesis and characterization of copper nanoparticle of Solanum Virginianum and Coccinia Grandis extract: A comparative study of thermal behavior

In silico analysis reveals α-amylase inhibitory potential of Taraxerol (Coccinia indica) and Epoxywithanolide-1 (Withania coagulans): a possible way to control postprandial hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events.

Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPG) exacerbates endothelial dysfunction and impairs vascular function in diabetes as well in healthy people. Though synthetic drugs are available to regulate PPG, the severe gastrointestinal side effects of those medications have prompted the search for alternative treatments. Recently, some phytochemicals captured the attention because of their inhibitory effects on α-amylase to control diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate and identify potential alpha-amylase inhibitors in C. indica and W. coagulans. This study also aims to understand one of the possible mechanisms of action of plants for their anti-diabetic activity. A total of 36 phytochemical ligands were subjected for protein-ligand docking analysis. Among the phytochemicals, Taraxerol and Epoxywithanolide-I demonstrated significant binding free energy of -10.2kcal/mol and -11.9kcal/mol respectively, which was higher than the reference acarbose with -8.6kcal/mol. These molecules were subjected for molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) analysis with alpha-amylase protein for a duration of 150ns. Among the three complexes, Taraxerol and Epoxywithanolide-I complexes demonstrates strong potential as inhibitors of the target protein. MDS results were analyzed via root mean square deviation (RMSD), fluctuation of residues, potential energy, radii of gyration and solvent access surface area analysis. Taraxerol demonstrated a significantly low potential energy of -1,924,605.25kJ/mol, and Epoxywithanolide-I demonstrated -1,964,113.3kJ/mol of potential energy. RMSD plot shows that Epoxywithanolide-I has much higher stability than the other MDS complexes. Drugability and toxicity studies show that the test ligands are demonstrating strong potential as drug like molecules. The results of the study conclude that, Taraxerol of C. indica and Epoxywithanolide-I of W. coagulans are strong inhibitors of alpha-amylase enzyme and that, this is one of the possible mechanisms of action of the plants for their reported anti-diabetic activities. Further in-vitro analysis is in demand to prove the observed results.

Boerhavia diffusa and Coccinia grandis: Two indigenous vegetables as a source of essential minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and fatty acids

Since the nutritional makeup of many plants is still unknown, people have historically included them in their diets without even being aware of their health advantages. Therefore, the present study aimed to uncover the proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and fatty acids composition of two locally consumed vegetables, namely Boerhavia diffusa and Coccinia grandis. From the analysis, these vegetables had a significant protein, fat, and carbohydrate content. Regarding mineral contents, both plants had a great amount of potassium, calcium, iron, sodium, and zinc. These vegetables had a remarkable content of vitamins such as B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, and C. The leaves of both plants had important essential amino acids such as leucine, lysine, and phenylalanine, as well as non-essential amino acids. Unsaturated fatty acids such as linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and erucic acid were more prominent in Coccinia grandis than Boerhavia diffusa. In addition, both plants had a significant amount of saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and lauric acid. Thus, it can be concluded that these two vegetables have magnificent profiles of nutrients which could make them as important sources of minerals, vitamins, and fatty acids.

ADOPTION OF SCIENTIFIC CULTIVATION PRACTICES AND INNOVATIVENESS OF HOMESTEADS GROWERS

Kerala is well known for homestead cultivation. The tropical climate and fertile soils of Kerala provide an ideal condition for the cultivation of a wide range of vegetables, making it an integral component in the homesteads of Kerala. In a land hungry state like Kerala, homestead vegetable production is essential for achieving self-sufficiency in food production. But, for raising overall productivity in homesteads, adoption of scientific practices is crucial. In this context, a study has been conducted to understand the extent of adoption of various scientific cultivation practices in vegetables, recommended by Kerala Agricultural University, among the homesteads of Kollam district in Kerala. Bitter gourd and ivy gourd were the crops selected for analyzing the adoption rate. The results revealed that all the homestead farmers adopted covering of fruits in bittergourd. For practices like varieties, seed treatments and application of farmyard manures, the same trend was visible. In ivygourd, it was found that farmers were correctly following the size of planting materials, followed by weeding and pruning practices. Seasonal consideration for cultivation and application of plant protection chemicals were the practices noticed with low adoption in general. It was also observed that the innovativeness of respondents was low to medium.

Bio-fabrication of calcium oxide nanoparticles from Coccinia grandis as a potential photocatalyst for dye degradation with antimicrobial activity

In the current study, Coccinia grandis fruit extract was used to synthesize calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO NPs) in an economical and environmentally friendly manner. UV–Vis spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the phytoconstituents found in Coccinia grandis fruit extract facilitated the production of CaO NPs by acting as better stabilizing, biodegradable, and reducing agents. The synthesized CG-CaO NPs were also tested for photocatalytic activity in the breakdown of selective dyes such as methyl red, methyl orange, and methylene blue in the presence of sunlight. The degradation percentage was determined by analyzing the color removal rates for all dye components. After 6 h of reaction, the IC50 values for methyl red, methyl orange, as well as methylene blue dyes were 73, 107, and 133, respectively. The CG-CaO NPs were further evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against specific bacteria and fungi using the agar-well diffusion method. 200 μg/mL CG-CaO NPs inhibited Aspergillus niger, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus at zones of 13, 14, 16, 14, and 15 mM, respectively. Further checkerboard assay confirmed the antagonism effect with gentamicin. Also, Artemia salina toxicity assay showed that the LD50 value of CaO NPs was 400 μg/mL of CaO NPs. The findings confirm that Coccinia grandis-mediated CG-CaO NPs can be used effectively in antimicrobial and environmental settings.

Transcriptomics reveal useful resources for examining fruit development and variation in fruit size in Coccinia grandis.

The Cucurbitaceae family comprises many agronomically important members, that bear nutritious fruits and vegetables of great economic importance. Coccinia grandis, commonly known as Ivy gourd, belongs to this family and is widely consumed as a vegetable. Members of this family are known to display an impressive range of variation in fruit morphology. Although there have been studies on flower development in Ivy gourd, fruit development remains unexplored in this crop. In this study, comparative transcriptomics of two Ivy gourd cultivars namely "Arka Neelachal Kunkhi" (larger fruit size) and "Arka Neelachal Sabuja" (smaller fruit size) differing in their average fruit size was performed. A de novo transcriptome assembly for Ivy gourd was developed by collecting fruits at different stages of development (5, 10, 15, and 20 days after anthesis i.e. DAA) from these two varieties. The transcriptome was analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes, transcription factors, and molecular markers. The transcriptome of Ivy gourd consisted of 155205 unigenes having an average contig size of 1472bp. Unigenes were annotated on publicly available databases to categorize them into different biological functions. Out of these, 7635 unigenes were classified into 38 transcription factor (TF) families, of which Trihelix TFs were most abundant. A total of 11,165 unigenes were found to be differentially expressed in both the varieties and the in silico expression results were validated through real-time PCR. Also, 98768 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified in the transcriptome of Ivy gourd. This study has identified a number of genes, including transcription factors, that could play a crucial role in the determination of fruit shape and size in Ivy gourd. The presence of polymorphic SSRs indicated a possibility for marker-assisted selection for crop breeding in Ivy gourd. The information obtained can help select candidate genes that may be implicated in regulating fruit development and size in other fruit crops.

In Silico, In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation of the Antihyperglycaemic, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of Coccinia grandis L. Leaf Extract.

Coccinia grandis L. is traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Since the scientific evidence and mechanism of action have not yet been extensively investigated, this study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic and cytotoxic effects together with the optimisation and development of a scale-up process design for higher yields of bioactive phytocompounds from C. grandis. The in silico study was conducted to predict the binding affinity of phytocompounds of C. grandis for α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes with pharmacokinetic assessment. Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total tannin content (TTC) and antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP) in 17 different experimental runs in which the parameters of microwave-assisted extraction such as temperature (50-70 °C), power (400-1000 W) and time (15-45 min) were varied. The phytocompounds were purified and identified using column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The in vitro antidiabetic activity was determined by α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymatic inhibitory assays, while cytotoxic investigations were done by measuring haemolytic activity, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays. The reported major bioactive compounds have shown an excellent binding affinity for α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in the range of -14.28 to -36.12 kJ/mol with good pharmacokinetic properties and toxicities ranging from low to medium. The bioactive constituents such as total phenols, total flavonoids, total tannins and antioxidant activities such as DPPH and FRAP were found to be high and dependent on the optimised microwave-assisted extraction parameters such as temperature, time and power: 55 °C, 45 min and 763 W, respectively. Sixteen compounds were identified by FTIR and LC-MS spectra in the plant sample after preliminary identification, purification and TLC. The percentage of enzyme inhibition depended on the concentration of the extract (7.8-125.0 µg/mL) and was higher than that of acarbose. The haemolytic activity was in accordance with ISO standards and low toxicity was observed in the MTT and CAM assays in the range of 7.8-125.0 µg/mL, suggesting its potential use as an antidiabetic drug and for functional food development. The results of the study open up new opportunities for researchers, scientists and entrepreneurs in the food and pharmaceutical sectors to develop antidiabetic foods and medicines that help diabetics to better control their condition and maintain overall health.

A Review on Effect of Bio-fertilizers and Chemical Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Dioecious Cucurbits

No vegetable group in India is as diverse as the cucurbits. They are adapted to diverse soil and climate condition and contribute significantly to total vegetable production. Dioecious cucurbits cultivation merge with trellising, staking, mulching, application of biofertilizers and growth regulators hold immense potential and promise for future vegetable production and market in our country. Biofertilizer can be defined as a substance which contains living organisms which, when applied to seed, plant surface, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or interior of the plant, and promote growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Biofertilizers are an chief component of integrated nutrient management system for sustainable agriculture and along with chemical fertilizers. Studies suggest that cultivation of dioecious cucurbits along with chemical and organic fertilizers gives immense result on account of yield and productivity. Our country possesses a rich diversity like spine gourd, ivy gourd, bitter gourd, sweet gourd, pointed gourd and has ideal climate and soil to cultivate these cucurbits. Mostly these miner cucurbits are largely grown or wild gathered and sold in the market by small and marginal farmers. Hence promotion of these cucurbits holds key to ensuring livelihood security and income generation for to the tribal’s, marginal and small farmers in remote rural regions. Dioecious cucurbits mainly possess different important chemical compounds which can be used in nutraceuticals industries. These cucurbits has the potential to act as a source of income generation for rural farmers as they have immense market potential. These cucurbits need strong research support for better production and utilization.

Antifungal Activity of Various Plant Extracts against Aspergillus and Penicillium Species Isolated from Leather-Borne Fungus

This investigation aims to examine the antimicrobial properties of a few types of medicinal plants on fungi transmitted by leather. In the soxhlet method, the antifungal agents were successfully extracted from the leaves of Azadirachta indica, Lantana camara, Wedelia chinensis, Moringa oleifera and Coccinia grandis using methanolic solvent. The fungus isolates from leather bags, shoes and wallets were cultured in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates. The two leather-borne fungi Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. were the targets of the antifungal assay. Here plant extracts were applied in concentrations of 5.0%, 10.0% and 15.0%. Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera and Lantana camara extract were the most successful treatments for inhibiting the controlled growth of the fungi under this investigation. Furthermore, it is stated that the pathogenic fungi's capacity to proliferate increases with the concentration of plant extracts in the culture. This two-plant showed promising results in treating two cases of fungus, suggesting that it may be used to treat fungi carried by leather.

Comparative In vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Moringa Extract, Clitoria Extract and Coccinia grandis by MTT Assay Using Various Cell Lines

Evaluation and development of potent anti-cancer treatments have been a global interest of research due to significant rise in cancer as well as related diseases. Many herbal extracts have shown the potential to be used in the treatment of such diseases. In order to evaluate the anticancer features of Moringa oleifera (ME), Clitoria ternatea (CE), and Coccinia grandis (CCD), this study was carried out using various cell lines i.e. L-929, Vero, L-132, Raw 264.7, and Balb 3T3 with six different concentrations of each test substance by using MTT cell viability Assay. Additionally, in-vitro studies are performed using these test items and claims are being done that these test items are playing a pivotal role either treatment of Alzheimer's diseases (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) or decreasing the severity and incidences of such neurodegenerative diseases. Globally, an average life expectancy rises, so does the severity of these conditions as well. Hence, this study was also aimed to determine whether any supportive changes are showed on different cell lines or not. In contrast to normal cells, the test substances revealed possible anti-cancer characteristics when exposed to carcinoma cell lines based on the data obtained in this study. The results indicated that ME, CE and CCD are effective against cancer cells; hence based on the results of these study, it could be concluded that that the data of the present study supports the interpretation that these test items have significant effects either in treatment or slowing down the clinical signs of PD and AD under the conditions and procedures followed in the present study. Based on the results of cell viability results it could also be concluded that the test items are safer to use up to the concentrations of 500 µg/mL.

Genetic diversity, morphological traits, quality traits and antioxidants potentiality of Coccinia grandis germplasm under rainfed semi-arid region

The present study was conducted to evaluate the genetic variability for morphological and qualitative traits of Coccinia for development of trait specific lines at ICAR-Central Horticultural Experiment Station (CIAH-RS), Panchmahals (Godhra), Gujarat during 2020–2022. In this study, we evaluated 26 gynoecious accessions to assess the genetic divergence through principal component and cluster analysis. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications under rainfed semi-arid conditions. High values of PCV and GCV were observed for variables such as NFFP (25.13 and 22.20), PL (23.14 and 20.69), FD (24.01 and 21.46), AFW (22.98 and 20.13), NFPY (26.38 and 24.40), FYP (37.57 and 31.29), FY (35.55 and 33.20), AsC (28.65 and 27.73), Ac (24.32 and 21.06), TSS (37.23 and 35.94), DPPHL (20.71 and 20.38), FRAPL (21.08 and 20.92), TPF(20.81 and 20.45) respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for vine length (VL), internodal length (IL), number of female flowers per plant (NFFP), fruit length (FL), peduncle length (PL), fruit diameter (FD), average fruit weight (AFW), number of fruit per plant per year (NFPY), fruit yield per plant (FYP), fruit yield (FY), ascorbic acid (AsC), acidity (Ac), total soluble solids (TSS), total phenols in leaves TPL), total flavonoids in leaves TFL, CUPRAC in leaves (CUPRACL), DPPH in leaves (DPPHL), FRAP in leaves (FRAPL), Total phenols in fruits (TPF), Total flavonoids in fruits (TFF), CUPRAC in fruits (CUPRACF) and DPPH in fruits (DPPHF). The FYP exhibited a significant positive correlation with variables like VL (0.6833), IL (0.2991), NFFP (0.8107), FD (0.5245), AFW (0.6766), NFPY (0.7659), ASC (0.4611), TSS (0.5004) and TPF (0.4281). The estimates of genetic parameters revealed scope for further improvement of fruit yield by selection. Of the eight principal components, PC-I through PC-VIII had eigen values greater than 1 and it accounts 85.02% of the total variation for 26 gynoecious accessions of Ivy gourd. The eigen values of PC-I comprised 5.775% of total variation followed by PC-II (4.250%), PC-III (3.175%), PC-IV (2.588%), PC-V (1.828%), PC-VI (1.447%), PC-VII (1.179%) and PC-VIII (1.013%).The cluster VI and cluster I having highest mean values for most of traits under study. Thus, genotypes from the distinct cluster like cluster VI and I for should be used for selection of parents and varietal improvement for further breeding programme in ivy gourd.

Biochemical estimation of nutrients and anti-diabetic compounds of Ivy gourd herb

Most of the herbs have a long history for treating diabetes, and among them Ivy gourd herb is a clean and green form of medicine with no side effects. It is easily accessible, affordable, and its consumption is a cost effective form of therapy to treat diabetes. Ivy gourd is being cultivated in some of the states of India like, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra and Assam. The secondary data reports presence of bioactive compounds- triterpenoids and pectin in Ivy gourd. Triterpenoids prevent development of insulin resistance, whereas, pectin leads to lesser absorption of glucose from the small intestine. In the current study different parts of Ivy gourd herb, fruit, leaf, stem and root were analysed for various biochemical compounds. The analysis showed presence of good amount of triterpenoids and pectin in the fruit in comparison to other parts. Consumption of Ivy gourd fruit thus could be useful in lowering blood glucose level among diabetics.

Pharmacognostical standardization of Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt root

Abstract Introduction: Coccinia grandis is known for its hypoglyceamic and antidiabetic activities. Various parts of the plant have been reported to possess potential therapeutic activity through literature survey. The goal of this study is to identify this traditional medicine by evaluating the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of C. grandis roots. Macro-microscopic features, powder microscopic analysis and histochemical screening assist the proper discrimination between species within the genus Coccinia. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical studies such as macroscopic, anatomical characters of root, powder microscopy and histo-chemistry were performed. Phytochemical characteristics of root was determined by HPTLC methods. Results: Pharmacognostical studies provided accurate authentication of the root sample. Histochemical study confirmed the presence of alkaloids, starch grains, oil globules, phenolics, lignin, etc., in the root. HPTLC profiling revelaed chemical fingerprint of the root sample. Discussion and Conclusion: This study revealed the macro-microscopical properties and phytochemical characteristics of C. grandis. The presence of therapeutic compounds in the root revealed in histochemical localisation can be attributed to the antidiabetic, hypoglyceamic and antioxidant activities of the plant.

Effect of number of nodes and IBA concentration on cutting of little gourd (Coccinia grandis L.)

Effect of number of nodes and IBA concentration on cutting of little gourd (Coccinia grandis L.)

Exploration of antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of fresh and freeze-dried Hellenia speciosa, Coccinia grandis and Gymnema sylvestre leaves

IntroductionThe drying method can have an impact on the stability and composition of bioactive compounds in plant materials, as well as their therapeutic activities. This study aimed at evaluating the anti-glycation and antioxidant properties of freeze-dried and fresh leaves of selected ayurvedic medicinal plants. MethodsFresh and freeze-dried leaves of Hellenia speciosa, Gymnema sylvestre and Coccinia grandis were extracted separately with 95% ethanol. The extracts were studied for their anti-glucosidase, antiglycation, glycation-reversing activities and uptake of glucose by yeast cells. Antioxidant activities of extracts were evaluated using ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging activities. ResultsAll extracts of the freeze-dried leaves showed significant (P < 0.05) anti-glucosidase, antiglycation, and glycation-reversing activities than the fresh leaves of the same species. The freeze-dried leaf extract of H. speciosa demonstrated the highest antiglycation, anti-glucosidase, and glycation reversing activities among the plant species, with IC50 values of 100.76 ± 5.99 µg/ml, 28.11 ± 1.30 µg/ml and EC50 values of 147.24 ± 3.86 µg/ml, respectively. In addition to that, freeze-dried H. speciosa showed the maximum ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. ConclusionsThis study confirmed that freeze-dried leaves have promising anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties that can be used to develop herbal nutritional supplements or functional foods for diabetes mellitus treatment.

Reduction of Salmonella enterica &amp; Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Development on Glass Tube by Plant Extracts

The objective of the present study is to evaluate anti-biofilm effect of the water soluble plant extracts such Coccinia grandis, Terminalia arjuna, Centella asiatica against Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Crude water soluble extracts of respective plants with different concentration was evaluated against biofilm adopting glass tube. Then washed with crystal violet dye and PBS buffer for observing the ring formation. Biofilm inhibition study revealed water soluble plant extracts inhibited biofilm formation. In our experiment we found that the plant extracts Coccinia grandis, Terminalia arjuna &amp; Centella asiatica gave excellent result for the reduction of biofilm of Salmonella enteric &amp; Staphylococcus aureus. Water soluble Coccinia grandis extract is very effective for biofilm reduction than alcoholic C. grandis extracts. We measured the antiplantonic effect of these extracts by including the extracts into the nutrient agar media that containing respective organism by creating the hole into the plate then observed the result after 24-hour incubation. We also measured minimum inhibition concentration of these extracts through spectrophotometer with the help of the nutrient broth media. Bacterial motality was tested in petri plates with semi-solid medium (LB+0.4% agar) containing plant extracts and culture were inoculated in the center of the plate. This research will be very beneficial for us to reduce the pathogenic S, aureus &amp; S. enterica biofilm by natural source especially plant extracts.

Potential investigation of combined natural dye pigments extracted from ivy gourd leaves, black glutinous rice and turmeric for dye-sensitised solar cell

Environmental sustainability, resource availability, and cost-effectiveness are the driving forces behind the search for natural sensitised dyes to replace synthetic ones. Using a combination of pigments as the sensitised dye in dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) offers several advantages over using a single pigment. In this present study, natural dyes with different pigments were extracted from three local plants: Coccinia grandis (Ivy gourd leaves, IGL), Oryza sativa Linn (Black glutinous rice, BGR), and Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric, TM). Each colour extract absorbed various wavelengths of light. It was found that the single IGL-dye (green) had a greater light absorption and energy band gap over visible light than other extracts (dyes). Then combinations of these dyes were examined. A sensitised dye combination with a primary to secondary dye in a volumetric ratio of 80/20 exhibited multiple energy band gaps, implying multiple electron excitations at different photon energy levels. Compared to other mixed dyes, IGL/TM-dye had the highest absorbance and electron excitation at three wavelengths with the smallest energy band gap values of 1.74, 2.51, and 2.59 eV. The IGL-dye had the highest DSSC efficiency of 0.15 % for single dyes, followed by the TM-dye and BGR-dye, which had 0.12 % and 0.04 %, respectively. Interestingly, for combined dyes, the IGL/TM dye increased DSSC efficiency to 0.3 %. Since natural dyes tend to be less effective in DSSCs than synthetic dyes because they have a narrower absorption range, higher redox potentials, shorter operational lifetimes, higher rates of electron recombination, and different molecular structures, the dye co-sensitization strategy is one of the best ways to make more effective cells in the future.

A Comparative Analytical Study on Medicated Vegetable Washes with Distilled Water Wash w.s.r to Cypermethrin and Chlorpyriform Pesticide Residue in Coccinia Grandis

Fresh vegetables and fruits are the main sources of micro-nutrients and macro nutrients for health. Pesticides are mainly used to increase the yield. Pesticides are potentially toxic to humans and can have both acute and chronic health effects, depending on the nature of exposure and duration exposure and the quantity of exposure. This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of medicated vegetable wash comparison. Two samples of Medicated water were prepared according to the Kshara preparation of Ayurveda classics. In Samhitas various decontamination have been explained for various types of pollution. Two commonly used pesticides, Cypermethrin and chlorpyrofos were taken in this study. For this study organic vegetable ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis) were selected and treated with the pesticides as per QuEChERs method (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method. The analysis was done GCMS/MS. The results depicted reduction of pesticide residue by medicated water decontamination process with distilled water. Although it varied in different in the two samples, overall medicated water 2 is having more effect on both pesticide residues over medicated water 1and distilled water.