Coastal Sand Dune Vegetation Research Articles

Dry-Season Soil and Co-Cultivated Host Plants Enhanced Propagation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Spores from Sand Dune Vegetation in Trap Culture.

The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as biofertilizer in agriculture is a sustainable approach to fertilization. The first step in the production of AMF biofertilizer is inoculation of mycotrophic plants with a composite of soil and native plant roots, containing potentially viable AMF spores from natural habitats, to a trap culture. A single host plant or a consortium of host plants can be used to propagate AMF spores. However, the difference in the comparative efficiency of mono- and co-cultivated host plants used for the production of AMF spores and the maintenance of original AMF community composition has not been well elucidated. Here, we prepared trap culture with nutrient-poor soil from coastal sand dune vegetation collected during the dry season when the AMF spore density and relative abundance of Glomeromycota ITS2 sequences were significantly higher (p = <0.05) than in the wet season. The AMF communities in the soil were mainly composed of Glomus spp. Maize (Zea mays L.) and/or Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.). Moench) were grown in trap cultures in the greenhouse. Our results demonstrated that co-cultivation of the host plants increased the production of AMF spores but, compared to mono-cultivation of host plants, did not better sustain the native AMF community compositions in the coastal sand dune soil. We propose that the co-cultivation of host plants in a trap culture broadens AMF-host plant compatibilities and thus sustains the symbiotic association of the natively diverse AMF. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that further research is needed to confirm whether the co-culturing of more than one host plant is as efficient a strategy as using a monoculture of a single host plant.

Diversity of Coastal Sand Dune (CSD) Vegetation along the Coast of Maharashtra, India

The sand dunes vegetation in coastal regions of Maharashtra is important ecosystems because of their small size, the different species found in habitat, and the beautiful landscapes they create. The current study investigated the vegetative status of sand dunes on Sindhudurg and Raigad district, west coast of Maharashtra. A survey of sand dune flora along coastal sand dune areas was done from October to December 2020 and 55 species belonging to 46 genera and 26 families are identified from study sites. The families like Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae and Malvaceae are dominant in study areas which show halophytic and xerophytic nature. The heavy pressure of tourism and development in coastal area shows negative effects on sand dune vegetation are seen during study.

Characteristics and status of coastal sand dune vegetation on coasts of Shandong Province

<p indent="0mm">Coastal sand dune vegetation is a non-zonal vegetation type, mainly composed of coastal sand dune plants resistant to impoverishment, drought, and mild salinity, which is distributed on the sandy coast of China. There is typical coastal sand dune vegetation on the coasts of Shandong Province. Although the distribution area of coastal sand dune vegetation is small, it has important ecological value and regional significance because of its original nature, protective effect on sandy coast, and various rare and endangered plants. By field investigation and literature review, we studied the characteristics of the composition, structure, distribution, and succession of coastal sand dune vegetation on sandy coasts of Shandong Province. It is classified in to 13 community types. We also analyze the changes and causes of the coastal sand dune vegetation in Shandong Province from 1985 to 2020 in terms of the composition, distribution, and vegetation type. Due to the impact of urbanization, real estate, coastal road construction, sand excavation, tourism, and other human activities, the degradation of coastal sand dune vegetation is serious and widespread. It is very important and urgent to put forward the countermeasures of protecting and restoring coastal sand dune vegetation, such as conducting basic research, implementing specific protection and management. Meanwhile, we put forward specific suggestions on the status of the coastal sand dune vegetation in Chinese vegetation classification and vegetation mapping.

Elucidation of the historical changing of coastal sand dunes — For conservation and restoration of coastal sand dune vegetation —

Elucidation of the historical changing of coastal sand dunes — For conservation and restoration of coastal sand dune vegetation —

Spatial extent and severity of all‐terrain vehicles use on coastal sand dune vegetation

AbstractQuestionsIncreases in all‐terrain vehicle (ATV) use on dunes raises concerns about an ecosystem vital for coastal protection. We asked: with distance from trails, what are the effects of ATV use on (a) total, native, and non‐native plant species richness and (b) presence and cover of the dune‐stabilising plant Ammophila breviligulata? Specifically, how do (a) and (b) differ (1) between regions with and without ATV use; (2) with deeper ruts and increased distance from the ATV trail; and (3) between pioneer and shrub zones of dunes in each region?LocationMiscou Island and Kouchibouguac National Park, New Brunswick, Canada.MethodsWe assessed ATV effects by conducting field vegetation surveys in a region with (Miscou Island) and without (Kouchibouguac National Park) ATV use. Line transects were used to capture gradients of effects across the dune community via plots evenly placed to measure trail effects (on the trail), close‐edge effects (edge of the trail), and distant‐edge effects (every 5 m up to 25 m away from trail), in pioneer and shrub zones of dunes.ResultsAll‐terrain vehicle rut depth was associated with a decrease in total and native species on the trails and on the edge of trails, and with a slight increase in non‐native species beyond the trail edge. We also found a rut depth threshold of approximately 50 cm, beyond which was an abrupt decline across all species. Where ATV activity occurred, there was also a decrease of A. breviligulata in presence and cover, non‐native species increased in the pioneer zone, and the shrub zone had fewer native species.ConclusionsAll‐terrain vehicle use plays a major role in the vegetation changes observed on coastal dunes. A management plan that recognises the specific effects caused by ATV use on dune vegetation will help preserve dunes, enabling more cost‐effective coastal protection than engineered interventions.

해안사구 식생의 침입종에 의한 종조성 변화에 관한 연구 - 진도ㆍ완도ㆍ해남을 중심으로-

해안사구 식생의 침입종에 의한 종조성 변화에 관한 연구 - 진도ㆍ완도ㆍ해남을 중심으로-

Activity and short-term impacts of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) foraging on perennial coastal sand dune vegetation

Previous studies have demonstrated the camels’ (1) dietary preference for perennial plants, (2) low selectivity among perennial species, and (3) ability to remove large amounts of perennial biomass, thus causing irreversible damage on the landscape. We studied the activity and feeding behaviour of camels on coastal sand dunes dominated by the dwarf shrub Artemisia monosperma, as well as the short-term impacts of camel foraging on perennial vegetation. The herd foraged on four semi-stabilised dunes during summer, when the available biomass was composed almost entirely of perennials. We recorded the activity and feeding selectivity of the camels, as well as the consumption and recovery of the common perennial plant species. The camels were selective foragers and spent relatively little time feeding when the more palatable perennial species became scarcer. Most of the more palatable (herbaceous) species were consumed, and these plant species recovered faster and more abundantly than the less palatable (both woody and herbaceous) species, which were hardly consumed. A. monosperma was practically avoided despite its dominance, even when more palatable species were nearly absent. In conclusion, results suggest that camels are selective feeders, and will not cause irreversible damage to the local vegetation.

Rescuing Cattleya granulosa Lindley in the wild

The Orchid Society of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, through its Group of Experimental Interactive Research (SORN/GEPI), has been study- ing the occurrence of Cattleya granulosa Lindley, 1842, specifically in the coastal sand plain and dune vegetation (“restinga”) and in remaining patches of Atlantic Rainforest in the state.

The classification of coastal dune vegetation in Central Black Sea Region of Turkey by numerical methods and EU habitat types

Coastal sand dune vegetation in Central Black Sea Region of Turkey was investigated by numerical methods. Eight plant associations were determined according to two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). Plant associations were also classified according to NATURA 2000 and European Nature Information System. Coastal dune ecosystems in the Central Black Sea Region include eight habitat types. Eight plant associations belonging to four classes, order and alliances are described and five of them are new associations. TWINSPAN revealed the existence of a gradient from drift line to the inner parts. These have been separated into shifting dunes and fixed dunes. DCA allowed determining the plant associations in shifting dunes along the shoreline as well as the annual vegetation of drift line and embryonic shifting dunes and of fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation. The syntaxonomical classification is given in the following:

Mediterranean coastal sand dune vegetation: influence of natural and anthropogenic factors.

The aim of the present work was to assess the conservation status of coastal dune systems in Tuscany (Italy). Emphasis was given to the presence and abundance of plant communities identified as habitat in accordance with the Directive 92/43/EEC. Twenty transects perpendicular to the shoreline were randomly positioned on the whole coastal area (30km in length) in order to sample the full spectrum of plant communities. Vegetation zonation and relationships with the most frequent disturbance factors in the study area-beach cleaning, coastline erosion, presence of paths and roads, bathing settlements and trampling-were investigated through principal coordinate analysis and canonical correspondence analysis. Natural factors, such as distance from the sea and total length, were also considered. Differences in the conservation status of the sites were found, ranging from the total disappearance of the foredune habitats to the presence of the complete psammophilous (sand-loving) plant communities. Erosion, trampling, and paths were found to be closely correlated with degradation and habitat loss. Furthermore, the overall plant species diversity of dunes was measured with NHDune, a modified version of the Shannon index; while the incidence of invasive taxa was calculated using N, a naturalness index. However, these diversity indices proved to be a weaker bioindicator of ecosystem integrity than habitat composition along transects. A possible strategy for the conservation and management of these coastal areas could be to protect the foredunes from erosion and limit trampling through the installation of footbridges or the use of appropriate fences.

海岸砂丘植生の保全推進にむけた3つのコメント

海岸砂丘植生・植物は，すでに1980年代から全国的に衰退が著しい．その保全のためには，以下の3点に留意する必要がある．第一に，海岸砂丘植物の研究は100年以上の歴史のある領域であり，また環境省の分類では「自然草原」に入り，植生自然度10という最も自然度の高い植生であるなど，学術上・保全上貴重な自然植生帯である．第二に，日本の海岸砂丘は様々な開発行為により，そのほとんどがすでに失われ，今後地球温暖化により海面が1m上昇すると，日本の砂浜面積の90％が消失すると予測されている．しかし海岸砂丘植物はレッドリストにほとんど掲載されておらず，社会的・学術的認知度が非常に低い．東日本大震災による地盤沈下・大津波が沿岸域の自然植生に及ぼしている影響をモニタリング調査し，レッドリストにおける海岸砂丘植物のランク評価をやり直す必要がある．第三に，海岸植物図鑑の復活など，研究成果・教育普及活動を推進し社会的理解を深める必要がある．また海岸法の改正で「海岸環境の整備と保全」が必須となり，その計画は各自治体が策定することとなったので，工学系・実学系の研究者および国土交通省と関連機関・自治体と生態学分野の共同研究・共同事業を実施していくことが，海岸砂丘植生・植物の保全に不可欠である．

English

Phenotypic and phylogenetic studies were performed for the facultative alkalophile from the rhizosphere of Ipomoea pes caprae, a plant growing on coastal sand dunes. The isolate was Gram positive and showed optimum growth at pH 10.5. Chemotaxonomic analysis revealed that the isolate contained type B1 peptidoglycans with L-lysine as the diamino acid; rhamnose and galactose were the cell wall sugars and belonged unambiguously to the genus Microbacterium. The major menaquinones were MK-11 and MK-12. The 16S rDNA sequence of the Microbacterium arborescens isolate was deposited in the GenBank with an accession number DQ287961. The phylogenetic and phenotypic distinctiveness of the strain indicates it as a novel Microbacterium sp., named as M. arborescens AGSB. &nbsp; Key words: facultative alkaliphile, Microbacterium arborescens AGSB, Coastal sand dune vegetation, Ipomoea pes caprae, 16S rRNA sequencing.

동해안 해안사구의 식생특성

The phytosocialogical study on the coastal sand dune vegetation of the East Coast was carried out. 180 phytosociological relev<TEX>$\acute{e}$</TEX>s of 62 sites in the East Coast were used in this study. In addition, already published syntaxa and the phytosociological hierarchy in Korea and Japan were used and comparative analyses of syntaxonomy, synecology, syngeography, and syndynamics were performed in the study. In this study, the flora was investigated 30 families, 66 genera, 77 taxa and 3 vegetation types were identified : the coastal drift-line annual communities (Calystegio soldanellae-Salsoletum komarovii), the dune glasslands communities (Elymo-Caricetum kobomugi, Carex kobomugi typical community, Elymus mollis community, Calystegia soldanella community, Zoysia macrostachya community, Cynodon dactylon community, Carex pumila community), and the dune shrubs communities (Linario-Viticetum rotundifoliae, Vitex rotundifolia community, Rosa rugosa community). The aspect of transition in the coastal sand dune vegetation of the East Coast were identified as follows : (1) reduced constancy degree and cover degree of Glehnia littoralis in each community; (2) lack of Ischaemum anthephoroides in Linario-Viticetum rotundifoliae (3) simplified species composition in Vitex rotundifolia community. Unstable habitat condition by external interference seemed to has caused the reduction of 2 taxa, Glehnia littoralis and Ischaemum anthephoroides, that usually grow in the second dune. In addition, we found changes in the distribution of the dune shrub communities influenced by rising temperature of the East Coast as results of the global warming. The results on the distribution of the dune shrub communities in this study demonstrated that the limit of the Rosa rugosa community made <TEX>$0^{\circ}$</TEX> 44'N to the North and the vegetative limit of the Vitex rotundifolia community made <TEX>$0^{\circ}$</TEX> 28'N to the North, respectively compared with the previously phytosociological studies. This study investigated the coastal sand dune vegetation, syntaxonomy, habitat condition and human disturbunce of the East Coast, and this will provide important information as basic data for the coastal ecosystem.

The classification and assessment of vegetation for monitoring coastal sand dune succession: the case of Tuzla in Adana, Turkey

This study aimed to provide an assessment of coastal sand dune vegetation through a number of analyses meant to provide a better understanding of the structure of plant communities and the successional stages of coastal sand dunes in a human-induced coastal landscape, the Seyhan Delta in southern Turkey. Therefore, as a baseline data inventory for monitoring, succession and the community-based classification of sand dune vegetation and human impacts were the major concerns of this study. The zonation of coastal sand dune vegetation was also determined within this scope, providing a contemporary assessment of different successional stages. A total of 96 taxa were recorded in 103 sampling relevés, which were randomly placed along 2 replicated transects perpendicular to the coastline. Multivariate classification techniques (TWINSPAN and DECORANA) were employed to classify sand dune vegetation into groups corresponding to different successional stages and to determine the response of plant community structures to human influence. Multivariate analysis resulted in a clear demonstration of 7 floristically distinct community groups associated with 4 main geomorphologic units. These plant communities were matched to the European Nature Information System (EUNIS) habitat classification. The results of this study provided a baseline data inventory covering plant communities and successional stages that demonstrated the current state of the coastal dunes in the study area.

湘南海岸沿岸域における砂丘の開発が海浜植生に及ぼす影響

本研究では湘南海岸沿岸域を事例として，砂丘の開発による海浜幅の縮小と生育地の孤立化が海浜植生の種組成や構造に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることを目的とした．対象地の海浜の面積と分布の変遷を把握するために，地形図を用いて3時期の土地利用図を作成した．また，砂丘の開発が海浜植生に及ぼす影響を把握するために，辻堂砂丘の開発前後の植生を比較した．その結果，対象地の海浜の面積および幅は，1921年から2006年にかけて1/3以下に減少していた．海浜の縮小は，海岸侵食の影響よりも，海浜の市街地化や針葉樹林化といった土地利用の変化の影響が大きいことがわかった．開発以前の辻堂砂丘は不安定帯→半安定帯→安定帯と変化する海浜植生の成帯構造が成立していたが，開発後は成帯構造から半安定帯が消失していた．半安定帯の消失は，砂丘の開発による海浜幅の縮小が主な要因として考えられた．また，砂丘の開発によって，砂防林よりも内陸側で海浜植生の孤立化が生じていた．このような立地では，砂防林の防風効果によって，開発後にビロードテンツキ以外の海浜植物が消失し，帰化植物や内陸植物が優占する植生へと種組成が変化したと考えられた．以上のことから，砂丘の開発は，海浜幅の縮小による海浜植生の成帯構造の破壊，生育地の孤立化による内陸植物や帰化植物の侵入を引き起こすと考えられた．

Geographic Range, Habitats, and Host Plants of Bromeliad‐living Jumping Spiders (Salticidae)1

ABSTRACTAlthough spiders are a very diverse group on vegetation, their associations with plants are poorly known. Some salticid species specifically use Bromeliaceae as host plants in some regions of South America. In this study, I report the geographic range of these spider‐bromeliad associations, and whether the spiders inhabit particular bromeliad species and vegetation types, as well as open areas or interior of forests. Nine salticid species were found to be associated with up to 23 bromeliad species in cerrados (savanna‐like vegetation), semideciduous and seasonal forests, coastal sand dune vegetation, restingas, inselbergs, highland forests, chacos, and rain forests at 47 localities in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina. Some species were typically specialists, inhabiting almost exclusively one bromeliad species over a large geographic range (e.g., Psecas chapoda on Bromelia balansae), whereas others were generalists, occurring on up to 7–8 bromeliad species (e.g., Psecas sp., Eustiromastix nativo, and Coryphasia sp. 1). The regional availability of bromeliad species among habitats may explain this pattern of host plant use. More jumping spiders were found on bromeliads in open areas than on bromeliads in the interior of forests. These results show that several jumping spider species may be strictly associated with the Bromeliaceae in the Neotropics. This is one of the few studies to show host‐specific associations for spiders on a particular plant type over a wide geographic range.

Changes of the Coastal Sand Dune Vegetation after the Construction of an Embankment in Anmado

This study examined the coastal sand dune vegetation before and after the construction of an embankment on Anmado Island in order to compare vegetation in relation to the development of islands. A total of 24 species distributed on the sand dunes. 18 species were found to be in common before and after the construction of the embankment, which included Vitex rotundifolia, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Zoysia sinica, etc. The species which were not found in this survey included Rumex japonicus, Setaria viridis, Portulaca oleracea, Artemisia japonica, Poiygonum aviculare, etc, and new species included Arena fatua, Carex boottiana, Lycium chinense, Leonurus sibiricus, Torilis japonica, Solanum carolinense, etc. The washing away of sand brought about the changes in habitat and the increase in naturalized plants, which included Oenothera odorata, Lepidium apetalum, Bidens bipinnata, Erigeron canadensis, Datura stramonium, Xanthium strumarium, Arena fatua, Solanum carolinense etc. In addition, the disturbance to this habitat led to the changes in vegetation. The main plant communities in the surveyed site were classified as Vitex rotundifolia-Imperata cylindrica var. koenigil community, Zoysia sinica-Calystegia soldanella community and Messerschmidia sibirica community. The sand dune vegetation on Anmado Island changed with regard to the community and the composition of species after the construction of the embankment, due to the sand being severely eroded. While Vitex rotundifolia community and Commelina communis community were found before the construction of the embankment, they were replaced by Vitex rotundifolia-Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii community, Zoysia sinica-Calystegia soldanella community and Messerschmidia sibirica community, after the construction of the embankment.

Conservation and management of coastal sand dune vegetation

Conservation and management of coastal sand dune vegetation

Conservation and management of coastal sand dune vegetation

Conservation and management of coastal sand dune vegetation

Comparative Study of the C3/CAM Intermediate Species Clusia parviflora Saldanha et Engi. and the Obligate CAM Species Clusia hilariana Schlecht. Growing Sympatrically Exposed and Shaded in the Coastal Restinga of Brazil

Abstract: The C3/CAM intermediate species, C/usia parviflora Saldanha et EngI., and the obligate CAM species Clusia hilariana Schlecht., occur sympatrically in the coastal sand dune vegetation of the Restinga of Brazil. Their photosynthetic activity at an exposed and at a shaded site was compared by measuring gas exchange (porometry), chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, organic acid levels (malic and citric) and carbon isotope ratios. At the shaded site, low photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) strongly restricted photosynthetic activity. However, C parviflora could readily make use of light flecks. At the exposed site, C. parviflora was much less affected by photoinhibition than C. hilariana. The CAM species showed higher apparent rates of linear photosynthetic electron transport (ETR) and higher effective quantum yield of PSII (ΔF/F'm) than did C. parviflora during high insolation in the middle of the day, i.e., the time of Phase Ill of CAM. Nevertheless, it suffered much more severe acute photoinhibition that was not reversible after 20 min of darkening during this time, and even some chronic photoinhibition not reversible overnight. Comparative studies of sympatric physiotypes with different modes of photosynthesis of a given leaf morphotype, as available in the genus Cksia, challenge some CAM dogmas, e.g., CAM may not always be superior at exposed sites and may not always provide better photoprotection at high PPFD. However, the idea that C3/CAM plasticity allows occupation of a wider range of habitats is supported.