Coastal Areas Research Articles

Effect of coastal hypoxia on bacterial diversity as elucidated through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing

The formation of oxygen-depleted zones in the bottom waters is one of the most widespread phenomena in coastal areas. Upwelling episodes along India’s west coast due to the southwest monsoon increase biological productivity, further lowering the dissolved oxygen in the upwelled waters, which intensifies annually between June and October. Here, we have determined the changes in the microbial community in response to the varying oxygen levels and other physicochemical parameters at the Candolim Time Series Station using high-throughput sequencing. Amplicon Sequence Variants across all the samples collected in different seasons were mostly affiliated to the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes and Planctomycetes, with the most dominant being Proteobacteria (21-41%). Statistical analysis revealed that microbial diversity differed significantly with changing DO, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite concentrations during different seasons. The microbial community shift due to seasonal hypoxia results in the differential biogeochemical cycling of essential nutrients, with certain years seeing redox conditions up to sulphate reduction while certain years seeing only nitrogen loss. Future global warming scenarios will serve as a big challenge for understanding the role of microbial diversity and its implications in the cycling of natural elements.

Stony Corals and Their Associated Fauna Residing in Marine Lakes under Extreme Environmental Conditions

Tropical marine lakes are small land-locked marine waterbodies occurring in karstic coastal areas. During biodiversity surveys in 12 marine lakes in Raja Ampat, Southwest Papua province, Indonesia, we recorded at least 37 species belonging to 29 genera of hard corals. Their observed associated symbiont fauna consisted of bivalve molluscs and polychaete worms. Marine lake temperature ranged from 30.0 to 32.5 °C, acidity from pH 7.6 to 8.1, and salinity from 26.4 to 33.2 ppt. This study provides the first inventory of the marginal coral communities in the extreme habitat of marine lakes, under chronic extreme environmental conditions of higher temperatures, land-based nutrient loads, and sedimentation.

Decision making in disaster management: considering the medicated society–a case study

ABSTRACT The frequency of climate-related disasters is increasing along with their impacts. Disaster management involves a myriad of decisions that affect the common good in complex situations in which people may be in life-or-death situations. Prior planning assisted by technology support has become the de facto standard in addressing the needs of different constituency groups. Although traditionally underserved communities are particularly vulnerable to disasters, they are often overlooked in planning scenarios. This research focuses on one such group, the medicated society with chronic health conditions. To illustrate the risks and potential interventions for this subpopulation, we provide a case study of a scenario for a significant hurricane and flooding affecting a municipality in the United States. This coastal region is like coastal areas worldwide, where damages from winds and flooding lead to initial and sustained impacts. We provide recommendations for including this growing subpopulation in decision support for disaster management.

STRATEGI PEMBERDAYAAN EKONOMI MELALUI INOVASI TEKNOLOGI AIR BERSIH: STUDI KASUS PENERAPAN REVERSE OSMOSIS DAN PERINTISAN BISNIS

The helplessness of coastal communities in processing salt and brackish water into drinking water is a great irony of modern society, in the midst of technological advances and the industrial era 4.0. The problem in the coastal areas of Sungai Kakap subdistrict, Kubu Raya district, is the lack of availability of clean water and the absence of clean water infrastructure. Peat groundwater in coastal deltas cannot support the use of groundwater sources due to high levels of acid and organic substances. This can trigger problems of poor community sanitation and cause the community's inability to optimize the potential of villages that have abundant natural resources. This activity aims to empower and increase community participation in designing and processing brackish/salt water into drinking water using Reverse Osmosis (RO) technology to meet the need for hygienic ready-to-drink water. Small scale water treatment system design using ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. The raw water used comes from river surface water in coastal areas. The small-scale water treatment design consists of two FRP tubes containing filter media, three filter cartridges, and UF and RO membranes. Two thrust pumps, with a minimum pressure specification of 40 m, are used to provide pressure that exceeds osmosis pressure so that raw water can be filtered through the RO membrane. The results of the activity show that the implementation of the RO system has succeeded in increasing the availability of clean water in Sungai Itik Village, which previously experienced challenges in providing adequate water supply. In addition, the integration of local business startups with RO technology opens up new opportunities for local residents to participate in the local economy and increase family income. Key factors supporting the success of this economic empowerment strategy were identified, including active community involvement in planning and implementation, collaboration between local government and local stakeholders, and adoption of new technologies and skills by local communities. This activity provides an important contribution in understanding the role of clean water technology innovation as a catalyst for local economic transformation in coastal areas. The practical implications of these findings can help decision makers in designing sustainable and effective policies to improve the welfare of coastal communities through sustainable economic empowerment. The use of this technology can help increase the availability of clean water in areas that previously experienced difficulties in this regard.

Carbon emission reduction enabled by informatization construction: an analysis of spatial effects based on China's experience.

The "dual-carbon" objective presents a huge challenge for China and the world, with profound implications for the advancement of China's eco-friendly economy. Additionally, informatization development has a significant impact on the level of carbon emissions in both local and neighbouring regions. Therefore, we employ panel data from 30 provinces in China spanning the years 2012 to 2021, and use the Kernel density estimate and Moran's index to explore informatization level and carbon emissions space agglomeration characteristics. We elucidate the nonlinear relationship and heterogeneity between informatization improvement and carbon emissions based on the spatial Durbin model. The primary findings are as follows. Firstly, we discover a distinct spatial clustering phenomenon which the informatization level is high in coastal areas and low in inland areas, whereas carbon emissions are low in the south and high in the north. Secondly, the effect of the informatization level on carbon emissions is shown as a U-shaped and non-linear correlation, signifying inhibitory and subsequently promoting phases. Thirdly, we reveal the negative influence on carbon emissions caused by spatial lag terms of the informatization level, and find that a higher local informatization level will have an inhibitory effect on carbon emissions in neighbouring areas. Finally, there is a spatial heterogeneity in the impact of the informatization level on carbon emissions, which presents the U-shaped relation between informatization level and carbon emissions varies across the North-South subregion and the three major economic subregion of China.

Social Entrepreneurship and Impact on Community Empowerment in Indonesia's Coastal Areas

This study uses quantitative analysis to look at how social entrepreneurship and social initiatives affect community empowerment in Indonesia's coastal regions. Key characteristics were measured using a Likert scale in response to a standardized questionnaire completed by 150 individuals who are involved in social entrepreneurship or initiatives. Data analysis was done using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results show a strong correlation in favor of social entrepreneurship, community empowerment, and social projects. Furthermore, the moderation analysis highlights the significance of stakeholder participation and organizational structure in enhancing the beneficial effects of social initiatives on community empowerment. These findings have implications for social development policy and practice as well as the transformative ability of social entrepreneurship and community-led projects in promoting empowerment within coastal communities.

Mangrove untuk Ketahanan Iklim berdasarkan Indeks Kerentanan Pesisir, Penerapan di Mempawah, Kalimantan Barat

Coastal areas are particularly vulnerable to climate change. The primary objective of this study is to use the Geographic Information System (GIS) approach to assess the level of vulnerability in the coastal area of Mempawah Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, by utilizing the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) and analyzing the role of mangrove land cover in explaining the coastal vulnerability based on land cover characteristics. From 41 surveyed grids, a substantial 65.83% are classified under the category of very low vulnerability, while 34.14% fall within the range of low vulnerability, in Mempawah. The validation of the mangroves' role as a defense mechanism in mitigating climate phenomena within coastal areas was validated through various approaches such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and land cover

Remote Measurement of Tide and Surge Using a Deep Learning System with Surveillance Camera Images

The latest progress in deep learning approaches has garnered significant attention across a variety of research fields. These techniques have revolutionized the way marine parameters are measured, enabling automated and remote data collection. This work centers on employing a deep learning model for the automated evaluation of tide and surge, aiming to deliver accurate results through the analysis of surveillance camera images. A mode of deep learning based on the Inception v3 structure was applied to predict tide and storm surges from surveillance cameras located in two different coastal areas of Italy. This approach is particularly advantageous in situations where traditional tide sensors are inaccessible or distant from the measurement point, especially during extreme events that require accurate surge measurements. The conducted experiments illustrate that the algorithm efficiently measures tide and surge remotely, achieving an accuracy surpassing 90% and maintaining a loss value below 1, evaluated through Categorical Cross-Entropy Loss functions. The findings highlight its potential to bridge the gap in data collection in challenging coastal environments, providing valuable insights for coastal management and hazard assessments. This research contributes to the emerging field of remote sensing and machine learning applications in environmental monitoring, paving the way for enhanced understanding and decision-making in coastal regions.

Marine Geohazards of the Bay of Naples (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy): A Review Integrating Morpho-Bathymetric and Seismo-Stratigraphic Analysis

Marine geohazards in the Bay of Naples, an eruptive region during the late Quaternary, have been assessed based on both morpho-bathymetric and seismic data. Previously identified areas of high marine hazard with slide potential (northern Ischia slope, Naples canyons, and Sorrento Peninsula–Capri slope) have been confirmed and integrated through the seismo-stratigraphic analysis of selected seismic sections. We evaluated the occurrence of important fossil submarine landslides in the stratigraphic record. Several kinds of submarine landslides have been individuated through morpho-bathymetric and seismic interpretation, including creeping, debris avalanches, and debris flows, among others, often controlled by volcanic eruptions. Submarine landslides of Naples Bay are primary geohazards in the marine and coastal areas, which has been ascertained with significant volcanic and tsunami hazards involving the gulf. Despite previous studies on these topics, much work is still needed to compile a systematic database of the submarine landslides of the Bay of Naples, representing a future step of this research.

Defending Race-Conscious Policy

Beginning in the 1980s, a coalition of community groups, activists, and non-profits loosely referred to as the “environmental justice movement” campaigned to draw awareness to the disproportionate distribution of environmental burdens to low-income communities of color. These burdens cause severely negative health impacts, reduce property values (which in turn reduce generational wealth), and im-pact quality of life. Low-income communities of color also receive few-er environmental benefits, including parks and green space (which re-duces heat in urban areas) and access to healthy food. Climate change further threatens vulnerable communities by causing increased heat in already-overheated neighborhoods, more frequent and severe storms, and rising sea levels in coastal areas. In 2019, New York State enacted the Climate Leadership and Com-munity Protection Act (CLCPA), an ambitious piece of legislation that creates a framework to reduce statewide greenhouse gas emissions and to invest in “disadvantaged communities” (DACs). The latter goal reflects the environmental justice movement’s success. The current set of criteria developed under the CLCPA to identify U.S. census tracts within New York as DACs considers, among a large set of factors, the racial and ethnic demographics of the tracts. While this approach re-flects the environmental justice movement’s values, it also makes the CLCPA vulnerable to a potential constitutional challenge. Drawing on decades of precedent from the U.S. Supreme Court in cases regarding affirmative action programs, a plaintiff might bring a case arguing that the New York State government is distributing benefits based onindividuals’ race or ethnicity, in violation of the Equal Protection Clause. This Note examines the degree to which the CLCPA’s current DAC criteria are vulnerable to such a challenge, and sets forth how the state might argue that the DAC criteria do not violate the Equal Protection Clause. Specifically, this Note argues that the state could mount a strong argument at the outset that such a plaintiff cannot satisfy the requirements for standing. In the alternative, the state could argue that the criteria should not draw strict scrutiny because race and eth-nicity are relatively insignificant factors in a complex and context-sensitive process. If the criteria do draw strict scrutiny, the govern-ment could argue that it has a compelling interest in remedying the ef-fects of its past acts of racial discrimination, and that the criteria are narrowly tailored to this interest. And finally, the government could argue that even if the criteria are unconstitutional for considering race, the issue is severable, and the criteria can be easily amended to remove race and ethnicity.

Spatial and temporal-trend assessment of desertification-sensitive land using the desertification sensitivity index in the provincial Ninh Thuan, Vietnam.

Desertification is a specific land-degrading process, reducing soil productivity and potentially threatening global food security. Therefore, spatially and temporally identifying and mapping desertification-sensitive areas is essential for better management. The current study aimed to (1) assess spatial areas sensitive to desertification and (2) examine the changing tendency of the desertification-sensitive areas over the past 25years in the provincial Ninh Thuan. The desertification sensitivity index (DSI) was computed based on the Medalus model using 10 quantitative parameters, grouped into the soil, climate, and vegetation quality indexes, computed for the years 1996, 2005, 2010, and 2016. GIS was used to map desertification-sensitive areas associated with five DSI classes. Results showed that classes II and III had the highest area percentage, followed by classes IV and V, and class I. The classes most sensitive to desertification (classes IV and V) covered around 13 to 17%, and classes II and III were 25 to 32% of the total study area, respectively. The coastal areas located in the southeastern parts were more sensitive to desertification than the other parts. Over the four examined periods, the areas of classes IV and V increased while those of classes II and I decreased. These indicated that the study province tended to increase in its desertification sensitivity with a severe increase in the coastal areas over the past 25years. The key factors involved in these changes could be related the human activities and climate variation, which could be more serious in southeastern areas than in the other areas.

Lump Kink interactional and breather-type waves solutions of (3+1)-dimensional shallow water wave dynamical model and its stability with applications

The shallow water equations are used to describe the behavior of water waves in various shallow regions such as coastal areas, lakes, rivers, etc. These equations are derived by making simplifying assumptions about the water depth relative to the wavelength of the waves. In this paper, the generalized exponential rational function method (gERFM) is used to construct novel wave solutions of the (3+1)-dimensional shallow water wave ((3+1)-dSWW) dynamical model. These solutions encompass distinct kinds of waves, such as solitary waves, solitons, Kink and anti-kink solitons, lump Kink interactional waves, traveling breathers-type waves and multi-peak solitons. The dynamical behavior of these wave solutions is discussed, examining the influence of free parameters on the resulting wave shapes. Furthermore, to provide a scientific elucidation of the obtained results, the solutions are presented graphically, making it easy to distinguish the dynamical features, which have practical implications in different areas of applied sciences and engineering. The stability of this dynamical model is revealed via modulational instability analysis, signifying that all analytical results are stable. The obtained results show that the given technique is universal and efficient. Through comparing the projected technique with the existing techniques, the obtained results demonstrate that the given technique is universal, pithy and efficient.

Decision support for allocating farmed fish to customer orders using a bi-objective optimization model

Aquaculture is an important industry in certain coastal areas. Focusing on farming of salmon and trout, an operational planning problem arises with the goal of allocating supply of fish to demand expressed through customer orders. This paper provides a conceptual model of such a planning problem, defines a corresponding bi-objective mathematical programming model. The problem is novel with respect to the structure of the transportation of fish, and the rules for satisfying customer orders with respect to fish size, quality, certification, and health status. Computational experiments are conducted to gain further insights into the use of the provided model to provide support for planners involved in the operational decision making. Results indicate that the bi-objective optimization model can be useful in situations where supply is insufficient to cover all the demand within a given planning horizon.

Liquefaction ground deformations and cascading coastal flood hazard in the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence

The 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence produced extensive liquefaction-induced ground deformations and ongoing flooding along the shoreline of the Mediterranean port city of İskenderun, Türkiye. This study compiles field observations and analyses from cross-disciplinary perspectives to investigate whether earthquake-induced liquefaction was a significant factor for increasing the flood hazard in İskenderun. Geotechnical reconnaissance observations following the earthquakes included seaward lateral spreading, settlement beneath buildings, and failures of coastal infrastructure. Three presented lateral spreading case histories indicate consistent ground deformation patterns with areas of reclaimed land. Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) measurements from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery identify a noticeably greater rate of pre- and post-earthquake subsidence within the İskenderun coastal and urban areas relative to the surrounding regions. The PSI measurements also indicate subsidence rates accelerated following the earthquakes and were typically highest near the observed liquefaction manifestations. These evaluations suggest that while the liquefaction of coastal reclaimed fill caused significant ground deformations in the shoreline area, ongoing subsidence of İskenderun and other factors likely also exacerbated the flood hazard. Insights from this work suggest the importance of evaluating multi-hazard liquefaction and flood consequences for enhancing the resilience of coastal cities.

Static and dynamic strength properties of highly structured clay-rich diatomite in Shengzhou, China

Diatomite is a widespread geological substance found in coastal and lake areas worldwide. Although diatomites are increasingly used in geotechnical engineering construction, a significant knowledge gap exists regarding their mechanical responses to static and dynamic loadings, particularly in high-speed railway projects. This study investigates the static and dynamic behaviors of diatomites through extensive experiments, considering both natural and remolded states. It focuses on representative diatomite specimens obtained from the Shengzhou region in China, an area intersected by the Hang-Shao-Tai high-speed railway. The results of uniaxial compression and undrained triaxial shear tests show that the structural degradation of diatomite significantly impacts its stress-strain responses, failure patterns, and mechanical parameters under static and dynamic loading conditions. The structural effects of natural diatomite tend to degrade as the confining pressure level increases, resulting in corresponding changes in its mechanical parameters. Undrained triaxial shear tests conducted on natural diatomite reveal that the inclinations of the shear band closely correspond to those predicted by the Mohr-Coulomb solution. Additionally, we present a modified hyperbolic-type model to evaluate the damping ratio of diatomites. Furthermore, a power-law model based on Hardin's formula was used to predict the maximum shear modulus of diatomites under varying stress levels and void ratios. Microstructural and chemical analyses were conducted using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction to gain insights into the observed structural effects at the microscale.

Areas of Endemism and Biogeographic Regionalization of the Iberian Peninsula Based on Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Based on the distribution of 275 species of ants native to the Iberian Peninsula (IP), we identified areas of endemism (AE) within its geographical limits and present a biogeographic regionalization using two complementary methods and two types of operational geographical units. For endemicity analysis (EA), we used a 100 km2 grid cell, and for parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE), we used hydrological basins as natural units. The EA revealed twelve areas of endemism that were grouped into five consensus areas. These are the Northeastern area, South plateau, Guadalquivir Valley, Baetic System, and Iberian Peninsula (whole). PAE resulted in a cladogram that classified hydrological basins into at least two successively nested subsets: an Atlantic group that is more related to northern European fauna and an Iberian subset that is well supported by synapomorphies. The Iberian subset was differentiated into four main areas: (a) a Northeastern area formed by the Pyrenees and the Catalan Coastal Range, (b) a mainland area containing the Central System and Guadiana and Tajo valleys, (c) a Southern area consisting of the Guadalquivir Valley and the Baetic System, and (d) a Northern coastal area. The results showed congruence between the two methods since many of the synapomorphies are shared among the diagnostic and IP endemic species of the EA. Both EA and PAE showed the relevance of the heterogeneous peninsular orography that combines mountainous regions with valleys and plateaus, which have acted as historical barriers or corridors. The presence of numerous endemic species, particularly in the southern third of the IP, suggests that several Iberian refuges for ants originated during glacial periods. These areas constitute priority sites for the conservation of ants in particular and biodiversity in general on the IP and allow further research about the processes that generated these distributional patterns.

Impact of typhoons on the ecological environment of the Pearl River Estuary in the summer of 2021—a study of an algal bloom event

In the summer of 2021, two typhoons, Typhoon Cempaka and Typhoon Lupit, passed through the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), resulting in a noticeable chlorophyll-a (Chla) bloom event on the west side of the PRE. Utilizing a coupled hydrodynamic-ecological model (ROMS-CoSiNE), we investigated the changes in the marine environment during the two-typhoon period and explored the underlying mechanisms involved. Our model effectively reproduces the spatial characteristics of the typhoon-induced algal blooms. The results suggest that the westward invasion of the Pearl River plume has a predominant impact on the alterations in biochemical elements. For further quantitative analyses, we utilized the model to determine the Chla concentration budget in algal bloom region to assess the dominant mechanism, particularly focusing on horizontal advection. Our findings indicated that algal bloom events are mainly attributed to a straightforward physical mechanism, namely, phytoplankton transportation, rather than to nutrient-induced phytoplankton growth. The study also revealed that the different growth processes of the two simulated phytoplankton species did not contribute positively to the increased Chla concentrations. However, further research is needed to investigate the impacts of different phytoplankton functional groups on the marine ecological environment under the influence of typhoons. This study enhances the understanding of the response of ecological environments in coastal areas to typhoons.

Low-cost cultivation of Nannochloropsis oceanica in newly designed photobioreactors and its productivity trends in semi-continuous cultivation under inland outdoor conditions

Most marine microalgae are typically cultivated in coastal areas due to challenges in inland cultivation. In this 185 days experiment, Nannochloropsis oceanica was semi-continuously cultivated inland using different photobioreactors (PBRs). The newly designed 700-liter (L) PBR exhibited tolerance to seasonal changes compared to the 150-L PBRs. The innovative in-situ oxygen release rate (ORR) measurement method results indicated that ORR was influenced by light intensity and temperature. The optimal temperature range for N. oceanica growth was 14–25 ℃, demonstrated cold tolerance and lipid accumulation at low temperatures. The maximum lipid content in 700-L and 150-L PBRs was 29 % and 28 %, respectively. Based on the average biomass productivity, the price of N. oceanica was $11.89 kg−1 (or $3.35 kg−1 based on maximum biomass productivity), which is cheaper than the current market price of $20.19 kg−1. From results, smaller PBRs at the same hydro electricity price are more cost-effective.

A culture-independent approach, supervised machine learning, and the characterization of the microbial community composition of coastal areas across the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea

BackgroundCoastal areas are subject to various anthropogenic and natural influences. In this study, we investigated and compared the characteristics of two coastal regions, Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Goa (GA), focusing on pollution, anthropogenic activities, and recreational impacts. We explored three main factors influencing the differences between these coastlines: The Bay of Bengal’s shallower depth and lower salinity; upwelling phenomena due to the thermocline in the Arabian Sea; and high tides that can cause strong currents that transport pollutants and debris.ResultsThe microbial diversity in GA was significantly higher than that in AP, which might be attributed to differences in temperature, soil type, and vegetation cover. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and bioinformatics analysis indicated the presence of diverse microbial phyla, including candidate phyla radiation (CPR). Statistical analysis, random forest regression, and supervised machine learning models classification confirm the diversity of the microbiome accurately. Furthermore, we have identified 450 cultures of heterotrophic, biotechnologically important bacteria. Some strains were identified as novel taxa based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, showing promising potential for further study.ConclusionThus, our study provides valuable insights into the microbial diversity and pollution levels of coastal areas in AP and GA. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the impact of anthropogenic activities and climate variations on biology of coastal ecosystems and biodiversity.

Drifting towards multidimensional collaborative innovation: the co-evolution of collaboration networks and policy in China’s nuclear power industry

Purpose Nuclear power is a stable and reliable energy source that can improve energy structure while reducing carbon emissions, which is of great significance for environmental protection and combating climate change. As a unique industry, it is facing rare development opportunities in China and has broad market prospects. However, the characteristics of technical difficulty, loose organizational structure and uneven regional distribution limit the expansion of the nuclear power industry. This paper aims to a better understanding of the accumulation process for innovation capability from the perspective of network evolution and provides policy guidance for the market development of the nuclear power industry (NPI). Design/methodology/approach Methodologically, social network analysis is used to explore the co-evolution of multidimensional collaboration networks. First, the development and policy evolution of the NPI is introduced to divide the evolution periods. Then, the authors identify and analyze the core organizations, technologies and regions that promote nuclear power patent collaboration. Furthermore, three levels of collaboration networks based on organizations, technologies and regions are constructed to analyze the coevolution of patent networks in China’s NPI. Findings The results show that nuclear power enterprises always play the foremost role in the organizational collaboration network (OCN), and the dominance of foreign enterprises is replaced by Chinese state-owned enterprises in the third period. The technology hotspot has shifted from nuclear power plant construction to the control system. The regional collaboration network was initially formed in the coastal areas and gradually moved inland, with Guangdong and Beijing becoming the two cores of the network. The scale of three collaboration networks is still expanding but the speed has slowed down. Originality/value In response to the pain points of the NPI, this research focuses on multidimensional collaborative innovation, investigates the dynamic evolution process of collaborative innovation networks in China’s NPI and links policy evolution with network evolution creatively. The ultimate result not only helps nuclear power enterprises integrate innovative resources in complex environments but also promotes industrial upgrading and market development.