Cobalt Minerals Research Articles

Distribution and enrichment processes of cobalt in the Longqiao iron skarn deposit in Eastern China

Longqiao is a cobalt-rich skarn iron deposit in Eastern China. As a typical representative of its type, it provides an opportunity to study the occurrence, distribution, and factors controlling cobalt in these deposits. Cobalt-bearing ores in Longqiao deposit can be classified into two types: cobalt-bearing diopside-magnetite ore (Co-Di-Mag) and cobalt-bearing phlogopite-magnetite ore (Co-Phl-Mag). Systematic whole-rock geochemical analysis, automated mineral analysis (TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer, TIMA), and LA-ICP-MS trace element analysis were conducted on the two ore types. Three independent cobalt minerals（cobaltite, glaucodot, and carrollite）were found in Co-Di-Mag; no independent cobalt minerals were found in Co-Phl-Mag. TIMA and LA-ICP-MS analyses showed that cobalt in Co-Phl-Mag is mainly hosted in pyrite, so the pyrite content has a decisive role in the overall cobalt content. Cobalt in Co-Di-Mag is controlled by the content of magnetite, pyrite, and cobalt minerals.In both the diopside-magnetite stage (Stage I) and phlogopite-magnetite stage (Stage II), the cobalt mainly occurs in magnetite, and its content gradually decreases from 80 to 30 ppm as the system evolved. During the sulfide stage, minor pyrite deposited near the intrusion, and cobalt occurs in the pyrite lattice and also forms numerous independent cobalt minerals. Pyrite is abundant in the distal part of the ore-body, where all cobalt occurs in pyrite, and independent cobalt minerals are absent.Cobalt mainly occurs in pyrite in Longqiao deposit, which is favorable for beneficiation and recovery. Similar skarn iron deposits are widespread in eastern China, and the cobalt in these deposits has potential for recovery.

The ore mineralization of the gold-bearing Murunsky node located within the Aldan Shield

Mineralogical and geochemical investigations of the underexplored gold ore deposits within the Murunsky node, specifically the Seredinskoye and Andreevskoye ore fields, were conducted utilizing mineralogical and microprobe analytical techniques. The study identified several minerals, including bismuth minerals such as wittichenite and aikinite; cadmium mineral greenockite; cobalt minerals cobaltite and carrollite; arsenic minerals arsenosulvanite and tennantite; antimony minerals antimonite and tetrahedrite; tellurium minerals hessite and Te-canfieldite; mercury mineral cinnabar; thallium minerals raguinite and copper-rich talcusite; and tin minerals kesterite and jeanbandyite. Additionally, potassium sulfide djerfisherite with an unusual silver admixture was discovered. The findings underscore the remarkable and largely untapped potential of the Murunsky massif, particularly concerning its ore mineralization. A notable characteristic of the identified minerals is their non-stoichiometric composition, which includes the presence of impurities and isomorphic substitution of elements, attributed to the disequilibrium conditions under which they formed. The discoveries of raguinite and jeanbandyite represent the first occurrences of these minerals in Russia.

Multiple generations of garnet and their genetic significance in the Niukutou cobalt-rich Pb-Zn-(Fe) skarn deposit, East Kunlun orogenic belt, western China

The Niukutou deposit, situated within the Qimantagh ore-concentrated area of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt (EKOB), represents a typical skarn-type Pb-Zn-(Fe) deposit that is also associated with cobalt (Co) mineralization. The main ore minerals include galena, sphalerite, magnetite, hematite, Co-bearing arsenopyrite, cobaltite and glaucodot. This study conducted geochronological and chemical composition analyses of multi-generational garnets from the deposit, aiming to elucidate their genetic significance in the mineralization process. Field and mineralogical observations indicate the presence of three generations of garnets: Grt-I, Grt-II, and Grt-III. The earliest garnet generation (Grt-I) formed during the prograde stage, typically in garnet skarns, and is often replaced by epidote. The second generation (Grt-II), which coexists with pyroxene, also formed during the prograde stage, whereas the third generation (Grt-III) is associated with pyrrhotite stockworks, suggesting its formation during the sulfide stage. Using in-situ LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating, garnets yield ages of approximately 230–234 Ma, which aligns with the age of 231.8 ± 7.5 Ma obtained from hydrothermal titanite in the deposit. These ages, combined with those of the previous studies, indicate major magmatic and metallogenic activity of 220–240 Ma in the Qimantagh area. Each generation of garnets displays oscillatory zoning characterized by alternating andradite and grossular compositions. The variations in Sn and high field-strength element (HFSE) contents across different garnet generations indicate an increasing trend in oxygen fugacity as mineralization progresses. The high Sn contents in the Niukutou garnets provide geochemical clues for the potential of Sn-W mineralization in this deposit, which should pay attention to in future exploration. Additionally, the high As concentrations in the Niukutou garnets suggest an As-rich hydrothermal fluid, which, owing to the stronger affinity of cobalt for sulfarsenides over sulfides, provides a geochemical indicator for the formation of abundant Co-bearing sulfarsenides rather than cobaltiferous sulfides in the deposit.

Occurrence characteristics and enrichment mechanism of cobalt in pyrite from the Han‐Xing type skarn iron deposit using laser‐ablation inductively‐coupled‐plasma mass‐spectrometry elemental mapping, Taihang Mountain, China

Cobalt is a critical and strategic metal mainly found as associated element in several types of deposits, of which skarn‐type deposits are the major sources. Han‐Xing type skarn iron deposit, having high grade iron ore and associated cobalt, is a typical skarn‐type iron ore in China. But the complete recovery and exploitation of cobalt are restricted because of the lower grade of related cobalt and the dearth of prior research on its occurrence condition and enrichment mechanism. In this paper, pyrite from five typical ore deposits in the Han‐Xing area was studied by using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser‐ablation inductively‐coupled‐plasma mass‐spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) techniques to decipher the occurrence state and enrichment mechanism of associated cobalt in skarn‐type iron deposits. The results show that Co2+ replaces Fe2+ in pyrite through isomorphism. The distribution of cobalt in pyrite from different deposits varies greatly, that is, in the Xishimen iron deposit, the cobalt content is comparatively enriched in the pyrite's core. In contrast, in other deposits, the cobalt content is concentrated in the pyrite's rims, where it can be up to 1000 times higher than in the core. The cobalt mineralization in Han‐Xing area can be divided into several stages. The sulphur element of sulphide is mainly derived from evaporite, while cobalt mineralization occurred in the early stage with pyrite formation or in the late stage by metasomatism/cementation of Co‐rich ore‐forming fluid. The magma assimilated with the Ordovician evaporite not only promoted iron mineralization, but also became the main controlling factor for cobalt enrichment.

The origin and mineralization processes of the Dulenggou copper-cobalt deposit in the East Kunlun orogenic belt, western China

The East Kunlun region in western China stands out as an important polymetallic metallogenic belt hosting economically significant Au, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Sn, Co, Ni and Cr resources. Within this belt lies the Dulenggou deposit, a notable Cu-Co deposit. Three cobalt minerals (cobaltine, siegenite, and glaucodot) and four nickel minerals (ullmannite, gerdorffite, violarite, and millerite) coexisting with chalcopyrite and pyrite were identified in the Dulenggou deposit. The mineralization of Co and Ni primarily occurs in the form of sulfarsenides (cobaltine and gersdorffite) rather than sulfides (siegenite and ullmannite). Sulfides are commonly associated with chalcopyrite, whereas sulfarsenides coexist with chalcopyrite occasionally within the host rocks. The presence of organic-rich surrounding sedimentary rocks reduces oxygen fugacity, and the increase in arsenic content may influence the paragenetic association of minerals. The sequence of mineral formation is Py0 (host rocks) → PyI + Ccp + Co-Ni minerals (the major mineralization stage) → PyII. The mineralization age of the Dulenggou deposit has been determined by in situ U–Pb dating of hydrothermal monazite in closely association with chalcopyrite and Co–Ni minerals, yielding an age of 467 ± 17 Ma. The δ34S values of sulfides (pyrite and chalcopyrite) from ores and host rocks range widely from 1.9 ‰ to 22.1 ‰. From Py0 to PyI to PyII to chalcopyrite, the δ34S values change from 17.6 ‰ to 22.1 ‰, from 9.1 ‰ to 14.6 ‰, from 1.9 ‰ to 7.7 ‰, and from 9.6 ‰ to 13.4 ‰, respectively. The positive δ34S values suggest that the primary sulfur source possibly originated from seawater and/or the host rocks. Based on the geological and geochemical characteristics, the Dulenggou copper-cobalt deposit is identified as a syngenetic sea floor sedimentary exhalative deposit.

Pericentricity on the Congolese copperbelt: how the DRC shapes Chinese cobalt supply chains and the low-carbon transition

ABSTRACT Through the case of cobalt from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we examine the role of local politics in critical mineral sourcing and its implications for the lead processing and battery manufacturing industry in China. We propose a pericentric and multiscalar analysis of cobalt extraction to understand the connections and contingencies within the cobalt supply chain and DRC’s place within it. Pericentricity acknowledges geopolitics while emphasizing localized power dynamics that shape cobalt supply, as seemingly peripheral actors in the DRC influence core extractors, processors, and traders. Our analysis contributes to scholarship on African agency amid resource extractivism, highlighting Chinese dependency on foreign extractive political economies. While Chinese firms remain central in cobalt mining, processing, and battery manufacturing, the complex dependencies on local, provincial, and national systems must be understood in their intricacy and flux.

Textural and compositional evolution of quartz and cobalt-bearing minerals from the Wubaoshan Deposit, Jiangxi Province, South China: Implications for cobalt mineralization

Cobalt resources are primarily derived from hydrothermal-related deposits; however, our understanding of the mechanisms governing cobalt transportation and deposition, particularly for cobalt arsenides and sulfarsenides within hydrothermal fluids, remains limited. In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation into the Wubaoshan cobalt deposit located in the Qin-Hang ore Belt, South China. This deposit exhibits mineralization associated with multiple hydrothermal fluids, resulting in complex paragenesis and the formation of cobalt minerals. By employing a combination of petrographic and geochemical observations, we explore the conditions of the ore-forming fluid and the hydrothermal mechanisms underlying cobalt mineralization. Our analysis reveals three distinct hydrothermal stages of mineralization: Stage 1 is characterized by quartz-arsenopyrite-pyrite assemblages formed at relatively high temperatures (352–390 °C), neutral pH, and high fS2 (log fS2 = −6.9 ∼ −8.8); Stage 2, the pivotal stage for cobalt mineralization, displays various sulfides-sulfarsenides formed at lower temperatures (229 ± 6.0 °C), under acidic conditions, and low fS2 (log fS2 = −12.0 ∼ −14.0); and Stage 3 comprises minor sulfides and carbonates formed at relatively lower temperature and pH. Sulfur isotope analysis of pyrite from Stage 1 (+13.49 to +14.30 ‰) and sphalerite from Stage 2 (+5.53 to +9.21 ‰) suggests a mixed sulfur source derived from both Permian seawater sulfate and related magmatic rocks. Additionally, our results reveal that a transformation from cobalt arsenide to sulfarsenide during Stage 2, likely influenced by the change of As/S ratio in ore fluids, which is affected by the influx of external sulfur from magmatic hydrothermal fluids. Our findings, together with the previous thermodynamic modelling results, indicate that the variations of the ore fluid condition, particularly temperature and pH, govern the precipitation and dissolution of mineral during cobalt mineralization. These findings contribute to our understanding of the formation processes of the Wubaoshan deposit and provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cobalt enrichment.

Cobalt enrichment and metallogenic mechanism of the Galinge skarn iron deposit in the Eastern Kunlun metallogenic belt, western China

Skarn iron deposits, as representative examples of Co-rich magmatic-hydrothermal deposits, are attracting increasing attention due to rising cobalt demand worldwide. However, the specific Co enrichment mechanisms and metallogenic processes in skarn deposits remain elusive. This study presents high-precision in situ U–Pb geochronological data for garnet from skarns, major and trace element analyses of sulfarsenides and sulfides, and X-ray mapping in the Galinge deposit. The Galinge skarn iron deposit formed at 237.1 ± 0.3 Ma (garnet U–Pb dating), during which time the region was in the post-collisional stage. During this period, the crust was thickened, causing delamination of the lithospheric mantle, which further led to the upwelling of asthenospheric materials and partial melting of the lower crust. As the resultant mixed magma ascended, it reacted with carbonate strata to form skarn deposits. Cobalt shows two occurrence modes in the Galinge deposit: independent cobalt minerals such as skutterudite and cobaltite, and isomorphic substitution of Co with other metals in ore minerals (arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, pyrite, magnetite, and chalcopyrite). Our results revealed that arsenopyrite is the most cobalt-enriched ore mineral in the Galinge deposit, with an average Co content of 34,077 ppm. Other minerals generally contain insignificant Co contents of less than 500 ppm, including sphalerite (471 ppm) > pyrite (194 ppm) > pyrrhotite (145 ppm) > alabandite (∼100 ppm) > magnetite (7 ppm) > chalcopyrite (2 ppm). In arsenopyrite, cobalt and nickel replace iron in accordance with the inverse correlation between the concentrations of cobalt and nickel (wt%) and that of iron. In pyrite and chalcopyrite, a portion of the isomorphic cobalt substitutes for Fe or Cu. The weak correlation between Co (ppm) and Cu or Fe (wt%) indicates that only isomorphic cobalt is carried out by substituting Fe or Cu. The negative correlation between Co + Fe and Zn or Mn suggests that cobalt and iron replace Zn or Mn in sphalerite and alabandite. No evidence of element substitution was observed in pyrrhotite. Our study highlights that during the early mineralization stage, cobalt in the magmatic-hydrothermal fluids migrated in the form of CoCl42-. Subsequently, under the influence of an increase in pH, CoCl42- reacts with H3AsO30 to form CoAs3 (skutterudite). With the continuous precipitation of arsenides and sulfarsenides, the As/S (reduced) ratio decreased, leading to the CoAs3 (skutterudite) changing to CoAsS (cobaltite).

Responsible extractivism and other tales. LinkedIn, feel good, and the politics of responsible mining on social media

This article uses LinkedIn posts of responsible cobalt service providers to address the role of social media as a tool for corporate social responsibility. I argue that through written narrative, photographic practices, and knowledge production, these small companies assert their dominance on an industry that partly defines the transition to greener consumption. However, a close analysis of the discourses propagated via these mediums suggests that white supremacist, racist, and (post)colonial conceptions of African miners are reiterated and reproduced, largely preventing improvements in Congolese artisanal cobalt mines. Through invisibilization, fetishization, saviorism, and business development, these LinkedIn tales negate miners’ agencies. I illuminate a dual use of contrast in photographic content in the contrasting professionalization of white and African actors and using technical visual ratio and tones to legitimize and magnify their intended actions. Finally, I analyze the information grabbing through the control over information production and dissemination, with self-organized online events and participation in global and regional conferences as a system of othering of Congolese voices in favor of ‘feel good’ activities of service providers.’

Sourcing cobalt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for a responsible net-zero transition: Incentives, risks and stakeholders

Net-zero technologies and the electrification of transport rely heavily on cobalt-containing equipment. Growing demand for cobalt entails environmental, social and economic sustainability risks of cobalt mining, particularly artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Many studies have raised the importance of motivating stakeholders to source cobalt responsibly. Through a systematic literature review, we identify nine sustainability risks that need to be addressed in the cobalt supply chain, analyse measures for incentivising responsible cobalt sourcing, and map links between the sustainability risks and the measures, to elaborate on the engagement of downstream stakeholders and identify methodological gaps. We group such measures into four incentive mechanisms, where integrating ASM into the cobalt supply chain while further formalising the ASM sector (Incentive Mechanism III) is the key to addressing most sustainability risks. Further deconstructing Incentive Mechanism III demonstrates that upstream stakeholders and governments shoulder most responsibility for its implementation. Engagement of downstream companies (such as electric vehicle manufacturers) is inadequate, given their significant influence both on consumers and on the cobalt supply chain. To engage downstream stakeholders more actively, we recommend establishing dedicated ASM funding pools and providing training for ASM communities.

The development of China’s monopoly over cobalt battery materials

While previous resource conflicts have often been linked to fuel minerals such as oil, future resource conflict may revolve around nonfuel minerals that enable strategic emerging technologies. During a 2010 diplomatic dispute, China reportedly blocked exports of rare earth elements to Japan, thereby leveraging China’s near-monopoly to threaten Japanese manufacturers of advanced technologies including batteries and permanent magnets. Although this caused significant concern for manufacturers outside China, China’s control over other critical minerals has yet to be studied comprehensively. Besides rare earth elements, perhaps no mineral has received more attention for its supply risks than cobalt. Here Chinese control is estimated for each cobalt material at each stage of the cobalt supply chain from 2000 through 2022. The results show that from mining, to refining, consumption, recycling, stocks, and trade, China dominates the cobalt materials that feed lithium-ion battery cathode production. Specifically, the results show that in 2022 Chinese firms had control over 62% of cobalt mine materials primarily used for cobalt chemical refining, 95% control of refined commercial-grade cobalt chemicals, 92% control of battery-grade tricobalt tetroxide, 85% control of battery-grade cobalt sulfate, and 91% control of nickel–cobalt-manganese cathode precursor materials. China’s monopoly over cobalt battery materials may imply a serious supply risk to non-Chinese battery producing and consuming industries—especially given rising geopolitical tensions and the reemergence of critical mineral export restrictions including gallium for semiconductors, germanium for solar panels, graphite for lithium-ion batteries, and (again) rare earth elements.

Spatiotemporal assessment of deforestation and forest degradation indicates spillover effects from mining activities and related biodiversity offsets in Madagascar

Mining has severe environmental and social impacts. To compensate for the environmental damage caused at mining sites, mining companies are required to engage in biodiversity offsetting activities elsewhere. In forest landscapes, most offsetting policies focus on compensating for biodiversity loss from deforestation, while forest degradation is largely ignored – even though it contributes substantially to biodiversity loss. One reason for this is that forest degradation is challenging to assess and monitor. This study focuses on a large nickel and cobalt mine in Madagascar. By analysing remote sensing time series, we assess detailed annual forest change dynamics and distinguish different types of forest disturbance within and around the mining lease area and the two main associated biodiversity offset areas between 2006 and 2020. Our results show that deforestation rates within the two biodiversity offset areas are low (18 ha, or 0.4%; 164 ha, or 2.4%), suggesting that conservation measures are effective. However, this is not the case when looking at forest degradation. We found that substantial shares of forest within the two biodiversity offset areas are affected by degradation (545 ha, or 11.4%; 662 ha, or 9.7%). In the surrounding unprotected landscape, the rates of deforestation (451 ha, or 6.7%; 553 ha, or 4.9%) and forest degradation (2360 ha, or 34.8%; 5794 ha, or 51.1%) are much higher. The spatiotemporal pattern indicates spillover effects for both deforestation and forest degradation. Taken together, our findings show that restrictions on local communities’ access to forest resources within biodiversity offset areas affect the surrounding landscape and can cause substantial additional adverse environmental impacts there. We also demonstrate that forest degradation monitoring is feasible, and that forest degradation is widespread even though it is still largely ignored. These findings should be considered in future biodiversity offsetting policies and best practices.

Cobalt mining and responsibility

Cobalt mining and responsibility

Evolving cobalt cycle and urban mines in the EU, 1988–2020

Urban mines are vital for resource security and resilience, but the intricacies of their recycling processes are often overlooked. This study uses dynamic Material Flow Analysis to delve into the EU's cobalt cycle from 1988 to 2020, focusing on urban cobalt mining potential. We observed a significant shift in EU cobalt consumption patterns, with the demand for electric vehicle batteries surpassing that for superalloys, thereby positioning batteries as the primary cobalt consumers. Moreover, batteries increasingly dominate the cobalt in-use stock. The recycling process experiences substantial losses, especially in collection and pretreatment stages, reaching up to 87 %. Our findings indicates that urban cobalt mines could account for 57–66 % of the EU's total cobalt consumption, amounting to 166–193 kt in a high scenario. These insights emphasize the changing dynamics of the EU cobalt cycle and the importance of efficient urban cobalt mine management.

Assessment of potential cobalt zones by modeling radiometric and ASTER data using the AHP method: A case of the Bou Azzer El Grara inlier, Central Anti-Atlas, Morocco

The Bou Azzer El Grara inlier belongs to the Central Anti-Atlas range, renowned for its mineral deposits. The study carried out on the inlier aims to identify potential areas of cobalt mineralization based on a multi-source methodology of radiometric and remote sensing data processing. The data used includes hydrothermal alteration minerals (argillic, phyllic, propylitic, iron oxides) mapped with Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery using band ratio and principal component analysis (PCA) techniques, potassium enrichment zones through K/eTh and K/eU ratios calculated from radiometric data, as well as geological data (serpentinite outcrops and geological faults). The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to combine the various thematic layers. Validation was carried out through the field studies in several anomalous zones. The mineral prospectivity map generated highlights nine major zones that appear the most favorable for mineralization, some of which coincide with zones in production and others requiring further exploration.

Lithium-ion batteries and fertility in Africa

This study investigates how the global adoption of modern electrical batteries influenced women’s fertility choices in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a country rich in cobalt, an essential component of lithium-ion batteries. The findings reveal that women living in cobalt-rich villages experience higher fertility rates and a greater desire for children relative to those in non-cobalt-rich communities. I attribute this phenomenon to the use of children in cobalt mines, as opposed to other mineral mining activities, which leads to a short-term increase in household wealth and motivates parents to have more children. These results provide novel insights into our understanding of the complex relationship between economic development, natural resources, and fertility decisions in developing economies.

Hypoxaemia and risk of asphyxia during underground work in artisanal cobalt mines.

More than half the cobalt needed for vehicle electrification originates from the southern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), with a substantial part being extracted by artisanal miners. To investigate oxygen saturation during underground work among cobalt artisanal miners. In a field survey, we measured oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate by pulse oximetry in 86 miners from two underground mines and 24 miners from a surface mine at four different time points: before descent into the mine (T1), at 50 minutes in the mine (T2), upon leaving the shaft (T3), and 10 minutes after having left the mine (T4). Miners working underground (-36 to -112 meters) were somewhat older (34.8 ± 6.7 years) than those working in the surface mine (32.0 ± 6.5 years), and they worked more hours daily (12.6 ± 1.2 hours) than controls (9.0 ± 0.0 hours). All participants had SpO2 >95% at T1 and T4. At T2, SpO2 dropped below 93% and 80% in 35% and 10% underground miners, respectively; SpO2 was still <93% at T3 in 13%. SpO2 remained stable among surface miners. Later, we showed that underground ambient oxygen levels decreased well below 21% in several pits. Pulse oximetry revealed relevant hypoxaemia during underground work in a substantial proportion of artisanal miners. Such hypoxaemia without evidence of underlying cardiovascular disease is indicative of low ambient oxygen, due to insufficient mine ventilation. This may cause deaths from asphyxia. The hazards of low ambient oxygen in artisanal mines must be prevented by appropriate technical measures ensuring the supply of sufficient fresh air.

The "Creuseurs" ("Diggers"), at the Center of the World's Push for EVs, are in Peril: Part Two-Obstacles and Opportunities to Improve Conditions for Miners.

In part one, we reported on some of the shocking working conditions that the Electronics Watch team found on our visit to cobalt mines in the DRC. Now, we look at the vested interests in Congolese politics, the mining industry, the Congolese government's desire to regulate the cobalt supply chain, and what else might be done to improve conditions.

Blue Gold, Game-Based Learning to Encourage Sustainable Consumption: The Case of Mobile Phones

The concept of sustainability is different in industry and in nature. In the case of mobile phones, the constant replacement by new models increases waste to ecologically unbearable limits. To encourage responsible and sustainable consumption, we designed an educational game in a role-play format, called Blue Gold. The objective was to make known the use of cobalt in the production of mobile phones and the methods and people involved in its extraction. We present three characters that each participant could become during the game: a Congolese girl, a Congolese boy, or an American boy. Through socio-educational dynamics of experiential learning, 308 undergraduate students and 31 of their teachers participated in the game. We set out to investigate whether knowing the reality of child labor and violence against women happening in cobalt mines could have any impact on consumer behavior, if the effect of the game could delay the desire to purchase a mobile phone or refuse to buy a new one. The results obtained revealed the influence of the role assumed in the game and the gender of the participants. They also revealed that this online role-playing game is effective in encouraging a more sustainable consumption behavior.

Unveiling the Dark Side of Innovation: Sustainability, Cobalt Mining, and Modern-Day Slavery

Unveiling the Dark Side of Innovation: Sustainability, Cobalt Mining, and Modern-Day Slavery