Cobalt Materials Research Articles

Monometallic/Bimetallic Co‐ZIFs Synthesis, Characterization, and Application for Adsorption of SO2 and CO2 in Continuous Flow System

ABSTRACTSulfur dioxide is serious ultimatum to human health as well as environment, while carbon dioxide is viewed as one of the primary drivers of the worldwide temperature alteration. Therefore, capturing of these gases is a dynamic research subject attracting much consideration from scientists. Herein, we report synthesis of a series of Co‐ZIF and bimetallic M‐Co‐ZIF adsorbents and application for room temperature adsorption of SO2 and CO2. In this work, the breakthrough curves for the adsorption of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide on Co‐ZIF and M‐Co‐ZIF were obtained experimentally and theoretically using a laboratory‐scale fixed bed column at room temperature. In this work, the adsorption capacities and breakthrough points for modified bimetallic M‐Co‐ZIF were found to be relatively higher than parent Co‐ZIF. Notably, a high SO2 uptake capacity of 7.1 mmol/g for Zr‐Co‐ZIF and high CO2 uptake capacity of 69.9 mmol/g for Ni‐Co‐ZIF were achieved. The parent cobalt and bimetallic ZIF materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and nitrogen physisorption. The XRD results confirm the formation of pure phase highly crystalline ZIF materials while BET analysis suggests high surface area of prepared adsorbents. Finally, the results of dynamic adsorption combined with characterization show great potential for preparation of bimetallic ZIF adsorbents for effective SO2 and CO2 adsorption.

ZnFe layered double hydroxide wrapped metal-organic framework derived cobalt-nitrogen-doped carbon material as peroxymonosulfate activator for ciprofloxacin degradation

ZnFe layered double hydroxide (ZnFe-LDH) wrapped metal–organic framework derived cobalt and nitrogen-doped carbon-based materials (ZnFe-LDH@CoNC) were synthesized. The fabricated nanocomposites exhibited uniform distribution of ZnFe-LDH-3 on CoNC matrix. Degradation efficiency of ciprofloxacin (CIP, 10 mg/L) in the peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-containing catalytic system reached up to 98.5 % at a dosage of 0.2 g/L ZnFe-LDH-3@CoNC and 0.4 g/L PMS at a reaction time of 30 min at 25 °C. The ZnFe-LDH-3@CoNC/PMS catalytic system was found to act as a pH buffer and it exhibited more stable activity in cyclic tests compared with the CoNC/PMS catalytic system. Quenching experiments and EPR analyses showed that 1O2 was the primary reactive species in the ZnFe-LDH-3@CoNC/PMS catalytic system. Degradation intermediate products of CIP were identified and a potential degradation mechanism was suggested. The ZnFe layered double hydroxide wrapped metal–organic framework advances methods in environmental catalyst design and simultaneously improves active metal for PMS activation.

Mapping the cobalt and lithium supply chains for e-mobility transition: Significance of overseas investments and vertical integration in evaluating mineral supply risks

The potential shortages of critical materials such as cobalt and lithium induced by the global e-mobility transition have recently raised enormous concerns. Here, we map the global cobalt and lithium material flows and discuss their supply risks at both country and company levels. We demonstrate highly concentrated supply chains for cobalt and lithium, especially in the production (69 % of cobalt in DRC and 80 % of lithium in Australia and Chile), refining (over half in China), and for cathode materials and cell production (by Eastern Asian countries). The top 10 companies control around 80 % of global mining and refining production. Overseas investments, particularly by multinational companies, may potentially decrease supply chain concentration. Many upstream companies engage in vertical integration to enhance business value, whereas downstream companies invest in mining or refining operations for a reliable supply. Achieving supply chain security for cobalt and lithium requires transparent international trading systems, responsible sourcing practices, and enhanced recycling.

The development of China’s monopoly over cobalt battery materials

While previous resource conflicts have often been linked to fuel minerals such as oil, future resource conflict may revolve around nonfuel minerals that enable strategic emerging technologies. During a 2010 diplomatic dispute, China reportedly blocked exports of rare earth elements to Japan, thereby leveraging China’s near-monopoly to threaten Japanese manufacturers of advanced technologies including batteries and permanent magnets. Although this caused significant concern for manufacturers outside China, China’s control over other critical minerals has yet to be studied comprehensively. Besides rare earth elements, perhaps no mineral has received more attention for its supply risks than cobalt. Here Chinese control is estimated for each cobalt material at each stage of the cobalt supply chain from 2000 through 2022. The results show that from mining, to refining, consumption, recycling, stocks, and trade, China dominates the cobalt materials that feed lithium-ion battery cathode production. Specifically, the results show that in 2022 Chinese firms had control over 62% of cobalt mine materials primarily used for cobalt chemical refining, 95% control of refined commercial-grade cobalt chemicals, 92% control of battery-grade tricobalt tetroxide, 85% control of battery-grade cobalt sulfate, and 91% control of nickel–cobalt-manganese cathode precursor materials. China’s monopoly over cobalt battery materials may imply a serious supply risk to non-Chinese battery producing and consuming industries—especially given rising geopolitical tensions and the reemergence of critical mineral export restrictions including gallium for semiconductors, germanium for solar panels, graphite for lithium-ion batteries, and (again) rare earth elements.

Development and understanding of the lithiation/de-lithiation mechanism of a low cobalt and nickel-rich cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries

Nickel-rich LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2 (NMC, with x ≥ 0.6) layered oxides are regarded as cathode candidates for high-energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, this technology faces several challenges due to the scarcity of crucial raw materials such as cobalt precursors and the negative environmental impact of their extraction process. It is therefore, it becomes imperative to develop low cobalt content cathode compositions that offer alternative options with comparable electrochemical performance. Herein, we have used a systematic approach to modify the composition while keeping all other properties (particle size and morphology) constant to synthesise low-Co-cathode materials, namely LiNi0·8Mn0·1Co0·1O2 (NMC-10 %) and LiNi0·8Mn0·15Co0·05O2 (NMC-5%). A co-precipitation route using a continuous stirred thank reactor was used for synthesis. The physico-chemical properties, electrochemical performances, cycling stability, and rate capabilities of NMC-5% materials are comparable to those of NCM-10 % materials. NMC-10 % and NMC-5% half cells show initial specific discharge capacities of 191 mAh.g−1, and 185 mAh.g−1, respectively, in a voltage range of 2.8–4.3 V (vs. Li+/Li). The NMC-5% exhibits excellent thermal stability, characterized by a predominant exothermic peak at 432 °C and significantly lower total heat energy when compared to NMC-10 % counterpart, which displayed its main exothermic peak at 339 °C. The structural and electronic changes of both materials were evaluated through in operando synchrotron-based X-ray techniques. Regardless of the cobalt content, both materials show comparable structural and electronic evolution upon the de-intercalation/intercalation of Li+ ions. An irreversible phase transition at the first delithiation was observed as emphasized by diffraction of synchrotron radiations.

Sulfur vacancies-induced electron delocalization effect of cobalt sulfide for enhanced catalytic activation of peracetic acid and norfloxacin degradation

Antibiotics have attracted widespread attention due to their potential risks to human health and environment. In this study, a heterogeneous advanced oxidation process (AOP) of peracetic acid (PAA) activation by cobalt material was developed to degrade a typical antibiotic, norfloxacin (NOR). Cobalt sulfide materials with sulfur vacancies (CoSx) were synthesized through a two-step hydrothermal process. The optimized material (CoSx-2) could efficiently activate PAA system, achieving 91.8% NOR degradation in 5 min. The Co(II)/Co(III) species in CoSx was key to activating PAA, as Co(II) initiated the reaction and Co(III) activation caused the production of CH3C(=O)OO• species. Moreover, the presence of sulfur vacancies (VS) led to the generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) via chain reactions with CH3C(=O)OO•. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the contribution of VS to enhanced catalytic PAA activation, as the lower work function (5.76 eV), higher adsorption energy (-3.43 eV), bridge effect of delocalized electrons and shifted d-band center are achieved to reduce the energy barrier for electron transfer during catalytic reaction. In addition, DFT calculation on Fukui index further explains that 18 N and 21 N are reactive sites of NOR for electrophilic attack, leading to primary degradation pathways of C–N cleavage, defluorination, dealkylation and hydroxylation. This study gives a new perspective on the regulation of material structure for efficient activation of PAA and promotes the practical application of heterogenous PAA-based AOPs for emerging contaminants removal in water treatment process.

Enhancing photocatalytic performance of Co-TiO2 and Mo-TiO2-based catalysts through defect engineering and doping: A study on the degradation of organic pollutants under UV light

Nanostructured photocatalysts based on cobalt and molybdenum-doped TiO2 composite materials were developed to enhance photocatalytic performance. The creation of defects through partial carbothermal reduction resulted in materials with lower band gaps, improving efficiency. The carbon lattice facilitated electron movement and inhibited electron-hole recombination, while the large surface area of the nanosheets enhanced catalyst effectiveness. The materials were characterized using XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, FESEM, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The degradation of arsenazo 3 dye was used to evaluate the catalysts, with all three showing efficient degradation. The TiO2-Mo-C catalyst exhibited the highest degradation rate (99.8%). Kinetic data indicated that the photodegradation followed pseudo-first-order and Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics. Remarkably, the reaction rate constant (kC = 41.61 mg L-1 min−1) and adsorption equilibrium constant (KLH = 1.26 × 10-3 L mg−1) of the TiO2-Mo-C catalyst were significantly superior to other catalysts. These photocatalysts demonstrated excellent stability and reusability over six cycles.

Role of Potassium in Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation Investigated in a Volume‐Active Cobalt Material at Neutral pH

AbstractThe oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial in systems for sustainable production of hydrogen and other fuels. Catalytic OER materials often undergo potential‐induced redox transitions localized at metal sites. For volume‐active catalyst‐materials, these are necessarily coupled to charge‐compensating relocation of ions entering or leaving the material, which is insufficiently understood. The binding mode and mechanistic role of redox‐inert ions for a cobalt‐based oxyhydroxide material (CoCat) when operated at neutral pH in potassium‐phosphate (KPi) electrolyte are investigated by i) determination of K:Co and P:Co stoichiometries for various KPi‐concentrations and electrode potentials, ii) operando X‐ray spectroscopy at the potassium and cobalt K‐edges, and iii) novel time‐resolved X‐ray experiments facilitating comparison of K‐release and Co‐oxidation kinetics. Potassium likely binds non‐specifically within water layers interfacing Co‐oxyhydoxide fragments involving potassium–phosphate ion pairs. The potassium‐release kinetics are potential‐independent with a fast‐phase time‐constant of about 5 s and thus clearly slower than the potential‐induced Co oxidation of about 300 ms. It is concluded that the charge‐compensating ion flow is realized neither by potassium nor by phosphate ions, but by protons. The results reported here are likely relevant also for a broader class of volume‐active OER catalyst materials and for the amorphized near‐surface regions of microcrystalline materials.

A new series of magnetic and luminescent layered hybrid materials obtained from thianthrene phosphonic acid: M(H2O)PO3-S2C12H7 (M = Cu, Zn) and M(H2O)2(PO2OH-S2C12H7)2 (M = Mn, Co).

Four new metallophosphonates with the chemical formulae M(H2O)PO3-S2C12H7 (M = Cu, Zn) and M(H2O)2(PO2OH-S2C12H7)2 (M = Mn, Co) were synthesized using a hydrothermal route from the original bent rigid thianthrene-2-ylphosphonic acid (TPA). This organic precursor crystallizes in a non-centrosymmetric space group P212121 and presents a unique bent geometry due to the presence of two sulfur atoms in its rigid platform architecture. Obtained as single crystal and polycrystalline powders, the structures of the four hybrid materials were solved using X-ray diffraction on single crystals in a monoclinic P21/c space group. These compounds adopt a lamellar structure consisting of one inorganic subnetwork alternating with a 'sawtooth' double organic -S2C12H7 subnetwork. The inorganic layers of these compounds are made of (PO3C) or partially deprotonated (PO2OHC) tetrahedra connected by the apices to isolated ZnO3(H2O) tetrahedra, Cu2O6(H2O)2 copper dimers and cobalt and manganese MO4(H2O)2 octahedra, where the latter two exhibit an isotype structure. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed to confirm the amount of water molecules present in the formula, to track the dehydration process of the structures, and to evaluate their thermal stability. The magnetic properties of the copper, cobalt, and manganese-based materials were investigated from 2 K to 300 K by using a SQUID magnetometer revealing dominant antiferromagnetic interactions with Weiss temperatures of -8.0, -10, and -1 K, respectively. These magnetic behaviors were further corroborated by first-principles simulations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT). Finally, the absorption and photoluminescence properties of both the ligand and hybrid materials were investigated, revealing diverse excitation and recombination mechanisms. The organic moiety based on thianthrene significantly influenced the absorption and emission, with additional peaks attributed to transition metals. Singlet and triplet states recombination were observed, accompanied by an unidentified quenching mechanism affecting the triplet state lifetime.

Evolution of cobalt material flow in Japan from 2000 to 2020

Evolution of cobalt material flow in Japan from 2000 to 2020

Synthesis of Microporous Cobalt Silicate using Organic Template Derived from 2,6-Dimethylpiperidinium Cations: A Potential Precursor for the Preparation of Double Perovskite Cobalt Materials

Abstract: Synthesis of a microporous cobalt silicate was achieved by using 6,10-dimethyl-5-azoniaspiro[4, 5] decane bromide as structure directing agent. And physicochemical characterization was carried out using XRD, SEM, HTEM, TGA, FT-IR, BET-N2, ICP-OES and EDS. ETS-10 like structure framework was present as a competitive phase. Calcination of the cobalt silicate at 500 oC leads to a new structure. The possibility of this material be cobalt oxide was excluded since Bragg reflections at 2θ = 19.2º; 30.3º; 36.9º; 43.7º; 59.2º were absent (JCPDS#80-1538). Both the indexation of the XRD data for the calcined material which has resulted in a tetragonal unit cell (a = b = 10.39 Å and c = 12.21 Å, α = β = γ = 90°, V= 1317.4 Å3) and HTEM data indicated the cobalt silicate can be used as a precursor for the preparation of double perovskite cobalt materials.

Ammonia leaching process for selective extraction of nickel and cobalt from polymetallic mixed hydroxide precipitate

Nitric acid pressure leaching process (NAPL) uses nitric acid as the leaching medium to produce cobalt and nickel raw materials. Based on the benefits of nitric acid pressure leaching process for laterite ore, this paper proposes a process of "nitric acid pressure leaching-neutralization precipitation-reductive ammonia leaching separation". Firstly, thermodynamic analysis confirmed the possibilities of nickel and cobalt leaching from ammonia solution. Then the impacts of leaching agent composition, temperature, time, and liquid-solid ratio on nickel and cobalt extraction ratios were investigated. Finally, the leaching behaviors of nickel and cobalt during ammonia leaching were investigated using the shrinking core model. In addition, the phase and morphology of the leach residue were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM/EDS). The reductive ammonia leaching method for treating MHP results in high nickel and cobalt extraction ratios, good separation results, and recyclable material, all of which have significant industrial application value.

Streamlined approach for assessing embedded consumption of lithium and cobalt in the United States

AbstractIn today's complex global supply chains, time and data intensive analyses are required to understand global flows of mineral commodities from mine to consumer, particularly for mineral commodities in products (electronics, automobiles, etc.) that contain multiple parts with many mineral commodities. National and regional analyses require additional time and data to incorporate international trade flows. However, data limitations and time constraints often prohibit global and national material flow analyses for minor metals. Here we present a methodological approach to circumvent these constraints by utilizing readily available industry‐level global data from the United Nations Statistics Division and national industrial data to estimate total requirements for a mineral commodity. We apply this approach to lithium and cobalt use in the United States for the year 2018 and distinguish between apparent raw material consumption versus inferred embedded consumption of lithium and cobalt materials in all forms. The results show that more than half of the United States’ total requirements for both lithium and cobalt is in parts and products that were manufactured outside the United States. In large part, this is due to limited US manufacturing capability for lithium‐ion battery materials and cells and the United States’ high import reliance for electronics that use those batteries.

Effective oxidative esterification of 5–hydroxymethylfurfural over a N-doped biomass-based carbon supported cobalt catalyst

The metallic cobalt supported on nitrogen dopped carbon material was employed as an efficient catalyst in the oxidative esterification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to furan-2,5-dimethylcarboxylate (FDMC). The carbonization temperature has a significant effect on the morphology and structure of Co/N-C samples. The Co/N-C calcined at 900 °C exhibits the best catalytic performance and a 73.8% FDMC yield at 91.7% HMF conversion is measured at 130 °C for 20 h with K2CO3 under 1 MPa O2. The catalytic activity of Co/N-C was benefited by the synergistic effect between the metallic cobalt and nitrogen-doped carbon material. The reaction mechanism of FDMC formation was proposed.

Effects of nickel–cobalt material properties on glucose catalysis

The development of non-enzymatic glucose sensors becomes even more significant as the number of diabetics worldwide continues to increase. Ni–Co alloy can be fabricated by electrodeposition and used as a catalyst for glucose so that it is a suitable electrode material for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. The results of material analyses reveal that the catalytic performance for glucose is related to the crystallographic structure of Ni–Co alloy. A Ni–Co based non-enzymatic glucose sensor with a majority of hexagonal close packed (hcp) lattice exhibits better catalytic performance and, moreover, the catalysis of glucose is a quasi-reversible redox process, either in film-type or nanowire-type alloy. However, the nanowire-type Ni–Co glucose sensor has a wider sensing range than the film-type sensor. Ni–Co glucose sensor possesses excellent anti-interference without being influenced by the chemicals coexisting with glucose. These results demonstrate the effect of the crystal structure of Ni–Co on glucose catalysis and suggest the electroplating conditions for the preparation of Ni–Co non-enzymatic glucose sensor with good catalytic performance and excellent anti-interference ability.

Exploring potential opportunities for the efficient development of the cobalt industry in China by quantitatively tracking cobalt flows during the entire life cycle from 2000 to 2021.

Owing to its key role in high-tech industry and clean energy technology, cobalt has been regarded as a critical material in many countries. In this paper, material flow analysis was used to quantitatively track cobalt material flows in China throughout the entire life cycle from 2000 to 2021. Based on data pertaining to cobalt commodity trade, cobalt loss during raw material processing, and recovered cobalt, we analysed the actual cobalt consumption in China. During the study period from 2000 to 2021, the main findings were as follows: (1) China's cobalt raw material imports accounted for 84.7% of the total raw materials acquired, while the export of cobalt-containing end products amounted to 32.6% of the total production. (2) China's cumulative net import of all cobalt commodities reached 561kt, and battery products accounted for 73.3% of the total cobalt consumption. (3) China recovered 77kt of cobalt from end-of-life products, while 327kt of cobalt was not recovered. (4) The cumulative cobalt loss during raw material processing reached 288kt, with the highest loss occurring in refining (51.0%), followed by manufacturing and fabrication (26.5%), beneficiation (12.3%), and ore mining (10.2%). The overall utilization efficiency of cobalt was 73.8% throughout the entire life cycle. (5) China's actual cobalt consumption reached 497kt, accounting for 51.9% of the apparent cobalt consumption. Moreover, 61.1% of the cobalt products produced in China was consumed domestically, while 38.9% was exported. The massive export of cobalt commodities resulted in China bearing a disproportionate responsibility for carbon emission reduction. The research results can provide a scientific reference for the reasonable adjustment of the trade structure of cobalt commodities and realization of the economic and efficient utilization of cobalt resources in China.

Porous cobaltate: Structure, active sites, thermocatalytic properties for ammonium perchlorate decomposition

Co3O4 is an excellent catalyst for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) due to its spinel structure and more Co3+ as catalytically active sites. In this work, MCo2O4 (M=Fe, Cu, Ni and Zn) with different Co species substituted with transition metal ion were prepared using triblock copolymer F127 as soft template by simple solvothermal and subsequent heat treatment. The porous MCo2O4 samples have higher Co3+ / Co2+ ratio than Co3O4, and exhibits better catalytic performance for thermal decomposition of AP. Especially with the addition of FeCo2O4, the high decomposition temperature (HDT) of AP decreases by an amazing 196.25 °C, showing the most excellent catalytic performance. The activation energy (Ea) decreases from 290.19 kJ·mol−1 for pure AP to 203.05 kJ·mol−1, while the reaction rate (k) increases from 0.499 s−1 to 1.699 s−1. Based on the electron transfer theory, the catalytic mechanism and active site of porous MCo2O4 series cobaltate materials are discussed. The results show that the porous FeCo2O4 not only has highest specific surface, but also has the highest Co3+/ Co2+ ratio, which suggest that the Co3+ on octahedral coordination sites is known as the catalytic active site for AP thermal decomposition.

The influence of cobalt loading on electrocatalytic performance toward glucose oxidation of pillared montmorillonite-supported cobalt

• Aluminum-pillared clays with different cobalt loadings were synthesized. • Modified carbon paste electrodes were tested in glucose electrooxidation. • Increase in Co loading (up to 4.13 wt%) enhanced the electrocatalytic performance. • Further increase in Co loading derogated the electrocatalytic performance. • Co 3 O 4 formation probably altered the electrocatalytic performance. In this paper, the influence of cobalt loading in pillared clay-supported cobalt materials on their electrocatalytic performance toward glucose oxidation was investigated. A series of aluminum-pillared montmorillonite clay (AP) materials with different cobalt loadings (x%CoAP, x = 1, 3, 5, and 10 wt%) was synthesized using the incipient wetness impregnation method. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (FE-SEM/EDX), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) coupled with EDX, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and low temperature N 2 physisorption, were employed for characterization of the materials. The incorporation of cobalt in porous structure of pillared montmorillonite was confirmed. The synthesized materials (x%CoAP) were used for modification of carbon paste (CP) electrode and tested in reaction of glucose electrooxidation. The electrochemical measurements were conducted using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry in a 1 M NaOH solution, with or without glucose. The results showed that the increase of cobalt loading improved the electrode performance toward glucose. The highest current response and sensitivity were obtained for the CP-5%CoAP electrode. A lower electrode performance of CP-10%CoAP was correlated with the presence of higher quantities of Co 3 O 4 (confirmed by XRPD and XPS) in the electrode material. The mechanism and kinetics of glucose electrooxidation was studied in more details for the best performing electrode (CP-5%CoAP). It was found that the process was diffusion-controlled and the diffusion coefficient was determined. The charge transfer coefficient and catalytic rate constant were calculated. The electrode exhibited satisfactory repeatability, reproducibility, stability, and selectivity. The obtained results showed that appropriate amount of cobalt loading in pillared clay led to the obtainment of non-enzymatic electrode materials suitable for sustainable and green glucose sensors.

The production of Indo-Pacific monochrome drawn glass beads in the Sasanian Empire: Insights from Xinjiang, northwest China

Indo-Pacific glass beads are produced by the drawn technique, which originates from South Asia, and their chemical compositions are unique in South and Southeast Asia. However, a small number of Indo-Pacific beads with Sassanian glass compositions are excavated in Asia and Africa after the 3rd c. CE, and their production sites in South/Southeast Asia or in the Sassanian region remain controversial. In this study, 15 drawn glass beads with various colours from Astana necropolis (ca. the 4th-8th c. CE) in Xinjiang, northwest China were investigated by using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), Scanning Electron Microscope, Raman spectroscopy and visible to near-infrared spectroscopy to characterize the production technology and origins. The results show that most Astana glass beads share similar chemical compositions with the glassware from Veh Ardašīr, a famous Sasanian site. Furthermore, Sasanian glass compositions predominate in Indo-Pacific beads in Xinjiang during the 4th-8th c. CE, while popular glass recipes in contemporary South/Southeast Asia are infrequently found; thus, it is deduced that the drawn method should have been mastered by Sasanian craftsmen. Moreover, the cobalt materials in Sasanian glass were imported from further western regions and changed over time. The popular Sasanian glass across central Eurasia reflects the trade monopoly of Sasanian in West and Central Asia, and the land glass bead trade is distinct from the contemporary maritime trade in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Inspecting the Thermoelectric Response and Mechanical Stability of Novel Cobalt‐Based Heusler Alloys: A DFT Insight

The potential of Heusler materials to provide interesting aspects predominantly of vital physical properties along with typical variations has extended their prospects for thermoelectric applicability. Herein, highly precise and high‐throughput density functional theory (DFT) calculations along with Boltzmann transport simulation scheme are intensely applied to deliver the numerous physical properties of two Cobalt‐based Heusler materials. The geometric structural optimization of both these alloys suitably approves the cubic crystalline geometry at elevated temperatures. The electronic band profile validates the half‐metallic behavior. The fetched density of states and band occupation reflect the ferromagnetic half‐metallic character of the materials. The calculated elastic parameters reveal that the presented set of Heusler materials is mechanically stable holding ductile nature. These cobalt materials exhibit anisotropic performance for both longitudinal and transverse velocities, so these demonstrate directional‐dependent velocities. The utmost significant lattice part of thermal conductivity is accurately figured out by the help of Slack's equation. The current exploration demonstrates spin half metallicity as well as good value of transport parameters, which opens up a route typical for numerous research areas like thermoelectrics and spintronic applicability.