Coastal Sandy Soil Research Articles

Effects of Climate and Soil Type Interactions on Probable Work Days with Harvest Equipment in Mississippi and Alabama Forests

Abstract A computer model predicted soil moisture in three climate zones with three soil textures. A 30 yr daily simulation provided probable work days for the nine combinations. Criteria for work days were soil moisture capacities less than 95% of maximum for sandy soils, 80% for loamy soils, and 65% for clay soils. Results indicate that sandy soils in the inland zone allow 233 work days/yr at the 50% probability level, whereas clay soils there allow only 140 days at that level. In the coastal zone sandy soils allow 252 work days/yr at the 50% level and clay soils allow 122 days at that level. These results were produced at ten probability levels for all soil types and all zones, as well as for each month. Applied examples of uses of the results are included. South. J. Appl. For. 24(4):213-218.

Movement of petroleum hydrocarbons in sandy coastal soils.

In a field trial, oiled beach sand was buried in a coastal dune system in south Wales. A monitoring programme was designed to assess the rate of leaching of inorganic ions and hydrocarbons from the deposit. Active breakdown of the weathered oil occurred within the oiled beach sand, but hydrocarbons from the original material, or arising as a result of degradation, did not follow the same leaching pattern as inorganic ions; they remained within the original deposit. The results suggest that weathered oil coming ashore from spills at sea can be mixed with sand and buried to degrade in coastal soils, without risk of groundwater contamination by hydrocarbons.

Migration Mechanisms of Americium(III) through Soil Layers

ABSTRACTMigration experiments of 241Am(III) have been performed using a column system, to investigate migration behavior of 241Am through a column packed with porous sedimentary materials: a coastal sandy soil and a reddish soil. Sorption mechanisms of 241Am on the sedimentary materials were examined by a chemical extraction method.In the case of the reddish soil, most of 241Am sorbed on the influent edge of the column. The 241Am sorbed on the reddish soil was mainly controlled by a reversible ion exchange reaction. The migration of 241Am in the reddish soil could be evaluated by using the Kd concept. In the case of the sandy soil, on the other hand, considerable amount of particulate 241Am passed through the column. The 241Am sorbed on the sandy soil was controlled by irreversible reactions. The migration behavior of particulate 241Am in the sandy soil could be expressed by filtration theory.

Understory vegetation in fast-growing tree plantations on savanna soils in Congo

The hypothesis that tree plantations may catalyze the regeneration of natural forest biodiversity was tested through studies of floristic diversity and structure in fast-growing tree plantations in the Congo. Study sites included experimental and industrial plantations on poor sandy coastal soils near Pointe-Noire, and experimental plantations on clay soils near Loudima. The effects of plantations species, plantation age (in 6- to 20-year-old eucalypt stands), disturbance due to herbicide use and fire, proximity to natural forest, and soils on understory plant diversity were studied. These plantations were compared to the native savanna ecosystem and to adjacent natural secondary forest stands. Vegetation diversity was assessed through analyses of floristic composition, species richness and frequency. Forest species were dominant in the understory of most plantations, especially in the older stands. However, the forest species established in plantation understories were quite different from those from adjacent natural forest stands. Premna lucens, Psorospermum tenuifolium and Psychotria cf. peduncularis were the most important forest species found in most eucalypt plantations and in Pinus caribaea and Acacia auriculiformis plantations. Alchornea cordifolia, Anthocleista nobilis, Barteria nigritiana and Bertiera cf. batesii were also important. The savanna species Eriosema erici-rosenii, Annona arenaria and Loudetia arundinacea were encountered in many plots. Herbaceous species were dominant in the younger and disturbed plantation stands.

Disposal of oil in sandy coastal soils

A combination of survey and experimental studies is being conducted to determine the ecological risks associated with disposal of oiled beach material (OBM) in coastal sand dunes and dune pastures. Past incidence of burial close to shoreline spill locations was less than expected and the two sites located in Britain showed very different patterns of oil degradation and site recovery. Field scale experiments revealed that breakdown of hydrocarbons within OBM began very quickly after deposition, even in nutrient-poor sand, leading to almost complete degradation of crude oil. There appears to be no lateral or vertical loss of oil or its breakdown products and recolonization of deposited OBM does occur naturally, though supplementary planting helps in stabilizing the sand surface. The application of this method in practical terms is constrained by the availability of suitable sites where it is possible to minimize physical disturbance to dune systems by lorries or other equipment employed in the removal process.

A field-study of leaching and degradation of nine pesticides in a sandy soil

A field study was conducted on a coastal sandy soil (Karrakata sand) of Western Australia from July to December 1990, to measure the leaching and degradation rates of chlorpyriphos, chlorthal dimethyl, fenamiphos, linuron, metalaxyl, metribuzin, prometryne, propyzamide and simazine. Commercial grade products were sprayed in dilute solution form at recommended rates to the surface of held plots. Irrigation was applied daily which together with rainfall gave effective rainfall equivalent to at least 120% of potential evaporation. Pesticide residue concentrations in soil samples taken at 5 cm increments down to 50 cm, at different days after application, were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mean leaching depths (MLDs) were calculated by weighting the percentage residues remaining at different depths in the soil profile. The MLDs for the 5 month period followed the order: chlorpyriphos and chlorthal dimethyl (<5 cm) < linuron and simazine (6) < propyzamide (8) and prometryne (9) < metribuzin (12) < metalaxyl (18) < fenamiphos and metabolites (28). This generally corresponded inversely with the sorption coefficients (K-oc). The degradation rates (i.e. decreases with time of total residue concentration in the sampled profile) could mostly be described by first-order regressions (R(2) = 0.59-0.95). Calculated half-lives showed the order: metribuzin (27 days), simazine (28) < fenamiphos (43), chlorthal dimethyl (45) < prometryne (58), propyzamide (59) < metalaxyl (70) < chlorpyriphos (81) < fenamiphos plus metabolites (98) < linuron (219). The potential for causing ground water contamination, as indicated by the ratio of half-life to Koc followed the order: chlorthal dimethyl, chlorpyriphos < metribuzin, prometryne < simazine, propyzamide < linuron < metalaxyl < fenamiphos and metabolites.

Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in Sri Lanka

AbstractEntomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) were isolated from Sri Lankan soils using theGalleriabaiting technique. Samples collected from different agro-ecological regions and different habitat types revealed that the presence of nematodes was restricted to sandy coastal soils. Two heterorhabditid and three steinernematid RFLP types were discovered within 5–100 m of the sea. Members of both families were equally prevalent. However, no parasitized insects were found although insect species were encountered which are potentially natural hosts. These nematodes were present at high temperatures (some above 30°C) and neither the monsoon rain nor the drought had any effect on their prevalence.

Influence of soil/solution ratio on adsorption behavior of cesium on soils.

The influence of the ratio between soil weight and solution volume (soil/solution ratio) on a distribution coefficient of cesium for coastal sandy soil, kaoline and silica sand to water has been studied. The distribution coefficients of 137Cs for the soils decreased with the increase of the soil/solution ratios. The concentration of the cations dissolved from the soils into the solution varied with the soil/solution ratio. However, when the concentration of coexistent cations kept to be 10–2 mol/l, the distribution coefficient was kept constant at different soil/solution ratios. These results show that the soil/solution ratio does not directly affect on the adsorption of 137Cs on the soils, but the variation in the concentration of dissolved cations with the soil/solution ratio results in the change in the distribution coefficient.

Response of Eucalyptus to Aldicarb in Coastal Sandy Soils in Natal, South Africa

SYNOPSIS The planting of Eucalyptus on aeolian; recent sands of the Natal coast has raised the question of whether nematicides are as necessary to counter patchy, unthrifty growth, as they are for sugarcane. The heights of eucalypts were mea sured at about one year old in two replicated trials, and one unreplicated trial, treated with several rates of the nematicide, aldicarb. There was no response to aldicarb consistent with any nematicidal effect. However, in one trial there were small, but significant, responses to two treatments at 1,3 g active ingredient per tree, and which was as cribed to a possible stimulating effect of aldicarb directly on tree growth. Nematode populations in samples of untreated soil from the trials were, on the whole, very small. In the replicated trials the insecticide, chlordane, at 0,60 g a.i./tree was applied as a treatment for white grub (scarabaeid beetle larvae) but tree mortality from this cause was so low that no conclusions could be drawn.

臨海砂質地層における放射性核種の分配係数に及ぼす地下水中イオン組成の影響

The distribution coefficient of 60Co, 85Sr and 137Cs for coastal sandy soil layer (aerated zone and aquifer zone) was determined. Effects of pH, conductivity and coexistent ions such as K+, Na+, Ma2+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3- and SO42- on the distribution coefficient were studied to clarify the correlation between the distribution coefficient and ion composition in ground water.The sandy soil where sampling point is nearer to the sea, tended to lower the distribution coefficient of three radionuclides. The distribution coefficient of 85Sr for the sandy soil of aquifer zone was markedly smaller than that of aerated zone. This was caused by the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ compositions in ground water. The distribution coefficient estimated on the basis of the effect of coexistent ion was sufficiently well agreed with the measured one. Therefore, the distribution coefficient in coastal sandy soil layer will be predicted from ion composition in ground water.

Characteristics of Migration of 85Sr and 137Cs in Alkaline Solution Through Sandy Soil

ABSTRACTCharacteristics of the migration of 85Sr and 137cs in a solution of pH 12 through coastal sandy soil have been investigated by both column and batch tests. Desorption behaviors of the 85Sr and 137Cs by the sandy soil in both column and batch tests were examined by sequential extraction techniques, in order to study difference in the adsorption behavior of the 85Sr and 137Cs under dynamic (column) and static (batch) conditions. The dominant components of the sandy soil to the adsorption of the 85Sr ancj 137Cs were tested in batch tests.The adsorption of the 85Sr by the sandy soil was a function of pH, while that of the 137Cs was independent of pH of the solution. Most of the 85Sr was reversively adsorbed with the sandy soil under both static and dynamic conditions. Approximately 85 percent of the 137Cs was irreversibly sorbed by the sandy soil in the column test, which was greater than that in the batch test. The desorption behaviors of the 137Cs adsorbed by kaolinite and by sericite resembled that of the sandy soil. Most of the 85Sr was reversively adsorbed by kaolinite, chlorite, sericite, FeOOH, Ti02 and Mn02 which is similar to the desorption behavior of 85Sr by the sandy soil. The distribution coefficients of the 85Sr for kaolinite, FeOOH, Mn02 and Ti02 were larger by several times than those for the chlorite and the sericite.Therefore, the dominant components of the sandy soil contributing to the adsorption of 137Cs would be sericite, and those of 85Sr would be kaolinite, FeOOH, Ti02 and Mn02.

Evaluation of coastal sandy soils and their saline ground waters for afforestation: A case study from India

A study was conducted in coastal Andhra Pradesh to evaluate current practices and suitability of coastal sandy soils for raising tree plantations. Poor soil moisture retention characteristics of these soils make irrigation an essential, but costly silvicultural practice for obtaining desirable establishment and growth. Saline ground water is the only available source of irrigation. Its use seems safe and successful in such soils. The farmers have adopted a specialized manual splashing technique (‘Doruvu’) of seepage pits for irrigating tree plantations in their establishment phase. This technique was observed to be well suited to the sandy soils. Casuarina equisetifolia and Eucalyptus tereticornis were the two most popular species being afforested. E. camaldulensis is also in an introduction phase. Comparison of growth performance and biomass accumulation by C. equisetifolia and E. tereticornis plantations at different growth stages showed the former to be significantly better than the latter. Build up of the soil organic carbon was also found to be markedly more in comparable C. equisetifolia plantations than those of E. tereticornis. Similarly, the blanketing influence of C. equisetifolia plantations was observed to modify soil temperature extremes considerably more than in the case of E. tereticornis. The findings, indicated a vast scope for utilization of coastal sandy soils for afforestation with the successful use of saline ground waters.

A new species of the genusLotus (Fabaceae) in North Africa

A new species,Lotus digii, has been found in Morocco growing on the coastal sandy soils. Further localities are from Algeria and Egypt. It should be expected also in Libya.

Spectral reflectance characteristics of soils and its correlation with soil properties and surface conditions

In-situ spectral reflectance of soils was measured at various test sites of India in four spectral bands within the visible and near-infrared wavelength comparable to Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS). Reflectance behaviour of soils under different field conditions was analysed and the spectral reflectance curves for different soil types were obtained. Soil samples pertaining to each test site were analysed for mechanical composition, physioco-chemical properties to identify their relationship with soil reflectance. These spectral reflectance curves were further examined as to their usefulness in discriminating various soil types. Five distinct soil types namely, Black cotton soils (Typic Pellusterts), Marine Soils (Typic Halaquepts), Lateritic Soils (Plinthic Tropohumults), Alluvial Soils (Typic Ustochrepts), Coastal Sandy Soils (Typic Psammaquents), were discriminated on the basis of significant relationships between the spectral reflectance data and soil properties.

An outbreak of listerial meningo-encephalitis in sheep.

An outbreak of ovine listerial meningo-encephalitis on sheep farms in eastern Gippsland, Victoria, during winter and spring 1978, is recorded. Cases were confirmed by histology of brain or by culture of Listeria monocytogenes from sheep on 21 farms. The morbidity rate in affected flocks ranged from 0.2% to 8.0%, and the case fatality rate was almost 100%. The peak incidence of disease followed a period of continuous heavy rain and flooding of grazing pasture, and the majority of affected flocks were located on poorly drained coastal sandy soil. There was evidence of concurrent debilitating disease in many of the cases submitted for laboratory confirmation of listeriosis.

GENECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF LEAD TOLERANCE IN GROUNDSEL (SENECIO VULGARIS L.)

SUMMARYSoils from a range of native British habitats for Senecio vulgaris L. have been found to contain significantly different amounts of lead ranging from several hundred parts per million along roadsides and on rubbish dumps to minute quantities in coastal sandy soils. Root growth of seedlings in simple water culture revealed different degrees of tolerance between topodemes to soluble lead, apparently related to the lead content of the soil. Studies of root growth in a range of native soils suggest a more complex relationship between growth and lead content. The genecological implications of these findings are discussed, including the possibility that lead‐tolerant roadside variants may be of recent origin.

Potential of Serradella as a winter annual forage legume on sandy coastal soil

Abstract Three species of Serradella, Ornithopus sativus. O. pinnatus, and O. compressus cv. ‘Pitman’, each at diploid and tetraploid levels, were compared with two varieties of subterranean clover, ‘Mt. Barker’ and ‘Tallarook’, on Himatangi sandy soil. Productivity ciata are presented for mown plots for the second year of a trial in which the legumes were permitted to reseed naturally. Reseeding of the diploid serradellas and the subterranean clovers was excellent. Tetraploid O. compressus cv. ‘Pitman’ reseeded sufficiently to produce a sward in the second year, but tetraploid O. sativus and O. pinnatus failed to re-establish naturally and were resown by hand. O. sativus at both ploidy levels outyielded all other lines by about 2000 kg DM/ha (25%). Diploid O. compressus cv. ‘Pitman’ and ‘Tallarook’ subterranean clover each produced about 8000–9000 kg DM/ha. Tetraploid cv. ‘Pitman’, both lines of O. pinnalus, and ‘Mt. Barker’ were inferior. These results indicate that further evaluations of Serradella on ...

Die-back in the mixed hardwood forests of eastern Victoria: A preliminary report

The distribution and symptoms of die-back in the mixed-species eucalypt hardwood forests of eastern Victoria are described. The disease was recognizedin 1952 in small patches of forest situated in the flat, badly drained sandy coastal soils and has spread rapidly. This spread was associated with above-average rainfall during spring, summer, and autumn. Disease symptoms were similar to that caused by drought, and were observed best during dry periods following summer rain. The lupin bait of Chee and Newhook was used to isolate Phytophthora cinna- momi from the diseased areas, and the field symptoms seen on susceptible eucalypts of the subgenus Renantherae were similar to those observed on young saplings inoculated with P. cinnamomi in the greenhouse. Species of the subgenus Macrantherae observed in the forests and tested in the greenhouse are tolerant to the disease. Estimates of population density indices of the fungus gave highest values in areas where the disease was most active. The fungus was not isolated from adjacent healthy forests. Improvements in the baiting and identification of P. cinnamomi with use of excised lupin radicles floated over a small sample of soil in a petri dish are described. Several variants of the fungus with differing growth rates were isolated.

Low-alkaloid Mutants of Lupinus digitatus Forsk

THE Western Australian blue lupin, which has been variously referred to in the literature as Lupinus pilosus L.1,2, L. varius L.3 and L. digitatus Forsk4, occurs as a naturalized exotic in west coastal areas of south-western Australia where the annual rainfall exceeds about 16 in. It grows prolifically on coastal sandy soils overlying limestone, and is also cultivated to some extent in adjacent inland areas on slightly acid sands for soil improvement and sheep feed.

The Results of Recent Studies of Hookworm in Eight Southern States 1

Summary 1. Hookworm surveys in eight southern states were made during the periods 1910–1914 and 1930–1938. In the early period, 577,590 specimens of feces were examined, and in the later period, 424,511. The numbers found positive in the early and later periods were 240,895 and 81,913 respectively. 2. After adjustment for the distribution of the population the percentage found positive in six of the eight states was 36.6 per cent in the earlier period and 11.2 per cent in the later period, resulting in a reduction of 68.3 per cent. 3. In the later study the states in the order of prevalence from highest to lowest were as follows: Mississippi, South Carolina, Alabama, North Carolina, Kentucky and Tennessee. 4. While there is a widespread distribution of hookworm, the areas of highest incidence are confined to the coastal plain and sandy soil areas of each state. 5. The age distribution shows that the greatest prevalence was in the group 5 to 19 years of age. The peak of incidence, 24.5 per cent, was reached in the age period 15 to 19. In preschool children and adults the incidence was about one-half as great as that found in the school age group. 6. The distribution of all positive cases shows that about one-fourth of the individuals had moderate, heavy or very heavy worm infestations sufficiently severe to produce clinical symptoms. The remainder of the cases were classified as very light or light infestations. 7. The data analyzed with reference to household groups seemed to indicate that the individual worm burden tended to increase as the number of infested persons in the family increased. 8. A comparison was made of hookworm in 17,458 negroes and 59,028 white persons in the same counties during 1930–1938. The incidence in negroes was about one fourth that in white individuals and the average intensity of infestation was about one-half that found in white persons.