Coastal Rehabilitation Research Articles

Pemberdayaan Karang Taruna untuk Kelola Potensi Pesisir Desa Bulakbaru Kabupaten Jepara

Bulakbaru village in JeparaDistrict is a village located in the northeastern coast of Java Sea. This village is prone to abrasion. Each year its land was reduced by between 50 to 100 meters. The existing vegetation in the area is only some mangroves, so that the condition of this coastal area has become more extreme. This condition requires efforts to improve and manage the coastal area potential with a variety of methods. Coastal rehabilitation requires strong human resources, equipped with appropriate science and technology for the coastal community. The research aims to encourage karang tarunato manage coastal potential and transfer simple technology for the rehabilitation of the coastal area so that the community can participate actively in preserving a sustainable environment. This programcomprises methods of public education, consultation, diffusion of science and technology, training and mediation. In the implementation of the program it was evident that the community, particularly members of karangtaruna, actively participated in all activities so that they could learn the science and technology and became more open-minded in managing the potential of their coastal village. Large portion of the the coastal rehabilitation technology can be transfered to the community. The village community was able to realize the importance of mutual cooperation to manage their environment in order that it can be sustainable.

Using Shoreline Video Assessment for coastal planning and restoration in the context of climate change in Kien Giang, Vietnam

Kien Giang, bordering Cambodia in the Mekong River Delta, is one of the two most vulnerable provinces in the region to coastal erosion and flooding. Coastal protection can conflict with current land use and economic development activities. The conditions of the mangrove forest and mainland coastline of the Kien Giang province were assessed using the Shoreline Video Assessment Method (SVAM) backed up with information from satellite images. Half of the 206 km Kien Giang coastline has been eroded or is being eroded. Protective mangrove forests naturally occurred in 74% of the coastline but have been under threat from illegal cutting, erosion and coastal retreat. Accurate information on the state of the coastline and mangrove forest health provided invaluable data for developing a new coastal rehabilitation plan to guard against future sea level rise. In contrast to the current boundary management of land and natural resources, this plan divided the provincial coastline into 19 sections based on the landscape condition and exposure to erosion. Priority strategic actions for erosion management, mangrove restoration and sustainable livelihood development for local communities for each section of coast were developed based on an integrated cross sectoral approach and practical experience in the Conservation and Development of the Kien Giang Biosphere Reserve Project.

Bekerja Bersama Berperan Setara: Kemitraan dalam Penanggulangan Abrasi di Desa Paojepe Kabupaten Wajo Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan

The environmental degradation was a major problem for people who living in the coastal area of Paojepe village. Some previous efforts to address this problem were not successful due to top-down approach and lack of community participation. Learning from the experience, a partnership between University of Indonesia, an NGO, and local community was established to address coastal abrasion by replanting mangrove. Local institutions such as kinship relations and patron-client relationship ( Punggawa-Sawi ) were functioned as capital in implementing the program. Awareness rising on coastal rehabilitation through local institutions can encourage people to undertake mangrove conservation. Key words: social capital; stakeholders; 'Punggawa-Sawi'.  

Coastal Morphodynamics and Human Impacts

It has long been obvious that our beaches have evolved with time in response to factors including the supply of sediment, the action of waves and currents, geological constraints, structures and sea level rise. The coastal zone is a delicate dynamic balance between the powerful driving forces of the ocean such as cyclones, waves, surges and tides as well as the reef-lagoon-beach ecosystem. It offers protection against these processes, as well, as producing sediments for the beaches and should be viewed as one complex multidisciplinary entity with the various conflicting uses and activities taking place within the zone. There is a constant need to rehabilitate and improve eroded shorelines and encourage the use of environmental technology for coastal rehabilitation. Alongshore sediment transport takes place due to topographical characteristics and coastal structures and revetment may cause shifts in erosion areas. Design processes for countermeasures are crucial for the preservation of the natural characteristics of the coastal and marine environment to mitigate the impacts of sustained erosion of the shoreline. The failure of coastal defences fortunately happens rarely but can have dramatic consequences as large scale flooding or a high rate of coastal erosion can follow. Shoreline retreat is one of the symptoms of an eroding coastline, which can eventually lead to the loss of settlements, such as villages and towns. Countries are now increasingly being affected mostly by hydrogeometeorological hazards and disasters, namely, floods, mass movements (e.g. erosion, landslides and siltation), tropical cyclones, hurricanes, tsunamis, swells and storms due to climate change [1-4]. The Special Issue in the Journal of Coastal Development on “Coastal Morphodynamics and Human Impacts” will deal with papers on erosion and accretion, coastal protection and rehabilitation and coastal conservation plan, shoreline modifications and human impacts. Articles can deal with coastal evolution and sea level rise, seasonal variation, storm response, conceptual models as scientific and engineering tools for a variety of coastal landforms and environments and soft coastal engineering solutions.

Efficiency of an integrated habitat stabilisation approach to coastal erosion management

The present paper describes the technical solution adopted for habitat stabilisation as an integrated approach to erosion mitigation aimed at improving ecological and environmental aspects of the tropical and subtropical shorelines. Any man-made structure on the beach could have an environmental impact on the habitat and the associated biota. However, when the habitat is considered in the design process, a coastal erosion management plan can provide an effective means of coastline stabilisation and habitat enhancement. Therefore, in this study a combination of low crested breakwaters and a mangrove restoration plan was applied to an intertidal beach on the west coast of the state of Selangor, Malaysia. The study was aimed at protecting the beach and enhancing the habitat. The presence of the breakwater resulted in sediment deposition on the beach and the substrate elevation increased to a height appropriate for mangrove establishment. The calm area protected by the breakwater was also conducive to restoration work on the exposed coast. The approach provided suitable conditions for coastal rehabilitation, facilitating the natural recovery process of the coastal ecosystem.

An integrated approach to coastal rehabilitation: Mangrove restoration in Sungai Haji Dorani, Malaysia

To achieve an efficient method of coastal rehabilitation, a coastal structure was applied in combination with the mangrove restoration scheme in Sungai Haji Dorani where coastal forest over-cutting associated with erosion has resulted in severe coastline retreat. Such an attempt provides the opportunity to mitigate erosion as well as improve ecological and socio-economic aspects of coastal areas, both of which are of great importance to local communities and authorities. Beach morphological changes were monitored for an eight-month period of time. The results indicate that the attempt has been successful in retaining sediment on the beach and consequently raising the elevation of the site. While the monitoring schedule is required to continue for several years to evaluate long-term performance of the rehabilitation effort, approximately 30% of the transplanted mangrove saplings' survival after eight months shows that the project was moderately successful. Since the general conditions of the selected site represent the majority of the eroded shorelines on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, the method applied in this study can be replicated as an appropriate cost-effective alternative for the same cases.

Vegetation bioshields for tsunami mitigation: review of effectiveness, limitations, construction, and sustainable management

Coastal vegetation has been widely recognized as a natural method to reduce the energy of tsunami waves. However, a vegetation barrier cannot completely stop a tsunami, and its effectiveness depends on the magnitude of the tsunami as well as the structure of the vegetation. For coastal rehabilitation, optimal planning of natural coastal systems, and their maintenance, we need to quantitatively elucidate the capacity of vegetation to reduce the energy of tsunami waves. The limitations of coastal forests in relation to the magnitude of a tsunami and the maintenance of forests as natural disaster buffer zones have to be understood correctly for effective coastal vegetation planning. Demerits of coastal forests have also been revealed: for example, an open gap in a forest (i.e., a road, river, difference in elevation, etc.) can channel and amplify a strong current by forcing it into the gap. Floating debris from broken trees also can damage surrounding buildings and hurt people. However, many studies have revealed that these demerits can be overcome with proper planning and management of mangroves and coastal forests, and that coastal vegetation has a significant potential to mitigate damage in constructed areas and save human lives by acting as buffer zones during extreme natural events. However, mangrove forests have been damaged by anthropogenic activities (i.e., tourism, shrimp farming, and industrial development), making coastal areas increasingly vulnerable to tsunamis and other natural disasters. The effectiveness of vegetation also changes with the age and structure of the forest. This highlights the fact that proper planning and management of vegetation are required to maintain the tsunami buffering function of coastal forests. Although many government and nongovernmental organizations have implemented coastal vegetation projects, many of them have been unsuccessful due to a lack of proper maintenance. A pilot project in Matara City, Sri Lanka, revealed that participation and support from local authorities and communities is essential to make the planting projects successful. An integrated coastal vegetation management system that includes utilization of the materials produced by the forest and a community participation and awareness program are proposed to achieve a sustainable and long-lasting vegetation bioshield.

Developmental stages and potential mariculture for coastal rehabilitation of endangered Pacific angelwing clam, Pholas orientalis

Sexually mature Pacific angelwing clams, Pholas orientalis, were collected from the wild and spawned and cultured under laboratory conditions to document early developmental stages and to develop culture techniques for coastal rehabilitation of this endangered species. There was a highly significant difference ( P < 0.01) found in induced spawning of P. orientalis using desiccation method compared with those that were not desiccated. Depending upon the size, spawners released between 1 and 2 million eggs. Wild spawners used in this study were functional simultaneous hermaphrodites that self-fertilized their own eggs (43.0 ± 0.8 μm diameter). First cellular division and motile morula occurred after 46 min and 3 h, respectively. Actively swimming early veliger and crawling pediveliger stages emerged after about 15 h and 22 h, respectively. Approximately 99.7% of straight-hinge larvae (58.3 ± 0.3 μm shell length) appeared after about 23 h. Fed with Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros calcitrans, and Nannochloropsis sp., the average survival rate at umbo stage (128 μm shell length; 115 μm shell width) after 10 days was 92% at 30.0 ± 1.0‰ salinity, pH 8.04–8.15 and temperature 23.5–29 °C. Survival rate of juveniles (1.046 mm shell length; 0.701 mm shell width) in muddy substrate after 30 days post-spawning was about 16%. This is the first time that P. orientalis has been successfully spawned in captivity and reared through early embryonic, larval, and juvenile stages. Postlarvae of P. orientalis were successfully introduced in the muddy cove of San Dionisio, Panay Island, Philippines (11°13′N, 123°04′E) and have produced successive generations that successfully colonized the area. Coastal rehabilitation and mariculture using hatchery-produced seedstock of this species show very encouraging results.

Artificial Reefs as a Tool to Aid Rehabilitation of Coastal Ecosystems: Investigating the Potential

Utilising case studies, the paper identifies the potential of artificial reefs as a tool to aid the rehabilitation of coastal ecosystems from an ecological perspective. It goes on to discuss how this potential can be constrained by the action of a complex array of legal frameworks and political processes which are not necessarily attuned to or supportive of the needs of habitat restoration (whether based on artificial reefs or other technologies). Apart from institutional inertia, one of the main reasons why support for habitat restoration projects may be lacking is that, while their costs may be expressed in monetary terms, their benefits rarely are. The paper concludes by exploring techniques by which both the benefits and costs of coastal rehabilitation may be monetised, thereby placing them on the same footing as other programmes whose economic returns are more easily quantified.