Coastal Terraces Research Articles

Post-Miocene Faunas of Northwestern Baja California and Adjacent Alta California: ABSTRACT

Clearly defined and persistent coastal terraces characterize the Pacific slope topography of northern Baja California. The post-Miocene stratal record, generally expressed as thin terrace cappings of shallow marine deposits, occurs on the lowest 2 or 3 terraces at elevations of approximately 200 m. or less. Thicker stratigraphic sections, including slightly deeper marine deposits, occur just north of the international boundary in the San Diego embayment and, presumably, offshore. Terrace deposits, as well as Late Cretaceous and younger strata into which the terraces were cut, appear to be undisturbed or exhibit only minor and local deformation. Numerous littoral and inner sub-littoral communities can be recognized in post-Miocene faunules of the terrace deposits. Those on the oldest (highest) terraces are repeated, with modifications, on younger (lower) terraces. Discrepant associations of species and genera, with latitude and bathymetric ranges which are not known to overlap in the modern eastern Pacific, characterize the older post-Miocene faunules. Occurrences of species and genera associated in the younger faunules are more nearly compatible with extant associations along the adjacent coast. Critical evaluations of field and taxonomic relationships suggest that depositional contamination and misleading comparison are responsible for seemingly discrepant fossil associations. Other anomalies may reflect post-Miocene distributional shifts imposed by factors other than those of the physical environment. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1078------------

A Nine-Year History of Furbearer Populations on the AEC Savannah River Plant Area

The furbearer population of the 200,000-acre SRP area was censused each November for a 9-year period, 1954–1962, and also in May, 1954–1956, beginning 2 years after evacuation of the human population and abandonment of the 33% of land area which was cultivated. Ten permanent trapline locations were established, five in the Coastal Terraces physiographic zone and five in the Aiken Plateau region. Ten No. 2 steel traps set at intervals of 0.2 mile along secondary, little-used dirt roads were operated for 7 days on each census line at each census period (total of 100 trap stations). Of 533 animals of the six principal species trapped in the November censuses, gray foxes comprised 54%, raccoons 21%, bobcats 11%, red foxes 7%, striped skunks 3% and opossums 3%. The proportion of different species was not significantly different for any of the nine censuses despite a threefold variation in numbers caught. Following the very high-density level of about 12 animals per 2-mile trapline in 1954, the numbers caught remained remarkably constant at a level of 4 to 5 per trapline for the next 8 years. The per cent positive stations index for foxes on SRP during the 8-year stable period was only slightly greater than the average index in 11 rural counties of southern Georgia and northern Florida where man and agriculture were not excluded. Animals were unevenly distributed in 1954, with more gray foxes and bobcats trapped in the terraces subregion and more red foxes on the higher elevation plateau, but there was no significant difference in the catch between the 2 regions after that year. The age structure of the gray fox population in 1954–1956 indicated that the high level of 1954 was a temporary “population explosion” in an otherwise stable population. It is suggested that: (1) the 4 principal species have fluctuated as a single ecological unit, each species responsive to the same major environmental factors; (2) the rapid natural and artificial reforestation of abandoned land had not yet affected the density of furbearers and (3) in the absence of the direct influence of man in a large and ecologically diverse area, such as the SRP reservation, natural regulatory processes can maintain a steady state in density of medium-sized predatory mammals, although occasional eruptions may be expected.

MODE OF CRUSTAL MOVEMENT IN THE LATE QUATERNARY ON THE SOUTHEAST COAST OF SHIKOKU. SOUTHWESTERN JAPAN

On the southwest coast of Muroto Promontory, the southeastern tip of Shikoku, develop very magnificent coastal terraces, gradually descending toward northwest (Figs. 1 & 2). while on the east coast featureless steep scarps stretch northwards and, then, pass into ria-coast, submerged into the Kii Strait. The coastal terraces in this region are classified into two levels, which are called Muroto-misaki Terraces (M) and Hane-saki Terraces (H) in the ascending order. Terraces on each level are separated further into two or three subordinate levels (Fig. 3). Most of these terrace surfaces are abraded flat rocky ones, usually covered by thin beach gravel beds. At some places, especially at mouths of comparatively large rivers in the northwestern part of the coast, however, terrace surfaces on both levels are composed of marine and fluvial gravel beds more than 20 meters in thickness. Narrow abraded lowlands lower than 15 meters above sea level extend along the coast and merge in alluvial plains of comparatively large rivers, which consist of gravel and sand layers thicker than 30 meters. From these facts is it inferred that the coastal region has been deeply dissected and then relatively submerged three times in process of formation of these coastal terraces. On the south coast of Shikoku, it has been elucidated that severe earthquakes originating below the oceanic floors have occurred at an interval of about 120 years in the historic time and accompanied acute upheaval of the promontory, which amounts have diminished northwestwards, while in pre-seismic periods chronic subsidence increasing toward the promontory has been detected by precise levellings. In consequence of such pre- and post-seismic land deformations, Muroto Promontory has been upheaved, since amounts of acute upheaval accompanied by earthquakes have exceeded those of pre-seismic chronic subsidence. Terrace surfaces on each level are generally flat and smooth, but are interrupted by many minor scarps lower than 5 meters. A. Watanabe (1961) explained, as the authors agree, that such characteristic features of terrace surfaces had been modelled in succession of intermittent small upheavals as was accompanied by the great earthquake in 1946. And further, heights of raised beaches preserved on coastal terraces have a positive and negative correlation respectively with amount of post-seismic acut eand pre-seismic chronic displacements of their neighbouring bench marks, as shown in Figs. 4 and 7. It is considered, therefore, that upheaval of coastal terraces has been mainly influenced by land deformation as have been accompas vied by great earthquakes. It is proper to put a question why submergence has taken place three times in process of formation of coastal terraces on the coast where upheaval has predominated. The Japanese Islands have suffered from remarkable crustal movements throughout the Holocene, but velocity of upheaval of coastal regions has been generally far less than that of the post-Glacial eustatic rise of sea level. Accordingly, even actively upheaved coasts may have been submerged in consequence of the post-Glacial eustatic rise of sea level. From this point of view, it should be recognized that the physiographic development of Muroto Promontory has been achieved in composite process of crustal movement and eustatic change of sea level. Judging from their physiographic development, it is reasonable to assume that Muroto-misaki Terraces were formed at a higher sea level in the Riss-Wurm Interglacial, which commenced about 90, 000 years B. P. (H. E. Suess, 1956; R. W. Fairbridge, 1961).

COASTAL TERRACES OF THE SADO ISLAND, JAPAN

The Sado Island with 857 km2 in area is situated in the Japan Sea, about 35 km off Honshu. This islandd consists of two regions, Osado and Kosado. The former region which lies in the northern half is larger than the latter and also higher in altitude, and considered to be a tilted block with steeper foreslopes on the east side. This area is composed mainly of volcanic rocks such as andesite, liperite, basalt, and Miocen green tuff. Surrounding this island are coastal terraces developed widely. The author surveyed these coastal terraces and their deposits in the Osado region, in order to clarify their distribution, altitude, and nature and to consider the geomorphic history. The main results are summarized as follows: 1) The coastal terraces are divided into six plains owing to their altitude and continuity. They are as follows: the first terrace (160-220 m in altitude), second (80-140 m), third (60-120 m), fourth (35-70 m), fifth (25-40 m), and the sixth (5-8 m). 2) These terraces are well developed in the western coastal region in general. On the east side, however, they are no more than a fragmentary distribution. Among the terraces of the Osado region, the third and fourth terraces show a broad and cotinuous distribution. The sixth terrace is also developed all around the island in spite of the limited width. 3) Considering from the thickness and facies of the terrace deposits, the nature of the terrace plains can be classified into four groups. A a In the western coastal region, every terrace plain is of a marine origing formed by striking abrasion of the open sea. B: On the coast along the Mano Bay, the terraces are thought to be of a marine origin formed by the cut and built action of waves in the inland bay. C: In the Kuninaka Plain, the second and third terraces are elevated fans built by the rivers from the northern mountains. On the contrary, the fourth terrace is a dissected coastal plain which consists of thicker neritic sediments deposited in the inland bay. D: In the eastern coastal region, marine terraces are hardly recognized, and most of the flat plains are very small elevated fans consisting of poorly sorted boulders transported by the torrential streams down from the steep slopes. 4) The sixth terrace continues to the alluvial plain of the Kuninaka area, composed of marine alluvial deposits containing the fauna which indicates warmer water temperautre than the present sea in the vicinity and having about 70 m in thickness. Therefore, the formation of the sixth terrace plain is to be correlated with the transgression of early alluvial age which is recognized at many places in Japan. As for the fourth terrace which has a wide distribution and thicker neritic sediments, it may be considered that it was built by the transgression preceeding the regression of the last glacial age just before the alluvial trans-gression. 5) The differences in the character of terrace plains which were mentioned in 3) seem to haue been influenced chiefly by the asymmetry of topography and the condition whether open-sea-facing or not. Rock control is recognized where stacks are found on the terrace plains in the volcanic rock areas of Osado. Concerning the formation of the terrace as a whole, however, it is of the secondary importance, since topographic differences such as those of slopes seem to be the primary differentiating causes. 6) On every marine terrace plain, the elevations of the ancient strand lines increase in an accelerated manner towards the middle part of both sides of the Osado coasts, and this tendency is more evident on the older terraces. This means the upwarping movement with the axis at the middle part of the island has continued since the formation of the first terrace plain.

Coastal Terraces and Geomorphological Development of the Ojika Peninsula

The Ojika Peninsula is situated in the southernmost part of the Sanriku Rias Coast and it embraces the Sendai Bay. In this peninsula, four terraces are distributed; 90-75 in, 60-40 m, 20 m, and 10-8 m high above sea-level respectively. They are underlain with thin layers of gravels composed of spheritic and rounded gravels, but at some places the terraces are defficient of such gravels. The most part of the terraces are dissected into hilly land. At a higher level, flat-topped surfaces are recognized in the whole area; these are correlated with the erosion surfaces distributed in the Kitakami Mountains.Before the coastal terraces were formed, this peninsula had been exposed to subaerial processes for such a long time that the erosion surfaces were formed, many subsequent valleys are cut, producing the initial form of the present Rias coast. Due to the successive uplifts of the land after such a sequence, the above-mentioned four terraces were formed.Wave action eroded the most part of the lowest terrace and the mouths of the waste-filled valley.

Paleosols in Hokkaido

Hokkaido is divided to three soil regions, that is, the northern, cetnral and southern regions as shown in Fig. 1. But the brown forest soils with leached top horizon are widely distributed in the southern soil region where the occurrence of the podzolic soils could not be expected under the recent bio-climatic conditions. The sequence of the ultimate pH through the profiles of these soils is not only different from that of the podzol but also from the typical brown forest soils. But seeing that the values tend to rise towards the bottom horizons, it may be quite reasonable tosuppose that these soils passed through the podzolization. They might have been regenerated from the former podzolic soils which were formed in the Wurm glacial stage, to the equivalent of the brown forest soils, under the warmer climate during post-glacial stage.On the other hand, there are red coloured soils on the coastal terraces and gentle slopes at mountain foot especially in northern Hokkaido. The profile characteristics of these soils are quite similar to those of the subtropical red soils. But they could hardly be expected to be formed under the present sub-boreal bio-climatic conditions in this region. According to the modes of occurrence of these soils with special references to the topography of the coastal terraces, they should be regarded as the relict red soils which were formed during a warmer stage in the Pleistocene, probably in the Riss-Wurm interglacial stage. It is quite interesting from pedogenetical point of view that such discordant paleosols as them are well preserved in situ even in the present sub-boreal bio-climatic conditions.

The coastal terraces in the western-most part of Honshu, Japan

The coastal terraces in the western-most part of Honshu, Japan

On the Geomorphic Development of Ria Coasts in the Japanese Islands

Ria coasts in the Japanese Islands have been considered to be submerged marginal zones of maturely dissected mountain lands. But poorly developed coastal terraces are distributed at various altitudes along shorelines of enbayments and margins of waste-filled drowned valleys in ria coasts. Among them terrace surfaces at levels of about 10 meters, 30 to 40 meters and 60 to 80 meters high above sea level rather commonly develop on most of ria coasts in the outer zone of Southwest Japan. From these facts the author concluded that ria coasts in the Japanese Islands had been drowned prior to the formation of the coastal terraces by marginal downwarping resulted from mountain-building crustal movement, presumably at the end of the Tertiary, and then have been mainly influenced by eustatic change of sea level caused by glacial fluctuation in the Pleistocone. Existing drowned valleys in ria coasts have been submerged by the post-Glacial eustatic rise of sea level.

Geomorphological Surfaces and Red Weathering Crusts in Northeast Japan

Based on the study on the geomorphological surfaces in Northeast Japan, the author concluded that the red weathering crusts were formed in the following two stages.The older stage is represented by the hillocks with red weathering crusts. The sea level in this stage was 100m higher than the present level. This stage was followed by the stage which characterized by the deposition of debris or clayey materials (Figs. 4-7).The younger one was followed by the stage of the “cryopediment” (Wako, 1963a) formation which prevailed in the valleys of Northeast Japan about 25, 000 yr. B. P. The lowest coastal terrace with red weathering crust stands 25m. above the sea level. The genesis of such weathering crusts in Japan was attributed to the former humid subtropical climate by some pedologists (e. g., T. Matsui and Y. Kato, 1962). Granted that the assumption is true, it seems probable that there was a certain relationship between the subaerial process of the hill surface formation and the conditions for red weathering occurrence.

TUDIES ON THE COASTAL DUNE FORMATION PERIODSIN THE REGION OF THE WESTERN EXTREMITY OF HONSHU

The aim of this investigation is to trace systematiaclly, through the historical sites and relics (cultural fossils) involved in the alluvial ruins and the alluvial pile structures, the coastal dune formation periods in the regions specifically chosen for that purpose. Viewed, however, from the entire process of the writer's, study, he has consistently been continuing on vertical removes of residence belts and their prime movers which the theme of this research consists in the topographical or geological study of the land itself form d ing the bases upon which the place for habitations and life regions depend. The investigation will be summarized as follows; 1. The accumulating period of the sand and the gravel stratum which formed an independent alluvial dune in the far western district of the Honshu island is divided into four: (I) Jomon Pre-early, (II) First half of Jomon Late, (III) Kofun Late and (IV) Modern Ages.2. Now in some place or another there may be seen one to six rows of dune belts, their main constituents consisting of three rows or less of dunes of beach ridge or one row of flying sand dune. The deposit of Jomon Pre-early chiefly consists of sand and gravel, and makes the lowest part of stratum later accumulated, and buried at the bottom of dune. Some coastal terraces are covered by a very thin stratum of sand drifted by wind. The deposit in the first half of Jomon Late consists of pebbles containing sand and tiny gravel and in some places contains a great many pieces of pumice stone, forming the first and the second dune of beach ridge. The desposit of Kofun Late consists of tinier bits of sand, sand and tinier bits of gravel, and in a dune of beach ridge in three rows it covers the front part of the second beach ridge, and forms the third beach ridge ahead. The deposit of dune accumulated between the Modern Ages and present day is tinier bits of sand forming a flying sand dune. On the eastern coast of Hibikinada it covers the slanting surface of terraces and piedmonts behind the first beach ridge and covers part of the first and the second beach ridge, while on the northern coast of Suo-snada such is scarcely to be found. 3. Some facts clarified in the process fo this study will be mentioned the following. 1) It has been found that there are regional differences in respect of the structure to accumulation of sand and gravel forming the alluvial dune, the number of dune belts and their scope.(a) The way of accumulation of cultural fossils in the sand stratum making a dune is roughly divided into I) Rocking type and II) Burying type, the former being sub-divided into a) Accumulation through drifting and b) Accumulation through stirring and the latter into a) Accumulation through burying and b) Accumulation through sand-flying. The way of accumulation on the coast of the Inland Sea of Seto is different from that on the coast of the Japan Sea.(b) From the relative height of level of the full tide and the cultural fossil bed in a sand deposit it is clarified that some local earth movements have occurred since the last stage of Jomon Ages. This accounts for the fact that the coast-line from the river Saba to the river Koto is somewhat elevated, while the north-eastern coast of Suo-nada is depressed.(c) Dunes generally develop on the coast of a bay or baylike part of the sea. They form rows of beach ridge dunes on a shoaling beach which abounds in stuff carried by rivers, but where mountains rise from waters one row of beach ridge dune develops, in which deposit beds belonging to several periods lie one upon another. On the northern coast of Suo-nada the coastal sand dune is a beach ridge or row of beach ridges mainly built by wind and waves. On the other hand, on the eastern coast of Hibiki-nada the deposit piled by the end of the Third period (I) forms a row of beach ridge and that of the Fourth period (IV) the dune accumulated through drifting by wind.

Patterns of Urbanization in the Suburbs of Hitachi City

The basic data for this study are the statistics of the diversion of the registered landuse. The land diverted from arable to urban use will hereafter be referred to as diverted land. The area of diverted land is shown in maps by each “Koaza” - the smallest settlement unit. The whole area under survey is divided into 21 units according to the former village boundaries before the amalgamation. Then the trends are analysed concerning the area of diverted land per unit region, and to the objects to which the land was diverted. Where the coastal terrace of this district is the widest, there are several factories of Hitachi Co., and two built-up areas called “Hitachi” and “Taga” . A little apart from Hitachi and Taga, there are large areas of diverted land. And outwards from this concentration, the diverted land decreases gradually. Around the railroad stations in this region, there are other isolated groups of diverted land.In some case, the groups of diverted land are used for residence, commerce and manufacturing industry within the some groups. Such multiple utilization means that an urbanized region is grouping there into a new center of urban life.In another group of the diverted land, the land is chiefly used either for residence or for factories. In this case, the landuse is mainly for one side of the city functions.The northern suburbs of “Hitachi” are still quite rural, but a rapid growth of urban area is anticipated here, because there is a big factory near Ogitsu station. Between Hitachi and Ogitsu, many housings for rent are under construction under the subsidy of local governments.In the diversion from arable to urban land, the Hitachi built-up area and the Hitachi Co. played the leading parts. Their influences spread in concentric circles, which also was modified by the influence of Taga and other regions, as well as the influence of several enterprises in Tokyo with their branches in Hitachi. The municipal authorities of Hitachi City have also modified these areal patterns.

Quaternary surfaces and sediments at Waihi Beach

Abstract Levelling, accurate to 1 ft in height, of coastal terraces in the Waihi Beach area, has indicated past sea levels at 6–10 ft (Waihi Beach Surface, 50–100% preserved), 15–20 ft (Ocean View Surface, about 30% preserved); c.60–70 ft (Athenree Surface, about 15% preserved), and c.110–115 ft (unnamed, preserved solely as accordant ridges) above present sea level. Less accurate levelling by an aneroid barometer showed bench remnants at c.340–390 ft and c.550 ft. (Values indicated by “c.” were calculated using the arbitrary assumption that the positions of present and past coastlines were identical). The correlation of levels with those previously established at South Kaipara, is sufficiently good to assume that the Waihi Beach area was relatively stable in at least the late Pleistocene, and to correlate the indicated sea levels with the Post-glacial (6–10 ft), Late Monastirian (15–20 ft), Main Monastirian (c. 60–70 ft), Tyrrhenian (c.110–115 ft), Sicilian (c.340–390 ft), and Calabrian (c. 550 ft) of Eu...

Crystalline and Amorphous Soil Minerals of the Mississippi Coastal Terrace

AbstractVernniculite and “allophane” are predominant clays of poorly drained Gulf coastal soils, while vermiculite and gibbsite are found in the better drained soil studied. Vermiculite present in both situations is interlayered with alumina, somewhat similar to that described by Rich in Virginia soils. Removal of the interlayer alumina allows collapse of the mineral, but no expansion beyond 14Å. The ability to fix large amounts of K was also induced by the treatment, indicating the vermiculitic nature of the mineral.The presence of an amorphous, aluminous mineral was evident from the nature of the X‐ray diffraction patterns, chemical analyses and from electron photographs. The most direct means for its determination, however, was the use of an infrared absorption technique. A very strong 2.78 micron hydroxyl absorption maximum was observed in the colloid containing large amounts of alumina. The intensity of the absorption maximum was lessened as amount of the substance decreased.Presence of these clays in soils derived from Recent or late‐Pleistocene marine sands may be explained by either of two alternate hypotheses: (a) glauconite weathering or (b) deposition of weathered micas in the presence of aluminous precipitate in semimarine environment. Either or both processes may have been operative.

Erimo Volcanic Sand in Hokkaido.

The Erimo sand was named by Dr. Y. Ogasawara in 1941 at Erimo in Hokkaido. In 1957 and 1958, present writer found the Erimo sand distributed widely on the terrace surfaces along the coast of Hidaka.The volcanic sand of Erimo is deposited on the higher and lower coastal terraces as well as on the higher river terraces along the Hidaka coast. Stratigraphically it continues to the Shikotsu pumice deposit, erupted from the Shikotsu volcano in the late Pleistocene at Bibi and in its neighbourhood. The author examined 34 columnar sections (Fig. 2), and analysed the grain size and heavy mineral composition (Fig. 3, 4). According to his observations, the volcanic sand of Erimo has the same origin as the Shikotsu pumice deposit.An embedded fossil forest was discovered at Bibi and in its neighbourhood, and its absolute age was decided by C14 methods. The volcanic sand of Erimo covers the Mammontius bed correlated with the lower terrace deposit at Ogoshi. The abovementioned relations exit also in the south of Tokachi plain. Consequently it is considered that the terraces of Hidaka coast and Tokachi plain are correlated each other geomorphologically.

Coastal Terraces along the Eastern Part of Matsumae Peninsula in Hokkaido

The writer found three marine terraces-Shudoin Plane, Mohezi Plane and Mitsuishi Plane and the approximate heights of these terraces are 100m, 70m and 40m respectively.The ancient strand line, the terrace deposits and the bottom heights of the terrace deposits vary their figures as shown in Table 1, 2 and 3. Gravels in terrace deposits are rounded out to a great extent. When the median figures of gravels in the terrace deposits do not amount to large figures, gravels are sorted poorly, Tectonic movement of the latest geological period influences the marine terraces. The writer found many kinds of diatoms in the terrace deposits of Mohezi Plane and of Mitsuishi Plane.

Major Geomorphological Divisions of the Coast of Japan

Multiple varieties of coastal types characterize the coastal belt of Japan. Most of them are of recent origin and are in the incipient stage of shoreline development, as is naturally expected for the coastal features of the unstable best of the Circum Pacific Fold.Major coastal types that characterize the coast of Japan are as follows ; I. Elevated type, which is fringed with coastal terraces, coastal plains or dissected fans.II. Depressed types, which include rocky embayed coast due to the depression of maturely dissected margin of mountain lands and embayed coast backed by other land-form features.III. Neutral types, which include volcanic coast, fault coast and rocky precipitous coast due to the steep marginal downwarping of mountain lands.Fig. I. shows the distribution of coasts of these types. It sometimes happens that a strip of coastal belt is characterized by more than one type ; for example, a volcanic coast bordered by terraces or embayments. The following three major coastal divisions as shown in Fig. 2. are obtained by the geomorphological scrutiny of these shoreline features.A. The coast of northeastern region, where coastal belts are characteristically bordered by the elevated types.B. The coast of intermediate region, where both the elevated and depressed types are in co-existence.C. The coast of southwestern region, where the depressed types predominate.The above three major divisions are further subdivided into 13 divisions as shown in Fig. 2, and a brief explanation of their natures are given.

A weathering sequence of minerals and rock-grains in sand-dune soils

Introduction In Tottori district, there can be seen an extensive sand-dune region, which develops on the coastal terrace of the volcanogenous diluvium running from east to west along the shore of t...

Historic geographical study of the nine pastures of NANBU-HAN in recent times

(1) The followings are famous nine pastures of NANBU-HAN in recent times; The pastures of Oma, Okoppe, Arito, Kisaki, Matashige, Sumiya, Ainai, Kita, and Misaki. (2) They are on the north-eastern corner of Honshu, and have a characters of lowland pasture. Of which, Arito, Kisaki, and Matashige are on the diluvial tableland, Oma, Okoppe Kita and Misaki are on the coastal terrace, Sumiya and Ainai are on the foot hills. (3) Formerly the pastures of Kita and Misaki had not the fence around them, And grazing horses (so called NOMMA there) ran about freely among the forest and on the grass lands of this neghbourhood. This is a type of free grazing. Therefore for the protection of crops there were fences that enclose the farms. (4) BY the grazig habits, the nine pastres are classified two types. The one is the type of OKITSUKI (a type of grazing all the year round). The other is the type of grazing during warm seasons. Oma, Okoppe Kisaki, Kita and Misaki belong the former type. And Arito, Matasige, Sumiya and Ainai belong the latter. The pastures of the type of OKITSUKI was near the coast. There were bamboo grass and dead grass that were not buried by snow because wiod blew away them. The Pastures of the type of graziug in warm seasons was on the more snowy land. Therefore in winter it was difficult to grazing there. (5) The landscape of pastures of the two types were different. That of the pastures of the type of OKITSUKI was forest-like, because there had been prohibited to burn grass and Jree on the pastures, for thr shelter was needed there. That of the pastures of the type of grazing in warm seasons was grass-land-like, because it had been burned there every year.

Change of Form of the Primitive Fisherman's Community

There are two patterns in the development of the primitive fisherman's community. The one is found, for example, in Siriya, Shimokita-gun, Iwate prefecture, where the number of houses is limited to 33 to maintain their livelihood holding the equal distribution of the cooperative beach fishery. The other is found, for example, in Kuki and Kosode, both in Kunobe-gun, Iwate prefecture, where the fishery such as set net was distributed equally to each door so that the branch of families increased rapidly. So for the latter, the villager knows the limitation of a catch; extension of the fishing ground in the neighbouring waters; much profit by the progress of the method of fishing; maintenance of the traditional way of equal distribution; these are the reason why the branch family has increased.Kuki and Kosode are the northern limit of the fisherwoman's fishery in Japan, called “Katsugi”. Development of the beach fishery to the inshore fishery had made declined the fisherwoman's fishery, and they have been obliged to cultivate the farm on the coastal terrace. But the fishing-ground has been developping to the Northern Sea.The village was attacked by the tidal wave in 1896 and 1933, when many houses were washed away. Since then the village has moved to Uwamura on the plateau, 80 meter high, which has more number of houses than Shimomura. I tried to study the change and development of the fisherman's village by the name of residence. The name of residence moves with movement of residence and its dweller. So, for example, Sukabata, originally on the beach, is found in Uwamura. I think it moved due to damage by the tidal wave. By study of the name of residence, we can understand the form of the old village and its changing process. On the development of a fisherman's village, we can understand the fishing-ground, development of the method of fishing, damage by the tidal wave and change of the livelihood by organization and form of the village, especially the name of residence.

Cenezoic Geology of Southeastern Alabama, Florida, and Georgia

Cenezoic sediments underlie the entire southeastern part of the Coastal Plain south of the Cretaceous outcrop. The Paleocene series consists chiefly of marine clastic deposits in southwestern Alabama and the Panhandle of Florida, limestone in southeastern Alabama, and dolomite and anhydrite in Peninsular Florida. The Eocene series consists chiefly of marine clastics with limestone at the top. In Peninsular Florida the entire series ins non-clastic. The Oligocene series is predominantly limestone where present but is absent in eastern Georgia and the eastern and central part of Peninsular Florida. The Miocene series consists chiefly of marine clastic deposits. In Georgia and Florida the lower part is a marl which grades into a limestone in places. Post-Miocene deposits are chiefly clastics. The coastal terraces have a mantle of Pleistocene marine sand and the stream terraces a mantle of Pleistocene fluvial clastics. Pleistocene limestone is present in southern Florida. The thickness of Cenezoic deposits ranges from less than 2,000 feet in an area in the northern part of the Florida Peninsula to more than 5,500 feet in southwestern Alabama and in southern Florida. The southeastern Coastal Plain includes parts of two distinct sedimentary provinces, one of marine clastic sediments in the eastern part of the northern Gulf Coast area, and another of marine non-clastic sediments, chiefly carbonates and anhydrite, in Peninsular Florida.