Eastern Coastal Areas Of China Research Articles

The Spillover Effect of FDI on the Manufacturing Industry in China

Foreign direct investment (FDI), as a form of international capital flows, plays an important role in the process of economic globalization. During recent years, the scale of FDI increased rapidly all over the world, and the multinational enterprises (MNEs) has become its main carrier. Although majority of FDI flow into the developed countries, China has become one of the most ideal destinations for global capitals year by year, especially for its manufacturing industry. So this study is going to analyze the impact of FDI on the manufacturing industry in China. The researcher selects the positivism research philosophy and the deduction research approach to carry on this study. And the secondary quantitative data is used to conduct the descriptive study and the regression analysis. The research result shows that both industrial and regional distributions of FDI in China are unbalanced now. Most foreign capitals are mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal areas of China, and more than half of them are invested in the manufacturing industry. FDI could promote the performance of domestic enterprises in China. In addition, the FDI from foreign developed countries has a significant and positive spillover effect for both state and non-state owned companies in China. While the FDI from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan is proved to have a positive spillover effect on non-state owned firms, but it has a negative spillover effect on the state owned enterprises in the manufacturing industry in China. Key words: FDI; Spillover effect; Manufacturing industry; State owned enterprises; Non-state owned enterprises

Genesis of zircon megacrysts in Cenozoic alkali basalts and the heterogeneity of subcontinental lithospheric mantle, eastern China

Zircon megacrysts are found in alluvial deposits associated with Cenozoic basalts from Changle in Shandong Province, Mingxi in Fujian Province and Penglai in Hainan Province within the coastal area of eastern China. They are colourless, transparent to light brown–maroon, and some of them are up to 16 mm long. U–Pb ages of zircon megacrysts from Changle, Mingxi and Penglai are 19.2 ± 0.7 Ma, 1.2 ± 0.1 Ma and 4.1 ± 0.2 Ma respectively, slightly older than the eruption ages of their corresponding host rocks (16.05–18.87 Ma, 0.9–2.2 Ma, 3 Ma). eHf(t) values of zircon megacrysts are 9.02 ± 0.49, 6.83 ± 0.47, 4.46 ± 0.48 for Changle, Mingxi and Penglai, respectively, which indicates their mantle origin. We suggest that the zircon megacrysts originated from metasomatised lithospheric mantle and were later brought up quickly by the host basaltic magma. The euhedral forms, uniform internal structure and chemical homogeneity within a single grain suggest crystallization under stable conditions. Pronounced positive Ce anomalies and negligible Eu anomalies suggest oxidizing conditions and little or no fractional crystallization of plagioclase. The differences in Hf-isotope compositions among the zircon megacrysts from different localities are consistent with the Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions of their respective host basalts. This indicates that the host basalts acquired their isotopic signatures from the lithospheric mantle from which the zircon megacrysts derived. These data document the lateral compositional heterogeneity in the upper mantle beneath eastern China. Like mantle xenoliths, zircon megacrysts also have the potential to fingerprint the composition and evolution of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle.

Rural Land Use Change during 1986-2002 in Lijiang, China, Based on Remote Sensing and GIS Data.

As a local environmental issue with global importance, land use/land cover change (LUCC) has always been one of the key issues in geography and environmental studies with the expansion of regional case studies. While most of LUCC studies in China have focused on urban land use change, meanwhile, compared with the rapid change of urban land use in the coastal areas of eastern China, slow but distinct rural land use changes have also occurred in the mountainous areas of western China since the late 1980s. In this case through a study in Lijiang County of Yunnan Province, with the application of remote sensing data and geographic information system techniques, the process of rural land use change in mountain areas of western China was monitored through extensive statistical analysis of detailed regional data. The results showed significant increases in construction land, paddy field and dry land, and a decrease in dense forest land and waste grassland between 1986 and 2002. The conversions between dense forest land and sparse forest land, grassland, waste grassland and dry land were the primary processes of rural land use change. Sparse forest land had the highest rate of land use change, with glacier or snow-capped land the lowest; while human settlement and rural economic development were found to be the main driving forces of regional difference in the integrated land use change rate among the 24 towns of Lijiang County. Quantified through landscape metrics, spatial patterns of rural land use change were represented as an increase in landscape diversity and landscape fragmentation, and the regularization of patch shapes, suggesting the intensification of human disturbances and degradation of ecological quality in the rural landscape.

Isolation and molecular characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from fresh, low-temperature preserved, dried, and salted seafood products in two coastal areas of eastern China

A total of 1293 seafood samples from fishing farm, retail markets, restaurants and cooking rooms of hotels in Jiangsu province and Shanghai city of China were collected and analyzed for the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus during July to October in 2007. Two hundred and fifty one isolates of V. parahaemolyticus were identified, of which 8 isolates were positive for tdh and 2 were positive for trh gene. Three tdh positive isolates were identified from low-temperature preserved seafood samples and 5 isolates from fresh seafood samples, of these tdh positive isolates, 3 were positive in ORF8-PCR test. The genetic diversity among V. parahaemolyticus isolates was assessed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR and the results showed that there were 33 different genetic patterns that were clustered into nine groups (groups A to I) at 82% similarity level. About 31.9% of the isolates belong to type III9d that were widely distributed in fresh, iced, frozen, dried and salted seafood samples. Seven tdh positive isolates belonged to group A and one belonged to group C, 2 trh positive isolates were type I10d belonging to group F, which was identical to that of reference strains isolated from patients. This study demonstrated genetic variability within V. parahaemolyticus isolates from seafood in Chinese markets and confirmed the presence of toxigenic V. parahaemolyticus not only in fresh but also in iced and frozen seafood products indicating that low-temperature preserved seafood might be also a vehicle for transmitting pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus.

Regional distribution and emissions of mercury in east Asia: A modeling analysis of Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE‐Asia) observations

Mercury tracer model simulations are performed to support the analysis of the total gas phase mercury (TGM) observations on 15 flights of the NSF/NCAR C‐130 aircraft during the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE‐Asia) campaign conducted during April 2001. Ninety‐seven percent of the observed mercury concentrations are greater than 1.2 ng/m3. The mean value of the observations is 1.9 ng/m3. No simple relationships between Hg‐CO and Hg‐total sulfur are found; however, strong correlations are observed in individual flight segments. Backward trajectory analysis is used to help characterize regional of Hg/CO ratios, and these are compared with emission‐based ratios from the various sectors. Model predictions using new Hg emission estimates are presented and compared to the observations. Under the condition of a mercury background level of 1.2 ng/m3 the tracer model underestimates the observations when the flights were over the Yellow Sea but is consistent with the observations when the flights were over the Japan Sea. Further analysis suggests that Hg emissions are underestimated in north central China and the eastern coastal areas of China. Model sensitivity studies indicate that the emissions of China may be underestimated by 80–200%.

Formation mechanisms of hydrocarbon reservoirs associated with volcanic and subvolcanic intrusive rocks: Examples in Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins of eastern China

Numerous petroleum-producing Mesozoic–Cenozoic basins are present in the coastal areas of eastern China. Voluminous volcanic and subvolcanic intrusive rocks, dominantly basaltic and, to a lesser degree, trachytic in composition, are intercalated or intruded in the sedimentary sequences. These magmatic rocks can serve as cap rocks as well as reservoir beds for hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon reservoirs related to volcanic rocks can be classified into the volcanic-trapped type, the volcanic-sealed type, and the weathering crust type, and those related to subvolcanic intrusions include the doming-derived fracture type, the cryptoexplosive breccia type, the primary fracture type, the alteration zone type, the contact zone type, and the laterally sealed type. A generalized model for the formation of hydrocarbon reservoirs related to volcanic and subvolcanic rocks is proposed. We call for more attention to volcanic- and subvolcanic-related reservoirs during the exploration for hydrocarbons.

Study on size distributions of airborne particles by aircraft observation in spring over eastern coastal areas of China

The authors studied the size distributions of particles at an altitude of 2000 m by aircraft observation over eastern costal areas of China from Zhuhai, Guangdong to Dalian, Liaoning (0.47–30 μm, 57 channels, including number concentration distribution, surface area concentration distribution and mass concentration distribution). In these cities, the average daily concentrations ofPM10 are very high. They are among the most heavily polluted cities in China. The main pollution sources are anthropogenic activities such as wood, coal and oil burning. The observed size distributions show a broad spectrum and unique multi-peak characteristics, indicating no significant impacts of individual sources from urban areas. These results are far different from the distribution type at ground level. It may reflect the comprehensive effect of the regional pollution characteristics. Monitoring results over big cities could to some extent reflect their pollution characteristics.

Geology and formation mechanism of late Quaternary shallow biogenic gas reservoirs in the Hangzhou Bay area, eastern China

Late Quaternary shallow biogenic gas reservoirs have recently been discovered and exploited in the coastal Hangzhou Bay area, northern Zhejiang Province, eastern China. The river in this area strongly incised the underlying old beds during a period of glacial maximum, which resulted in the formation of the Qiantangjiang and the Taihu incised valleys. These incised valleys were filled with fluvial sediments and buried by marine sediments during the postglacial period. Late Quaternary strata of the incised-valley area are composed of four sedimentary facies in ascending order: fluvial floor facies (IV), flood-plain facies (III), sublittoral-marine bay facies (II), and estuarine facies (I).All commercial gas fields occur in flood-plain sand bodies of incised valleys. The bodies are buried 3060 m (98197 ft) deep and are 3.07.0 m (9.823 ft) thick, with a maximum thickness of more than 10 m (33 ft). They are surrounded by impermeable clays. Rapid deposition of overlying sublittoral-marine bay sediments supplied not only abundant gas sources, but also good preservation conditions. The main hydrocarbon sources are dark gray clays of the flood-plain facies and gray muds of the sublittoral-marine bay facies. Sediments of both facies have organic carbon content generally more than 0.4%. Shallow biogenic gas fields and deep gas fields require vastly different drilling and completion techniques. Drilling and completion costs are much lower for the biogenic gas fields.Quaternary incised valleys and flood plains other than Hongzhou Bay in coastal areas of eastern China are promising targets of further exploration for shallow biogenic gas.

Renewables portfolio standard and regional energy structure optimisation in China

Eastern Coastal areas of China have been developing rapidly since the implementation of reforms and the opening of China's economic markets in 1978. As in most areas of the world, this rapid economic growth has been accompanied by large increases in energy consumption. China's coal-dominated energy structure has resulted in serious ecological and environmental problems. Exploiting renewable energy resources and introducing Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) are some of the most important approaches towards optimising and sustaining the energy structure of China. This paper discusses international experiences in the implementation of RPS policies and prospects for using these policies to encourage renewable energy development in China, establishes a concise definition of renewable resources, differentiating between the broad definition (which includes hydro over 25 MW in size) from the narrow definition (which limits the eligibility of hydro to below 25 MW in size), and quantitatively analyses the potential renewable energy target. The research shows that: (1) Under the narrow hydro definition the renewable energy target would be 5.1% and under the broad hydro definition it would be 18.4%. (2) Western China has contributed 90.2% of the total renewable electricity generation in the country (if big and medium hydropowers are not included). Including big and medium hydropower, the figure is 63.8%. (3) Eastern electricity companies can achieve their quota by buying Tradable Renewable Energy Certificates (TRCs or Green Certificates) and by exploiting renewable energy resources in Western China. The successful implementation of the RPS policy will achieve the goal of sharing the benefits and responsibilities of energy production between the different regions of China.

96/04578 What is energy efficiency? Concepts, indicators and methodological issues

The eastern coastal areas of China have high-density population, developed society and economy, and large water pollution emissions. How to reduce water pollution and realize the coordinated development of the economy and environment has become the national focus. Effective environmental policies should consider regional differences in development stage and sustainability performance. Here, we first analyzed the water pollution emissions intensity of the eastern coastal areas of China and the urgency of emissions reduction using 8-year environmental statistics from 2003 to 2010. We characterized development stages of the eastern coastal areas based on the relationships between water pollution emissions intensity and economic development. Further, we built a coordination degree index of economic development and water environment protection as a measure of sustainability. Results show that water pollution emissions intensity decreases as the economy grows from 2003 to 2010. The less-developed regions have a better coordination degree than some more-developed regions, especially those most-developed ones (e.g., Shanghai show more pressures on long-term sustainability than Hebei). The less-developed regions should take advantage of economic growth to invest more advanced environment protection technologies. The more-developed regions need to upgrade its economic structures and municipal infrastructures. Overall, the study provided a comprehensive approach to understand regional difference in development stage and sustainability performance in the eastern coastal region of China as well as the need of different environmental policies to reduce water pollution emissions.

The effect of the new Eurasian Continental Bridge on the eastern coastal areas of China

This article has discussed the effects on the eastern coastal areas of China brought by the new Eurasian Continental Bridge when it was joined up from Chinese coastal harbour Lianyungang to Rotterdam Harbour in Holland. The effects will be discussed from four aspects which are promoting the developing process of containerized traffic, accelerating the adjustment of industrial structure, thriving Lianyungang City and setting up a more beneficial external conditions for Chinese eastern coastal areas.

The 1984 southern Yellow Sea earthquake of Eastern China: Source properties and seismotectonic implications for a stable continental area

On 21 May 1984, a strong shock ( MS = 6.3, mb = 5.7) occurred in the southern Yellow Sea which shook the densely populated coastal area of Eastern China. About 1 min before the main shock, a foreshock of mb 5.4 occurred. Because of interference from the foreshock, no reliable P -wave first motions or focal mechanisms have been obtained for the main shock from local seismic data. In this paper, long-period teleseismic data have been used to investigate the source mechanism. Fault plane solutions determined from first motions as well as P and SH waveforms show a predominant strike-slip motion with a small dip-slip component on a steeply dipping plane. The tectonic environment of this event supports the observation that margins of former rifts tend to be sites of midplate seismic source regions. The Yellow Sea developed in a cratonic environment due to early Cenozoic rifting. The major graben faults strike NNE-SSW to NE-SW and are intersected by second-order faults trending WNW-ESE. Aftershock distribution suggests that the fault which generated the main shock probably strikes WNW-ESE. The mechanism determined in this paper strikes 120°, dips 88°, and slips 28°. This solution suggests that the earthquake ruptured along a secondary fault near the intersection of a more major NNE-SSW trending fault. The epicentral area is subject to to an ENE-WSW compression and a NNW-SSE extension. The seismic moment and focal depth are determined to be 1.09 × 1025 dyne-cm and 12 ± 4 km, respectively. Relative hypocentral locations indicate that the focal depth of the foreshock is similar to that of the main shock, and the hypocenter of the foreshock is located very close to the WNW-ESE striking nodal plane of the main shock mechanism and is about 20 km away from the main shock hypocenter. Source properties of the southern Yellow Sea earthquake have been compared with those of three major earthquakes of North China. The stress drop of the Yellow Sea earthquake is determined to be about 42 bars. This value is much lower than the stress drops computed for the 1966 Hsingtai and the 1975 Haicheng earthquakes of North China. The southern Yellow Sea is characterized by short recurrence intervals, while the Hsingtai and Haicheng areas have very long recurrence intervals. The short recurrence intervals and low stress drop may reflect a lower material strength at the source region in the Yellow Sea.