Coastal Areas In Indonesia Research Articles

Coastal Restoration Based on Institutional Approach: A case study in the city of Probolinggo, East Java Province, Indonesia

The coastal area in Indonesia is currently experiencing a very heavy pressure, whether caused by human activities, or caused by natural processes. Damage to coastal ecosystems like mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds, estuaries and the region has reached at an alarming rate. It is estimated that more than 41 percent of the coastal area in Indonesia is experiencing environmental degradation. This leads to the coastal region can no longer support the region's ecological system. Associated with more severe coastal damage, it is necessary efforts to save the coast through the people residing in coastal areas as a subject of coastal development. In this regard, more comprehensive studies are needed to determine the institutional aspects as an effective solution for dealing with coastal restoration.The aim of this research is to handle of coastal environmental damage by coastal restoration based on institutional aspect, and to formulate institutional models in accordance with local wisdom. Therefore, it is needed a statistical approach with assumption that there is relationship between restoration of mangrove with institutional aspect. Partial Least Square (PLS) is used to examine such relationship. To analyse priority of institutional strategy, it is used SWOT analysis.The result of this research is that to overcome the damage of mangroves, it is necessary to formulate activities synergy among local government, private and local people. Therefore, Co-management approach is needed to strengthen mangrove Community Working Group. (CWS).

SATU DEKADE PEMBANGUNAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA DI WILAYAH PESISIR: CAPAIAN DAN TANTANGAN (KASUS PULAU MAPUR, KABUPATEN BINTAN)

The coastal areas of Indonesia are rich of natural resources. However, the resources have not been utilized optimally due to several factors, including the low quality of human resources. People who live in coastal areas generally live with low economic conditions as indicated by high incidence of poverty in this region. The economic activity of population who lives in coastal areas, particularly fishermen, depends on the utilization of the natural resources with low technology and limitation of capital. To improve the quality of human resources and reduce poverty in coastal areas, various community empowerment programs have been conducted. This article aims to examine the achievement of community empowerment programs and its challenge to achieve the program goals in Mapur Island, one of coastal area in Bintan Regency. The data used for this study are baseline studies of socio-economic aspects of coral reefs in Mapur Village conducted by PPK-LIPI in 2005 and 2015. The results shows that after a decade of community development programs implemented in the island of Mapur, the economic conditions of the population has improved as indicated by the increase of household income. Sources of income for the population also become more varying since economic opportunities open up more in the field of trade, services and transportation as a result of the development programs in coastal areas. However, the condition of human resources as indicated by educational level has not achieved the expected results. The education level of the population does not show significant changes over a decade. School dropout rates are quite high and the majority of the population only completed elementary school.

Effect of combination dope composition and evaporation time on the separation performance of cellulose acetate membrane for demak brackish water treatment

The coastal areas in Indonesia often have a problem of clean water lack, because the water is classified as brackish water. Therefore, this research investigated the fabrication of CA membranes using phase inversion method for brackish water treatment. Investigation was conducted to study the effect of combination dope composition and evaporation time on separation performance and morphology of the memrbane. Membrane was fabricated by dry-wet phase inversion technique with variation of polymer concentration 17, 18 and 20 wt% in the total solid and evaporation time of 5, 10 and 15 seconds, respectively. The asymmetric membranes were characterized by permeability test through rejection and flux measurements using brackish water as feed. The experimental results from SEM images analysis showed that all the membranes have a thin small porous layer and thicker sub-structure of larger porous layer formed asymmetric membrane. Moreover, the greater polymer concentration is resulting smaller pore size and smaller membrane porosity. The longer evaporation time was also resulted in denser membrane active layer. The best membrane performance was observed at the composition of 20 wt% CA polymer, 1 wt % polyethylene glycol with the solvent evaporation time of 15 seconds.

VEGETASI LANSKAP JALAN SEBAGAI PEREDUKSI ALIRAN ANGIN DI KOTA KUPANG

Kupang City in East Nusa Tenggara is one of the coastal area in Indonesia that has the high speed of wind flows. Leaving the rainy season in May and entering the dry season from June to October each year brings the peak wind season from the northwest. It may reach 28-30 Knots grade (Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Climatology Station of Lasiana, Kupang, 2014). The wind flow has disturbed the safety of road users in the city. The study aim to determine the amount and the impact of wind speed that occurs at three locations of roads, comparing some road vegetations which the best and the worst in solving the wind flow problem, and to develop the road planting plan to reduce the wind flow of road landscape in Kupang. The study was conducted on three roads with vegetation plot include Frans Seda, Piet Tallo and Herman Johanes roads. Wind flow measurements made on each side of the road that exposed to the wind. The study was conducted in May until December 2015. The most effective spot in reducing wind flow is at penghijauan spot with the great number and kind of vegetations, tree canopy and tree rapidity in the area. The worst spot for wind reducer is at Liliba spot and Pertamina spot in Herman Johanes road. The result is supporting by 4 factorial designs which showed that the roads have low rapidity of plants, the sort and height of vegetations which are below 5 meters at the road.

SOCIAL IMPACT OF MANGROVE LAND CONVERSION IN DIMENSIONS AS RURAL SUSTAINABILITY

Mangrove ecosystem is an important part of the coastal environment. One of the problems in almost all coastal areas in Indonesia is the degradation of mangrove area. In the coastal areas of Langkat Regency, precisely in the Tapak Kuda Village is also facing the same thing. In the last 15 years, mangrove area has reduced quite high. One of them is caused by the conversion of mangrove land into ponds. The existence of mangrove ecosystems is related to socio-economic life of society that causes the decline of mangrove area and the changing environmental conditions of social life. The results showed that the conversion of mangrove land brought the social impact on residents’ lives. Changes in the types of jobs are fishermen decreased 24%, the percentage of farmers rose 19% and fish farmers also rose 10%. Income-related conditions, 24% of people feel steady and have sufficient income to meet the families’ needs, 43% of people feel sometimes high income is not enough to meet families’ needs and 33% of people feel low income that make the families’ needs are not fulfilled. The condition of public education level has increased, the percentage of people completing primary school rose 7%, junior high was up 21%, and high school 16%. Regarding the use of natural resources, there were only 35% of the natural resources that could be managed by the community. Community land use patterns are 10% of ponds, 30% of fields, 20% of fishing areas and 40% of conservation areas.

Green Development Rights For Optimizing Urban Area And Coastal Areas In Indonesia (Consitency Of The State Of The Doctrine Of The Right To Control The State)

The green development right paradigm will elaborate the ontology (nature), and the ways or methods in order to achieve the ultimate goal of the green development right. This ultimate goal will be focused on the creation of the ideal maritime systems that may guarantee all related parties, such as individual, society, or community, private sectors and the government, to convert their potentials to be functional towards public welfare. The core elements of the green development right will emphasizes the series of norms in managing the coastal and frontline island potentials. The normative framework covers Environmental Law, Fishery Law, and Coastal Law. The research methods use an empirical approach and normative approach. The study documents the analysis consists of constitutions, legislation and various policies relating to the subject matter studied in Indonesia area and the problems it faces and report the results of the various meetings, seminars, public hearings.

THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE WHITE-BELLIED SEA EAGLE (Haliaeetus leucogaster) BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

<p>The white-bellied sea eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster, is one of the top predators living in the coastal area of Indonesia. This species has the range of distribution in all across Indonesian archipelago. However, this raptor population decreases particularly in the Java southern seas due to illegal hunts and the decreasing quality of their natural habitat. Meanwhile, this species is still poorly studied in Indonesia. This research focuses on the identification of Haliaeetus leucogaster by means of morphometrical analysis in regards to the conservation of this species. The method used in this research is by measuring morphometrical characteristics according to Rahmat (2009) including wing span, body weight, total length, total wing length, wing width, patagial width tail length, tarsus length and depth, talons with claws and without claws, claws, culmen with cere and without cere, culmen height and width, inter-pupil distance, iris color, primairy wing feather number, secondary wing feather number and the number of tail feathers.</p><p><br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: Haliaeetus leucogaster, morphological characteristics</p>

DYNAMIC OF SEA LEVEL ANOMALY OF INDONESIAN WATERS

A trend in sea level rise as a result of global warming could be a threat to small islands and coastal areas in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to determine the trend and variability of mean sea level anomaly (MSLA) in Indonesian waters during the 20 years of observation. The data used in this study were monthly MSLA data obtained from the AVISO website (ftp://ftp.aviso.oceanobs.com). Supporting data were the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) (http://www.gom.gov.au/climate/enso), Dipole Indian Mode (DIM) index (http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_Indian_Ocean_Dipole.html), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index (http://research.jisao.washington.edu/pdo/). Eigth stations of Indonesian waters were selected to study the variability of MSLA. In general, MSLA variabilities of Indonesian waters had a seasonal pattern, positively correlated with the SOI index, and negatively correlated with DIM and PDO indexes. The partial correlation of DIM was more dominant in west of Sumatra (r=-0.52) and south of Java (r=-0.44), PDO was more dominant in the northern waters of Papua (r=-0.37) and Makassar Strait (r=-0.33), and SOI was more dominant in northern Papua (r=0.52) and less toward the west of Indonesian waters. Overall, the MSLA variability of Indonesian waters can be explained by the variabilities of SOI, DIM, and PDO indexes with the lowest value in Natuna waters by 12% (R2=0.12) and the highest value in the northern waters of Papua by 54% (R2=0.54). Interannual variabilities were observed during ENSO events (SOI<-10) along with the maximum value of DIM index resulted in the lowest value of MSLA. Meanwhile, the highest value of MSLA was found during La Nina events (SOI>10) in conjunction with a minimum value of DIM and PDO indexes. The average rate of sea level rise in Indonesian waters was 5.84 mm/yr, almost two times higher than the average rate of global sea level rise (3.2 mm/yr). Keywords: mean sea level, anomaly, SOI, DIM, PDO, interannual, ENSO

DYNAMIC OF SEA LEVEL ANOMALY OF INDONESIAN WATERS

<p><em>A trend in sea level rise as a result of global warming could be a threat to small islands and coastal areas in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to determine the trend and variability of mean sea level anomaly (MSLA) in Indonesian waters during the 20 years of observation. The data used in this study were monthly MSLA data obtained from the AVISO website (ftp://ftp.aviso.oceanobs.com). Supporting data were the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) (http://www.gom.gov.au/climate/enso), Dipole Indian Mode (DIM) index (http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_Indian_Ocean_Dipole.html), and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index (http://research.jisao.washington.edu/pdo/). Eigth stations of Indonesian waters were selected to study the variability of MSLA. In general, MSLA variabilities of Indonesian waters had a seasonal pattern, positively correlated with the SOI index, and negatively correlated with DIM and PDO indexes. The partial correlation of DIM was more dominant in west of Sumatra (r=-0.52) and south of Java (r=-0.44), PDO was more dominant in the northern waters of Papua (r=-0.37) and Makassar Strait (r=-0.33), and SOI was more dominant in northern Papua (r=0.52) and less toward the west of Indonesian waters. Overall, the MSLA variability of Indonesian waters can be explained by the variabilities of SOI, DIM, and PDO indexes with the lowest value in Natuna waters by 12% (R<sup>2</sup>=0.12) and the highest value in the northern waters of Papua by 54% (R<sup>2</sup>=0.54). Interannual variabilities were observed during ENSO events (SOI<-10) along with the maximum value of DIM index resulted in the lowest value of MSLA. Meanwhile, the highest value of MSLA was found during La Nina events (SOI>10) in conjunction with a minimum value of DIM and PDO indexes. The average rate of sea level rise in Indonesian waters was 5.84 mm/yr, almost two times higher than the average rate of global sea level rise (3.2 mm/yr).</em></p> <strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>mean sea level, anomaly, SOI, DIM, PDO, interannual, ENSO</em>

STUDY ON FLOOD INUNDATION IN PEKALONGAN, CENTRAL JAVA

Tidal flood or ‘rob’ is a serious problem in many coastal areas in Indonesia, including Pekalongan in the northern coast of Java island. This study aimed to simulate the flood inundation area for different scenarios of sea level rise, also to investigate the possibility of land subsidence that may further aggravate the problem of flooding in Pekalongan. In this study, the MIKE-21 model was used to simulate and predict the flood inundation area. Tidal data were generated from the Tide Model Drive (TMD). The tidal flood simulations were carried out for three different scenarios of sea level rise: 1) current situation, 2) next 50 years, assuming no sea level rise, and 3) next 50 years, assuming 50 cm of sea level rise. Based on the results, the ranges of water level rise in Pekalongan for each scenario were 0.23-1.27 m, 0.36-1.38 m, and 0.65-1.53 m, respectively. Meanwhile, ground displacement maps were derived from the ALOS/PALSAR data using Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR) technique. Twelve level 1.0 images of ALOS/PALSAR data acquired in ascending mode during 2008 to 2009 were collected and processed in time-series analyses. In total, 11 pairs of interferogram were produced by taking the first image in 2008 as the master image. The results showed that the average of land subsidence rate in Pekalongan city was 3 cm/year, and the subsidence mainly occurred in the western part of the city.

Characteristics of indoor air pollution in rural mountainous and rural coastal communities in Indonesia

The increased use of biomass fuel use among rural Indonesian households for years despite national program on subsidized LPG fuel distribution pose threat of indoor air pollution for the householders. Indoor air pollution levels of PM2.5 and CO in the kitchen of 40 households using the fuelwood as the main cooking fuel were measured in the same season in mountainous and coastal areas in Indonesia. The temporal variations of PM2.5 and its size distributions were simultaneously measured using photoelectric UCB monitor and personal cascade impactor, respectively. While carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were measured using USB-CO monitors. Household indoor air pollution in the mountainous area was generally higher than that in the coastal area. This is because the households in coastal area have higher kitchen volume (about three times), smaller ventilation area (about 1.7 times) and shorter cooking duration with wood fuel (0.6 times) than those in mountainous area. Yet, during cooking with fuelwood, the indoor PM2.5 concentrations at the cook site showed almost comparable results for both sites. The wood stove burning in coastal area tended to be in flaming combustion than in mountainous area. This can be indicated by a higher fraction of finest particles in PM2.5, a higher fraction of EC in PM2.5 and a higher fraction of K+ and Cl− ions in PM2.5 mass concentrations. The time-averaged CO concentrations for 22-h measurements at the mountainous area were higher than those in coastal area. The mountainous area showed higher positive correlation relationship between the measured concentrations of CO and PM2.5 than those in the coastal area. The use of cleaner fuel, e.g., subsidized LPG fuel in rural area should be promoted and managed intensively in mountainous area than in coastal area to avoid people exposure of health damaging indoor air pollutants.

Computational Fluids Dynamics Performances Analysis of Ramie-Albizia Composited for Wind Turbine Rotor

Computational Fluids Dynamics was performed to simulate the performance of torque and output power of wind turbine. Propeller of wind turbine is made by sandwich composite. The composite is combination of ramie fiber with Albizia wood as a core. FLUENT is used to perform simulation of propeller at different wind speeds. The wind speeds ranges from 3 to 5 m/s at coastal area of Kwaru, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Spallart-Almaras method uses to simulate the torque and power output at different Reynold Number. The simulation result shows that the torque of rotor ranges from 25 to 75 Nm, power outputs range from 50 to 240 W and power output coefficients are lay between 0.35 to 0.40 for wind speed from 3 to 5 m/s which is typical in coastal area of Indonesia.

Analisis Kondisi Kualitas Air pada Budidaya Ikan Kerapu Tikus (Cromileptes altivelis) di Situbondo <br><i>[Analysis Of Water Quality Conditions On Humpback Grouper Culture (Cromileptes altivelis) In Situbondo]<i>

Abstract The humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) is one of the fishery commodities with high economic value in both local and international markets. The price of humpback grouper can reach Rp. 200,000 - Rp. 400,000 / kilogram in the local market. The humpback grouper is potentially to be developed in most coastal areas of Indonesia. The conditions of water quality have a very important role for the success of fish culture of humpback grouper. To that end, monitoring and management of water quality are necessary in fish culture. The purpose of this case study is to determine the water quality conditions on humpback grouper culture in BBAP, Situbondo. The study was conducted on 16 January until 16 February 2012. The study method use descriptive method. From the results of water quality analysis, the water in humpback grouper broodstock ponds (I1 and I2) is no smell, no colour water, temperature 26.1-30 oC, salinity 27-35 ppt, dissolved oxygen 3.3-3.9 ppm, ammonia levels <0.001-0.22 ppm, nitrite levels 0.0075-0.085 ppm, alkalinity 110-120 ppm and pH 7.94-8.18. The water in humpback grouper hatchery ponds (B1 and B2) is no smell, green colour water, temperature 26.7-29.3 oC, salinity 27-34 ppt, dissolved oxygen 2.7-3.7 ppm, ammonia levels 0.0781-0.28 ppm, nitrite levels 0.0225-3.3305 ppm, alkalinity 94-126 ppm, and pH 7.14-7.81.

Mangrove conservation: reconstructing formal, informal and non-formal environmental education in order to foster the development of a creative economy in Indonesia

The level of mangrove cover, as a natural protection against erosion and abrasion in coastal areas in Indonesia, continues to decline. Therefore, this paper argues for public awareness and economic empowerment through mangrove conservation using formal, informal, and non-formal educational methodologies. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possibilities for the incorporation of formal, informal, and non-formal sectors of environmental education into mangrove conservation in order to develop creative economy. The paper combines a qualitative approach, with a literature study. The loss of mangrove forests due to extensive destruction is used as a case study to examine methodologies for the development of better environmental education and creative economy. An Action Plan in which all stakeholders can play essential roles was created for environmental education activities. This paper discusses the empowerment of communities, to create environmental awareness, using the cases from the decline in mangrove cover in Indonesia.

Potensi dan Kesesuaian Lahan Budidaya Rumput Laut (Kappaphycus alvarezii) Di Sekitar Perairan Kabupaten Wakatobi Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara <br><i>[Potential And Suitability Of Land Seaweed Farming (Kappaphycus alvarezii) Water Around The District Wakatobi Southeast Sulawesi]<i>

Abstract Ragulasi government of commodities in the field of aquaculture developed into a major trigger of the mushrooming development of seaweed farming. (Kappaphycus alvarezii) in most coastal areas in Indonesia, not least in district Wakatobi Southeast Sulawesi. In development, the local government in this case the relevant agencies do not yet have data on potential and suitability of the land to be used as a reference in determining the development strategy. Based on this research has been done to calculate the potential and aimed to determine the suitability of land for seaweed cultivation in the district of Wakatobi. The study was conducted with the direct survey method to extract the characteristics of the study sites for hydro-oceanographic dynamics which is closely linked with the growth of seaweed. Data were tabulated and the field measurement results were analyzed descriptively, whereas spatial analysis for thematic map creation and distribution of the potential suitability of land is done by applying the technology of geographic information systems (GIS) utilizing software Arc-View 3.3. The results showed that the distribution characteristics of hydro-dynamics-osenaografi around Wakatobi waters are bersubstrat sand, coral sand and coral; flow rate between 0.011 to 0.07 m / sec; brightness from 2.5 to 15 meters; depth of 2.5 to 13.7 meters; temperature of 29.42 to 30.2 ° C; pH 7.58 to 8.23; salinity 34.95 to 36.88 ppt; okesigen dissolved from 6.06 to 6.25 m / L; total organic matter (BOT) from 35.52 to 42.6 mg / L; ammonia (NH3) from 0.0096 to 0.0136 mg / L; Nitrate (NO3) from 0.003 to 0.1593 mg / L; Nitrite (NO2) 0.001 - 0.0085 mg / L; Phosphate (PO4) 0.045 to 0.198 mg / L; Iron (Fe) 0.035 to 0.652 mg / L; and Total Suspendet Solit (TSS) 34-125 mg / L. The potential for seaweed cultivation of 17,391.87 hectares of land in accordance with the level of compliance and inappropriate 9,858.62 7,533.25 ha ha, whereas eksisiting 9,614.42 ha of land.

SALINE WATER POLLUTION IN GROUNDWATER: ISSUES AND ITS CONTROL

Nowadays, saline water pollution has been gaining its importance as the major issue around the world, especially in the urban coastal area. Saline water pollution has major impact on human life and livelihood. It´s mainly a result from static fossil water and the dynamics of sea water intrusion.. The problem of saline water pollution caused by seawater intrusion has been increasing since the beginning of urban population. The problem of sea water intrusion in the urban coastal area must be anticipated as soon as possible especially in the urban areas developed in coastal zones,. This review article aims to; (i) analyze the distribution of saline water pollution on urban coastal area in Indonesia and (ii) analyze some methods in controlling saline water pollution, especially due to seawater intrusion in urban coastal area. The strength and weakness of each method have been compared, including (a) applying different pumping patterns, (b) artificial recharge, (c) extraction barrier, (d) injection barrier and (e) subsurface barrier. The best method has been selected considering its possible development in coastal areas of developing countries. The review is based considering the location of Semarang coastal area, Indonesia. The results have shown that artificial recharge and extraction barrier are the most suitable methods to be applied in the area.

Mangrove forest distributions and dynamics (1975–2005) of the tsunami‐affected region of Asia†

AbstractAim We aimed to estimate the present extent of tsunami‐affected mangrove forests and determine the rates and causes of deforestation from 1975 to 2005.Location Our study region covers the tsunami‐affected coastal areas of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Burma (Myanmar), Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka in Asia.Methods We interpreted time‐series Landsat data using a hybrid supervised and unsupervised classification approach. Landsat data were geometrically corrected to an accuracy of plus‐or‐minus half a pixel, an accuracy necessary for change analysis. Each image was normalized for solar irradiance by converting digital number values to the top‐of‐the atmosphere reflectance. Ground truth data and existing maps and data bases were used to select training samples and also for iterative labelling. We used a post‐classification change detection approach. Results were validated with the help of local experts and/or high‐resolution commercial satellite data.Results The region lost 12% of its mangrove forests from 1975 to 2005, to a present extent of c. 1,670,000 ha. Rates and causes of deforestation varied both spatially and temporally. Annual deforestation was highest in Burma (c. 1%) and lowest in Sri Lanka (0.1%). In contrast, mangrove forests in India and Bangladesh remained unchanged or gained a small percentage. Net deforestation peaked at 137,000 ha during 1990–2000, increasing from 97,000 ha during 1975–90, and declining to 14,000 ha during 2000–05. The major causes of deforestation were agricultural expansion (81%), aquaculture (12%) and urban development (2%).Main conclusions We assessed and monitored mangrove forests in the tsunami‐affected region of Asia using the historical archive of Landsat data. We also measured the rates of change and determined possible causes. The results of our study can be used to better understand the role of mangrove forests in saving lives and property from natural disasters such as the Indian Ocean tsunami, and to identify possible areas for conservation, restoration and rehabilitation.

Potential vulnerability implications of coastal inundation due to sea level rise for the coastal zone of Semarang city, Indonesia

Sea level rise (SLR) as a result of global warming has an impact on the increasing inundation on the coastal area. Nowadays, Semarang coastal area in Indonesia is already subject to coastal hazard due to tidal inundation and land subsidence. The impact of the inundation is predicted to be even more severe with the scenario of sea level rise. This paper concentrates on the risk assessment to the population, land use, and monetary losses as a result of coastal inundation under enhanced sea level rise. This paper uses the scenario of the depth of inundation to generate coastal inundation model using GIS-Technology. Anticipatory issues including methodology development for hazard assessment would be necessary for Semarang coastal area, and therefore, geo-information technology can be considered as a useful tool to rapidly assess the impact of the coastal hazard and evaluate the economic losses.

Natural Disasters: Building a Tsunami Warning System

The 26 December 2004 tsunami that devastated coastal areas in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, India, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Somalia was produced by a magnitude 9.0 earthquake 155 kilometers southwest of northern Sumatra. The tsunami inundated coasts with waves more than 30 feet high every 30–40 minutes for several hours. It killed more than 150,000 people and injured millions, making it one of the worst natural disasters the modern world has ever seen. Could populations have been warned in advance? Not with the tsunami monitoring networks that exist in the affected area today, say officials with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Unlike the Pacific Ocean, which is wired for tsunami alerts by the United Nations Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, the Indian Ocean is largely devoid of comparable sensor technologies that detect earthquakes and issue tsunami warnings to affected countries. According to NOAA officials, future warnings could be enhanced by the creation of an Indian Ocean tsunami warning center that would deploy coastal tide gauges to measure the amplitude of waves near tsunami source areas such as fault zones and volcanoes, and would establish a communications infrastructure to send and receive alerts. Tsunami buoys also would be useful in an early warning system, NOAA officials say. At present, a network of six buoys is deployed by NOAA off the Aleutian Islands in the Pacific Ocean. This network, called Deep Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis, is composed of two parts: a sea floor sensor and a buoy that relays tsunami information to warning centers on the ground by satellite communication. NOAA estimates that about 50 such buoys are needed to adequately cover the world’s oceans. On 6 January 2005 Senator Joe Lieberman (D–CT) proposed a $30 million package to develop these additional buoys, which the U.S. Congress is currently considering. Australian scientists are also designing an Indian Ocean tsunami alert system that is expected to cost US$20 million. Still more help could come from the sky. On 10 January 2005, NOAA announced that its scientists had measured the height of the December 26 tsunami using data from four Earth-orbiting satellites passing over the affected area at the time. NOAA geophysicist Walter H.F. Smith said in an agency press release that the best application of satellite data to improve tsunami hazard forecasts may be in helping to map the ocean floor from space. To be truly effective, any tsunami warning system will need to be part of an overall disaster reduction strategy, says Helen Wood, senior advisor for systems and services in NOAA’s National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. “You don’t want a separate system that segregates tsunamis from earthquakes or cyclones, because populations on the coast are at risk from any and all of those things,” she says. Wood heads the secretariat for the Global Earth Observation System of Systems, an emerging international coalition that has set disaster reduction as one of nine priority areas [see “Terra Cognita: Using Earth Observing Systems to Understand Our World,” p. A98 this issue]. “We had already identified tsunami and related instrumentation as a necessity,” Wood says. “Now there’s a sense of urgency. [The December 26 tsunami] was a catalyst for action. It’s sad, but disaster often mobilizes people at all levels to take action.”

Eco-Geography of Coastal Areas: Sosio-Economy Dynamic of Land Ownership of Coastal Areas of Indonesia

Indonesia constitute an archipelagic state which passesses resource of ocean, ecosystem of coast area and social economy dynamics of various maritime society. The nation of Indonesia had ever been welknown as a maritime nation which dominated Nusantara territorial waters as far as neighbour state. Fish cultivation in embankruent system has been being known since the era of Mojopahit Kingdom and likewise boat industry was held along the north-oast of Java which was ever glorius in the beginning of Dutch Colonialism. But, up to now why a large part of Indonesian fishermen are still using simple technology and method in fishery and fish cultivation? Change in policy within Dutch era development. Which was farm land oriented and plantation had influenced the maritime tradition slip off. Opening of railway and land tract transportation in Java had changed economic ativity pattern of the oast area to hinterland. Investment and human resource were councentrated to farmland development and plantation was directed to export so that it affected the coast area slip off which was basically fishery activity. Development after independence, mainly in the era of New Order, it started from farming activity raised to industry society. Coastal area came back to develop with industrial growth in the urbans of Java north coast. Nevertheless development in fishery does not yet return to show the sign of glorious untill the end of this age. It is hoped that, with properly judment of the islands coastal area out of Java, goverment will direct its policy and investment to develop the new maritime society to go against the glorious in the 21st century.