Coastal Tourism Research Articles

Mapping women's empowerment to improve family welfare in coastal tourism villages

The purpose of this research is to open the insight of all of us those women are potential parties that can be utilized to improve family welfare. Pro poor tourism is a concept in the development of tourist village areas that involve the poor. The selected areas are coastal tourism villages (Serangan-Denpasar Tourism Village, Les-Buleleng Tourism Village, Jasri-Karangasem Tourism Village, Medewi-Jembrana Tourism Village). This research uses an interpretive paradigm which is qualitative research using phenomenology as a methodology. It was found that obstacles to women's empowerment in Pro Poor Tourism, namely increasing women's access to education, health, employment, leadership, and protection from all forms of discrimination and violence. The conclusion is that there needs to be a concrete solution to the obstacles faced in empowering women in the four tourist villages, so that women can be empowered holistically to improve family welfare. Many studies on Balinese women have been conducted where ideally Balinese women are equal to men. But unfortunately, in the four tourist villages studied, none of them entrusted women as managers of tourist villages. The practical implication is that these findings can be considered in the future to see women's empowerment as the spearhead of family and national welfare.

The promotion of ultra-processed foods in modern retail food outlets in rural and urban areas in Kenya.

To assess the availability and marketing of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in modern retail food outlets (supermarkets and minimarts) in Kenya and associated factors. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kenya from August 2021 to October 2021. Variables included; the geographic location and the socioeconomic status levels (SES), the food items displayed for sale and advertised in the stores, and locations in the stores such as the entrance. Three counties in Kenya (Nairobi - urban, Mombasa - coastal tourist, and Baringo- rural). Each county was stratified into high and low SES using national poverty indices. Food outlets that offered a self-service, had at least one check-out, and had a minimum of two stocked aisles were assessed. Of 115 outlets assessed, UPFs occupied 33% of the cumulative shelf space. UPFs were the most advertised foods (60%) and constituted 40% of foods available for sale. The most commonly used promotional characters were cartoon characters (18%). UPFs were significantly more available for sale in Mombasa (urban) compared to Baringo (rural) (Adjusted prevalence rate ratios (APRR): 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-1.26, p=0.005). UPFs advertisements were significantly higher in Mombasa ((APRR): 2.18: 1.26-3.79, p= 0.005) compared to Baringo and Nairobi counties. There was a significantly higher rate of advertisement of UPFs in larger outlets ((APRR): 1.68: 1.06-2.67 p=0.001) compared to smaller outlets. The high marketing and availability of UPFs in modern retail outlets in Kenya calls for policies regulating unhealthy food advertisements in different settings in the country.

Big Data Insights into Coastal Tourism: Analyzing Customer Satisfaction at Egyptian Red Sea Dive Resorts

This research aims to explore the relationship between customer satisfaction and various extracted factors at dive resorts in the Red Sea, Egypt, utilizing a hybrid methodology of descriptive and diagnostic analytics applied to online review data. Employing techniques such as KH coder for text analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and linear regression, this study systematically identifies key elements that influence customer satisfaction. Findings reveal that activities related to diving and marine life markedly enhance guest satisfaction, underscoring the critical role these aspects play in the overall appeal of Egyptian coastal tourism. Conversely, areas such as dining and amenities were identified as needing improvement. The originality of this study lies in its application of big data analytics to dissect and understand customer feedback in a sector-specific context, providing strategic insights for the sustainable advancement of coastal tourism in Egypt. By focusing on dive resorts, this research highlights their integral role in coastal tourism and offers a model for leveraging online customer reviews to enhance service quality and promote sustainable practices within the tourism industry, contributing to the overall growth and sustainability of coastal tourism.

Destination Resources and the Growth of Cruise Tourism in Mombasa County, Kenya

Kenya is focused on being a piece of the voyage transport circuit. Towards this end, a first voyage terminal whose development is in progress in Mombasa will be finished inside the 2018 – 2022 period. The overall study goal was to determine the relationship between destination resources and the growth of cruise tourism in Mombasa County, Kenya. Cross sectional survey research design will be used in this study. The location of the study was Mombasa County where cruise tourism has developed roots in Kenya. The study was anchored on Dwyer & Kim model on destination competitiveness and Freeman stakeholder theory. Population of the study consisted of 340 respondents drawn from managers of tourism enterprises and senior managers at Kenya Ports Authority (KPA), Kenya Tourism Board (KTB), Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, as well as coast tourism and hospitality associations. The gathered information was analysed by use of descriptive statistics; mean, mode, median, standard deviation, tables, figures, rates and frequencies. The SPSS 28 was used to analyze the data. Plausible results of the investigation were that port's inalienable attributes, foundations, and travellers assets are just a portion of the variables deciding journey the travel industry advancement hence significant that the administrative structure that bolsters the improvement of this industry and that neighbourhood open and private organizations cultivate compelling associations with voyage lines and mastermind programs guaranteeing a satisfactory progression of journey vacationers every year. The quantitative findings revealed a significant positive relationship between destination resources and the growth of cruise tourism, supported by a high R Square value of 0.794 and a significant F value of 1099.616 (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the study revealed significant relationships between destination resources and the growth of cruise tourism in Mombasa County. To enhance cruise tourism, stakeholders should focus on optimizing destination resources. Recommendations include continuous infrastructure development, targeted marketing campaigns, and community engagement. The study contributes valuable insights for policymakers, industry players, and researchers to foster sustainable growth in Mombasa's cruise tourism sector. Submitted 19th Jul 2024 Reviewed 29th Sep, 2024 Accepted 5th Oct 2024 Published 20th Oct 2024

Changes in the Climate Comfort of the Coast of Spain (1940-2022)

The Spanish coastal regions register specific climatic conditions due to the combination of mild temperatures with little variation throughout the year, high relative humidity and the influence of maritime storms. In summer, the climatic comfort conditions are excessively hot, especially on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. Understanding these conditions and analysing the temporal evolution of recent decades, as well as regional differences, is fundamental for future summer tourism planning in the coming decades. This study analyses the principal 37 coastal tourist hubs of Spain grouped into 10 large regions (the Atlantic, Cantabrian, Mediterranean coasts, and the two archipelagos of the Balearic and Canary Islands). Daily data drawn from the ERA-5 (Copernicus) atmospheric reanalysis from 1940 to 2022 have been used (mean air temperature, mean relative humidity, and mean wind speed), with which the Climate Comfort Index has been calculated (CCI) by González (1998). The results show a significant reduction of the CCI in all the coastal areas analyzed, being more relevant in winter (-0.10 decade). The decrease in the index implies a decrease in cold thresholds and an expansion of comfort throughout the study area, especially in the central Mediterranean and Cantabrian Sea. For its part, in summer, the most important decreases (-0.07 and -0.08 / decade) show an increase in the most important climatic discomfort on the Cantabrian Coast – Euskal Kostaldea and on the Costa Brava-El Garraf, with a significant intensification and expansion temporary thermal sensation of heat. In other coastal sectors, in recent years, the climatic thresholds of heat and extreme heat have been reached for the first time.

Current Status of Logistics Infrastructure Associated with the Development of Vietnam’s Sea Tourism

With a coastline of 3260 kilometers, 2.773 islands, and 28 coastal provinces, Vietnam has a great potential for sea tourism development. One of the factors affecting this development is logistics infrastructure. This research paper aims to analyze all of the logistics infrastructure factors including highways, railways, inland waterways, seaway, and airways; and the connection between logistics transport infrastructure and marine tourism development. The result shows that coastal tourism areas have made strong investments in logistics infrastructure and future planning. However, the lack of synchronization in transport networks connecting tourist destinations, the adaptation of the seaport systems and waterway transports, along with the overall infrastructure serving the needs of accommodations and tourism services have not met the increasing demand. Based on these bases, this paperwork proposes solutions to developing the logistics infrastructure associated with the development of Vietnam’s sea tourism.

Residents’ place attachment and tourist sexual behaviour in a European coastal tourist destination

PurposeDespite extensive research into residents’ attitudes towards tourist behaviour, little has been explored about the extent to which visitors’ practices contribute to the formation of residents’ bonds with their place of residence, which is also a tourist destination. Therefore, this research aims to determine how residents’ perception of tourist sexual behaviour affects their engagement with the urban environment and the image of the city and tourist destination in which they live. To structure and interpret the various attitudes of the residents surveyed, the authors used a conceptual framework based on identity process theory (IPT) in relation to residents’ attitudes and the impact of a particular dimension of tourist behaviour – their sexual practices – on their perceived connection to their place of residence.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire was administered to a sample of 457 residents in Salou to collect data regarding their assessments of the sexual behaviour of tourists in their community. A cluster analysis was used to classify residents according to their attitudes and stances towards the different sexual practices of visitors and their evaluation of the importance of those practices for current and future tourism at the destination. Finally, an analysis of variance was performed to compare significant differences in attitudes towards tourist behaviour and the attachment to Salou among the different segments of residents identified.FindingsThe study identified four groups of residents classified by their attitudes towards tourist sexual behaviour: permissive bystanders, supportive expectants, ambivalent pragmatics and opposed rejectors. Two attitudinal components explain the differences between the groups: tolerance and personal interest, which are associated with how residents construct their bond with Salou in terms of place attachment (PA). These results align well with IPT, as they highlight processes of assimilation, evaluation and the contribution of symbolic significance to the place of residence, mediated by the perception of tourist sexual behaviour.Practical implicationsSome practical recommendations are offered to tourist destination administrations regarding the differences among residents’ attitudes towards tourist behaviour and PA. The findings can serve as a valuable tool for designing tourism policies aimed at selecting markets, as well as for marketing and promoting tourist destinations.Originality/valueThe originality of this study lies in that it considers the role of tourist sexual behaviour as a compositional element of the identity of the place – a tourist destination – where residents live, providing new empirical data on an under-researched academic issue. This article attempts to contribute to a critical perspective by conceptualising and introducing new elements for understanding the identity, attraction and sexuality of tourist sites. The study also connects with the urban analysis of tourist destinations, incorporating the role of sex into the social construction of the tourist city, the creation of identity and image and the attribution of symbolic meaning to destination settings.

Analysis on the relationship between coastal tourism and marine pollution: an empirical analysis of China’s 11 coastal regions

IntroductionCoastal tourism has become an important pillar of economic growth in China's coastal regions, yet no quantitative research has analyzed the relationship between coastal tourism and marine pollution.MethodsThis study, within a multivariate framework, comprehensively examines the impact of coastal tourism on marine pollution by employing various econometric techniques and focusing on four different types of marine pollutant discharges: chemical oxygen demand (COD), petroleum (PET), ammonia nitrogen (NHN), and total phosphorus (TP).Results and discussionPanel cointegration tests confirm a long-term relationship between coastal tourism and these four types of marine pollutant discharges. In the long run, coastal tourism has a significantly negative impact on COD, NHN, and TP. The results of Pooled Mean Group (PMG), Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) estimators show that for every 1% increase in coastal tourism revenue (TOUR), COD decreases by 0.734%, 0.536%, and 0.952% respectively; NHN decreases by 0.746%, 0.340%, and 1.633%; and TP decreases by 5.169%, 0.899%, and 0.334% respectively. However, the impact of coastal tourism on PET is not significant. The Dumitrescu-Hurlin (D-H) panel causality test results indicate different causality patterns between coastal tourism and various marine pollutant discharges. Specifically, there is a bidirectional causality between coastal tourism and COD, NHN, and a unidirectional causality between coastal tourism and PET, TP. Moreover, heterogeneity analysis reveals that coastal tourism does not significantly reduce all marine pollutant discharges in low-and middle-income coastal regions. Furthermore, compared to the central and southern coastal regions, the coastal tourism of northern regions has not significantly reduced marine pollution. This study can provide policymakers with references for developing coastal tourism and reducing marine pollutant discharges.

Where and Why Travelers Visit? Classifying Coastal Tourism Activities Using Geotagged Image Content from Social Media Data

Accurate information regarding the size, activity, and distribution of coastal tourists is essential for the effective management and planning of coastal tourism. In this study, geotagged photos uploaded to social network services were classified to identify coastal tourism activities. These activities were linked with spatial-scale data on tourist numbers estimated from social media data. To classify the activities, which included recreation, appreciation, education, and other activities, an image-supervised classification model was trained using 12,229 images, and the test accuracy was found to be 0.7244. On the Flickr platform, 43% of the image data located in the coastal land of South Korea are other activities, 39% are appreciation activities, and 18% are recreation and education activities. Other activities are mainly located in urban areas with a high population density and are spatially concentrated, while appreciation activities are mainly located in the natural environment and tend to be spatially spread out. Data on tourist activity categorization through content classification, combined with traditional tourist volume estimates, can help us understand previously overlooked information and context about a space.

Aquaculture growth and coastal tourism development in the context sustainable blue economy

AbstractThe primary objective of this research is to investigate the impact of increased aquaculture output on coastal tourism and blue growth in European Union developed countries (EU13) and European Union developing countries (EU14) from 1990 to 2023. Key findings were derived through the application of resilient least squares (RLS), two‐stage least squares (2SLS), and ordinary least squares (OLS) estimators, effectively addressing endogeneity concerns. The exact magnitudes of these results show that, in EU14 developed countries, the increase of aquaculture output seriously jeopardizes the sustainability of coastal tourism more so than in EU13 developing countries. In contrast, EU14 developed countries find that variables like as economic growth and institutional quality have a greater impact on improving coastal sustainable development than do EU13 countries. Moreover, the data shows that, in comparison to EU14 developed countries, the aquaculture sector in EU13 developing countries uses more fossil fuels than EU14 developed countries, which is the main driver of carbon dioxide emissions in coastal tourist areas. In light of these findings, the study recommends that policymakers give policies targeted at enhancing productivity and encouraging the environmentally friendly growth of aquaculture production top priority, particularly in the EU14 developed countries that have significant negative effects on the sustainable development of coastal tourism.

An environmental mitigation behavior model predicting waste reduction among young coastal tourists in Bangladesh

PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to develop an environmental mitigation behavior model (EMBM) for predicting waste reduction behaviors among young coastal tourists in Bangladesh by modifying and extending the theory of planned behavior (TPB).Design/methodology/approachThe research has been administered by applying mixed method (both qualitative and quantitative), where study-1(qualitative) identifies factors, study-2 (quantitative) verifies factors by employing exploratory factor analysis (EFA) approach, and study-3 confirms factors influencing waste reduction behaviors among young coastal tourists by employing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Study-2 collects 385 valid responses and analyzes by applying the principal component analysis (PCA) technique with the Varimax rotation method by using SPSS-v25, and Study-3 collects 501 valid responses and analyzes by partial least structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique, using Smart PLS3.3.3.FindingsThe study findings have revealed that waste reduction intention and perceived ecological balance significantly influence waste reduction behaviors among young coastal tourists in Bangladesh. Further, waste reduction intention is significantly predicted by mitigation attitude, resource conservation norms and environmental perceptions. Furthermore, environmental ethics significantly affects mitigation attitudes and resource conservation norms.Practical implicationsThe study offers several insightful implications (e.g. incentives, charging fines, environmental awareness-related knowledge-based campaign, etc.) for policymakers and industry operators, which may be a dynamic cost-effective mechanism for reducing waste at coastal tourism destinations in Bangladesh as well as in the world.Originality/valueThis study addresses the need for developing a model that can explain waste reduction behaviors among young coastal tourists in Bangladesh, and thus, the study uniquely postulates the theory of environmental mitigation behavior for predicting waste reduction behaviors by modifying and extending the TPB.

The Existence of Batu Bolong Temple in Supporting West Batu Layar as A Marine Tourism Village On Lombok Island, Indonesia

Batu Bolong Temple is a Hindu tourist destination in Batulayar Barat Village, Lombok, Indonesia. Batu Bolong Temple is located in a fairly well-known coastal tourist area on Lombok Island, namely the Senggigi Beach area. The dynamics of the development of Batu Bolong Temple gradually influenced and developed following the conditions of tourism development on Lombok Island. This study aims to examine the existence of Batu Bolong Temple in supporting Batu Layar Barat as a marine tourism village on Lombok Island. This study uses a qualitative method, with interview techniques with several people, tourists, traders, and temple managers, as well as conducting direct observations at the location and literature studies. The study results show that this temple is not only used by Hindus but is also visited by tourists with basic purposes, reasons, and argument factors. The tourist attraction of Batu Bolong Temple is in the form of interesting tourist objects and attractions for tourists to enjoy. The temple manager carries out good management in maintaining the existence of Batu Bolong Temple. Batu Bolong Temple is relevant in supporting Batulayar Barat as a marine tourism village in terms of location, promotion, price, supporting facilities, transportation facilities, infrastructure, and management. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion of the findings, it is confirmed that the existence of Batu Bolong Temple can support the development of Batu Layar as a marine tourism village.

Coral reefs of Pakistan: a comprehensive review of anthropogenic threats, climate change, and conservation status

The coral reefs along Pakistan’s coastline are of ecological and economic significance. However, they are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic threats and climate change. These vulnerable ecosystems are declining due to various factors such as sedimentation, climate change, overfishing, destructive fishing practices, marine pollution, and tourism development. We found that 29%, 24%, 26%, 16% and 18% of the studies exceeding, marine pollution, overfishing/destructive fishing, coastal tourism, climate change and sedimentation, respectively; thus, indicating inadequate water quality status in part of Pakistan coastal water. These influences lead to several negative impacts, such as jeopardized coral health, decline in biodiversity, and the simplification of reef structures. In response to these threats, conservation efforts are imperative. This literature review provides an in-depth analysis of anthropogenic threats, climate change and the conservation of coral reefs in Pakistan. This review provides suggestions on how the country could better conserve its coral reef ecosystem. These include (1) initiatives such as establishing marine protected areas (MPAs), (2) encouraging sustainable fishing practices and reducing pollution, (3) developing the country as an ecotourism destination and implementing climate change adaptation measures, and (4) community engagement through awareness campaigns and fostering collaboration among, governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and scientists. These comprehensive conservation policies address human-caused and other challenges, safeguarding their ecological, economic, and cultural relevance for future generations.

Analyzing the Blue Economy Potential of Pakistan’s Maritime Sector

The maritime economy is an important contributor to the economies of the countries. Pakistan, with more than 1000 km of coast, has a huge repository of sea resources and is located on a very important trade route. Its geo-sectoral location provides easy and short sea access to China, Afghanistan, and the Central Asian Republics. However, the continuous neglect of the maritime sector has resulted in the depletion of the sector, which was once thriving at a rapid pace. The lack of awareness of the maritime economy, depleting infrastructure, untrained human resources, and lack of effective policies are the contributing factors that have prevented the full potential of this sector from being exploited so far. The development of ports, the shipping industry, fisheries, and coastal tourism are the areas that can significantly contribute to the GDP of the country and provide livelihood to people. There is a dire need for the government to pay full attention to this sector and start investing in this ignored area for its revival, ultimately enabling it to contribute significantly to the economic development of the country.

해안관광도시 브랜드 이미지 디자인 비교분석 - 중·한 해안관광도시 중심으로

With the increasing number of tourists, cities with different characteristics have explored their own urban characteristics and established a unique brand image. Coastal tourism cities have distinctive characteristics and concentrated industries, which tend to cause problems such as the repetition of elements and colors when creating brand images, and it is difficult to reflect the differences and uniqueness between cities. Based on previous relevant theoretical studies, this study makes a comparative analysis of the design elements of the brand image of the coastal tourism cities of China and South Korea in combination with the characteristics of the cities themselves, and proposes the development direction of the brand image of the coastal tourism cities of China and South Korea through the analysis results, so as to promote the further improvement of their brand image and bring more tourism resources.

Strengthening Local Economies through the Implementation of Digital Promotion in Tourism Villages and Its Implications for Marine Tourism

This research examines the development of Botolempangan Karst Palace Tourism Village through digitalization and digital marketing approaches. The study combined analysis of existing tourism village management with digital technology-based development strategies. Through an internship and training program, researchers developed tour packages and digital promotional materials, including flyers and profile videos. The study also adopted the AIDDA model (Attention, Interest, Desire, Decision, Action) to optimize the digital marketing strategy. The results showed that the management of Botolempangan Karst Palace Tourism Village still faces challenges, especially in terms of promotion and utilization of digital technology. The training provided includes creating promotional content, utilizing social media, and developing digital marketing skills. This research produced recommendations to improve the quality of human resources of managers, optimize the use of digital media for promotion, and develop a digital application-based management model. The application of digital promotion in tourism villages has opened up new opportunities in the development of marine tourism in Indonesia. By utilizing various digital platforms, coastal tourism villages can introduce the uniqueness of local culture and underwater natural wealth, which is expected to increase marine tourism visits in Indonesia.

The causal factors of transformational leadership and sufficiency economy philosophy practice influencing the performance of coast tourism business in Thailand

Purpose Transactional leadership and old-school management practices may not answer the changes in today’s world. Therefore, the study aimed to examine the influences of transformational leadership and the practice of sufficiency economy philosophy (SEP) on the performance of the coast tourism business in Thailand.Design/methodology/approach The population of this study comprised all Thai coast tourism businesses. Using simple random sampling, the quantitative data were collected from 407 coast tourism businesses in Thailand as the samples. Transformational leadership, SEP practice and business performance were adapted from the literature. Path analysis and factor confirmation including a correlation matrix were used to test the causal factors influencing the Thai coast tourism business’s performance.Findings Transformational leadership, SEP practice and performance of coast tourism business in Thailand were on a high level. Moreover, there were positive influences of transformational leadership (direct and indirect) and SEP practice on the coast tourism business’s performance.Practical implications Tourism business managers should pay attention to transformational leadership and SEP practice to lead to better performance for their businesses. Policymakers should educate businesses about new management practices to prepare for the changes in the future.Originality/value The findings of this study demonstrate that stakeholder theory can be used to explain the positive influences of transformational leadership and SEP practice on the coast tourism business’s performance in Thailand.

The Spatial–Temporal Evolution and Driving Factors of the Coastal Tourism Economy in China

Tourism has emerged as a pivotal element of China’s economic development, particularly within its coastal cities. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of China’s coastal city tourism economic development, focusing on 53 coastal cities. Through a meticulous combination of literature analysis and data crawling, a robust database is constructed, encompassing tourism resources and revenues. This study delineates the spatial–temporal evolution pattern of China’s coastal city tourism development and employs geo-detector methods to quantitatively analyze the impact factors driving this evolution. Key findings reveal distinct trends in the coastal tourism economy of China from 2009 to 2019, characterized by spatial stability, similar trends in adjacent spatial units, and localized spatial structures. Notably, factors such as actual foreign investment, the presence of star-rated guesthouses, tourism industry employment, airport activity, and import–export trade volume exert significant influence on the domestic tourism economy. Similarly, tourism employment, airport activity, availability of star-rated hotels, import–export trade, and utilization of foreign capital emerge as influential factors shaping inbound tourism. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for government intervention to optimize tourism development strategies for coastal cities. This entails balancing resource exploitation with environmental protection and enhancing the quality of tourism services, fostering sustainable growth and long-term prosperity.

Sustainable Marine and Coastal Tourism: A Catalyst for Blue Economic Expansion in Sri Lanka

Sustainable Marine and Coastal Tourism: A Catalyst for Blue Economic Expansion in Sri Lanka

Assessment of beach users’ activities and beach quality status, a tool for coastal tourism development in South West Lagos Coastline, Nigeria

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 120%; mso-pagination: none; layout-grid-mode: char; mso-layout-grid-align: none; margin: 12.0pt 0cm 6.0pt 147.4pt;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; layout-grid-mode: line;" lang="EN-US">Tourist activities is one of the management tools used to identify the carrying capacity of beach and level of natural resources impacted by human activities, and it’s highly essential in revenue generation to the national blue economy. However, if its activities is not adequately controlled, it can disrupt the balance of coastal ecosystem and defeat the purpose of environmental services provision. This study assesses the beach quality status and beach users’ activities along the Lagos coastline, Southwest Nigeria. The survey was conducted during the summer holiday period in the peak of dry season (November 2021</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; layout-grid-mode: line;" lang="EN-US">–</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; layout-grid-mode: line;" lang="EN-US">February 2022) at six beaches (Atican, Alpha, Elegushi, Narval, Oniru and Takwa). </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;" lang="EN-US">A total number 600 people were interviewed, and secondary information was noted from the beach managers’ files, including the log book kept in the security post and vendor interviews with food and snack merchants and entertainers. Visitors were chosen at random (using a randomised complete design) to participate in interviews via a combination of passive and active questionnaires from a sample size of 100 visitors at each beach.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; layout-grid-mode: line;" lang="EN-US"> The heterogeneity of tourists’ activities varied and significantly differed across the beaches. <em>T</em>-test values for all the activities were significance (<em>p</em> < 0.05) with the exception of religious and sporting activities. Recreation, clubbing, picnic, family retreat activities scored above 5% in all beaches, given exceptional note to Narval beach that had the highest activities of the tourists in religious group (70%). The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) ordination bi-plot diagram state that all activities, ages, and number of visitors were identified as the constrained variables. The activities Eigen scores were religious activity (0.79), picnic (0.58), family retreat (0.52), and site viewing (0.38). Religious activity had highest score of 70% with a strong relationship on the tourists of groups of above 50years at the Narval beach. This is in agreement with the cultural activities that accompanied tourism with peculiarity to life style and location. The ascending order of activities at the Oniru beach are: site viewing 9%, family retreat 25% and Picnic 45%. Whereas, the profound activities on recreation from other study area are: 40%, 35%, 30% and 20% at Takwa beach, Elegushi beach, Atican</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; layout-grid-mode: line;" lang="EN-US">beach and Alpha</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 120%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; layout-grid-mode: line;" lang="EN-US">beach respectively. </span></p>