Coastal Abrasion Research Articles

Coastal Abrasion Disaster Threat Analysis in North Galesong District, Takalar Regency

Coastal damage due to abrasion can interfere with residents' livelihoods, especially those who work as fishermen. Beaches that experience abrasion will result in more severe beach damage if not addressed. Coastal dynamics caused by wave activity, tides, currents, and human activities cause shoreline changes. This study aims to determine the coastal abrasion disaster threat level in North Galesong District, Takalar Regency. The analytical method used is the analysis of coastal abrasion threat index data in coastal areas, including oceanographic data, namely wave height and current speed, ecological data, mangrove vegetation density, the physical environment, and the shape of the coastline and beach characteristics. Analysis of the data using the analysis table of disaster threat assessment issued by the Head of BNPB Regulation No. 2 of 2012 concerning General Guidelines for Disaster Risk Assessment. The study results have a high category of coastal erosion threat in the coastal area of Galesong Utara District, which is found in all coastal village areas. The high category level represents the high potential threat of coastal abrasion to the incidence of casualties and material losses on the coast of North Galesong District. It is necessary to build structural mitigation to maintain coastal stability in the form of longshore sedimentation retaining structures, abrasion absorbers, and, breakwater structures to reduce the rate of coastal abrasion.

The Prevention Efforts of the Adverse Impact of Abrasion and Tidal Flooding and Effects on the Economic and Social Resilience

The impact of coastal abrasion and tidal flooding will disrupt public security and community welfare, especially economic and social resilience. There must be efforts to prevent adverse impacts so that there is no decrease in economic and social resilience. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive design. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the efforts of preventing the adverse impact of coastal abrasion and tidal flooding on economic and social resilience on the coast of Bekasi, West Java. The research was conducted from April 2022 to December 2022 with 15 informants. The results of the study were: a) the efforts of preventing the adverse impact were engaging the community, comprehensive vegetation mitigation training, changing the procedure for planting mangrove forests, developing fruit yields and developing a mangrove program as a prospective project; b) the effects on the economic resilience of community are still able to meet their daily needs even though they experienced a decrease in daily income. The community is still implementing social interaction and cooperation well and also they still help each other and do not want to move to other locations. The community still has a high level to maintain economic and social resilience.

Potential Absorption Carbon Stock of Mangrove in Teluk Awur and Tanggul Tlare, Jepara Regency

Mangroves are one of the ecosystems that play an essential role in mitigating climate change by storing and absorbing CO2. One of the mangrove areas that can be found in Jepara Regency in Teluk Awur and Tanggul Tlare. Both of these areas is experiencing coastal abrasion, which impacts the land and mangrove areas. The reduced area of mangroves affects the ability of the ecosystem to store and absorb CO2. This study intends to determine the potential for CO2 absorption in above-ground, below-ground, and mangrove sediments. The method used in determining the station point is the purposive sampling method. While the analysis of the calculation of standing carbon storage uses allometric equations in sediments using the LOI method (Loss on Ignition). The potential for carbon absorption above-ground station 1 is 75.12 Ton.ha-1, below-ground is 51.48 Ton.ha-1, and sediment is 286.49 Ton.ha-1. While the potential for CO2 absorption at station 2 consists of 28.27 Ton.ha-1 above ground, 19.86 Ton.ha-1 underground, and 243.73 Ton.ha-1 of sediment. Based on the study’s results, the potential for CO2 absorption in the mangrove area in Teluk Awur can store more carbon than in the Tanggul Tlare mangrove area, this is supported by the diameter of the mangrove stems in Teluk Awur which has a higher size.

Changes in density level and mangrove land cover on Teluk Pandan Coast, Lampung, Indonesia, after 10 years of community-based management

Abstract. Hasani Q, Anisa A, Damai AA, Yuliana D, Yudha IG, Julian D. 2023. Changes in density level and mangrove land cover on Teluk Pandan Coast, Lampung, Indonesia, after 10 years of community-based management. Biodiversitas 24: 3735-3742. The mangrove ecosystem in the Teluk Pandan coastal area, Pesawaran District, Lampung Province, Indonesia, is part of the mega-biodiversity of mangroves in Indonesia. Specifically, the mangrove in this region has changed due to tourism, aquaculture, settlement activities and coastal abrasion. This study aimed to assess the changes in density level and area change of the mangrove forests at five coastal villages in Teluk Pandan during the period of community management from 2010 to 2020. The effort and success of the rehabilitation were reported in this study can be useful as a consideration of sustainable management of mangrove ecosystem both in Lampung and in other areas in Indonesia. Mangrove area was estimated through field surveys and data processing of satellite imagery from Landsat 5 in 2010 and Landsat 8 in 2020. The mangrove density level and area change were calculated by layering images of mangrove distribution from different years. The classification of mangrove density was determined based on the NDVI value. Satellite imagery was compared with field data collected from 20 observation points at five villages to ensure the density level and interpretation accuracy. Image data analysis showed the changes in mangrove area from 109.80 ha in 2010, an increase of 16.39% to 127.80 ha in 2020. The area of mangrove forest in the rare category decreased by 49.35%, the moderate category increased by 39.13%, and the dense category increased by 109.71%. The study confirmed the successful effort to manage and preserve mangroves in Teluk Pandan Sub-district. Eventually, community-based mangrove management (CBMM) and cross-sectoral and multi-stakeholder management (co-management) has become the core strategy in the successful management of mangrove at five coastal villages in Teluk Pandan Sub-district.

Features of the formation of the coasts of Chukotka and the Koryak highlands

Long-term expeditionary studies of the Geography Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University of the Arctic coast of Russia (1969 – 2015) have provided extensive material on hydrology, channel morphodynamics and geomorphology of the estuaries of large rivers from the Northern Dvina to the Kolyma. The joint work of the Moscow State University and the M. K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University made it possible to signifiantly expand the geography of research to the coasts of the Chukchi and Bering Seas. Based on the analysis of geological and geomorphological data and an array of published and archival materials, it was possible to establish patterns and specifi features of coastal and estuarine processes in the fial phase of stabilization of the post-glacial ocean transgression. Over the past 7-5 thousand years, floding of low-lying hilly coastal plains, river valleys and fjords has occurred. The active impact of the wave activity of the sea led to the erosion of the upper part of the underwater slope, the restructuring of its profie and the retreat of accumulative forms towards the land and the creation of modern outlines of the coastline. The sections of the coast extended into the sea, composed by a thickness of loose quaternary sediments, were partially eroded by waves, and sediments were involved in longitudinal and transverse movements, forming braids and embankments, which led to a general alignment of the coastline. Currently, in conditions of rising sea levels, the general trend towards the restructuring of the underwater slope and the coastal zone persists and can be extremely dangerous for coasts composed of strongly icy sandy-loamy alluvial-lacustrine deposits. A further increase in global temperature will signifiantly soften the climate of the Arctic coasts, cause the degradation of permafrost, thawing of underground ice and accelerate the process of retreat of coastal abrasion ledges, the sea edge of river deltas. Taking into account the regional geological and geomorphological features of the coasts of the Chukchi and Bering Seas, it should be expected that a possible rise in sea level will lead to thawing and degradation of permafrost rocks and vein ice.

Seasonal hydrodynamic pattern and effect of marine sediment distribution in Banten Bay

This study aimed to see the pattern of current velocity and direction at the time of high tide, high tide, low tide, and lowest low tide during the west and east monsoons as well as to see an increase in sedimentation. Oceanographic and environmental baseline data used in this study consisted of bathymetry, tides, winds, waves, ocean currents, and sediment. The model used was DHI MIKE 21 Flow Model FM. Based on the calculation of determining the type of tide using the Formzahl formulation 1.54, the tides in the study area were classified as single dominant mixed tides. In the west season, the maximum current velocity was 0.112 m/s with the dominant current direction coming from the northeast to the southwest and approaching the coast. In the east season, the maximum current velocity was 0.112 m/s with the dominant current direction coming from the northeast to the southwest and approaching the coast. The highest concentration of suspended sediment in December was when the seawater conditions were nearing low tide. The highest concentration of suspended sediment was in the eastern part of Pier 3 at 1120 g/m3. The most significant change in bed level in December was at Pier 3 on the east side where the elevation increase was +0.30 m and the elevation decrease was -0.40 m. From the information regarding the location of the abrasion and sedimentation of the jetty development, it is possible to know in advance the anticipation of the dredging plan and the mitigation of coastal abrasion.

Estimasi sebaran konsentrasi total suspended solid (TSS) di Tahura Ngurah Rai Denpasar tahun 2016 dan 2020

The large number of mangrove land conversions can cause various impacts, such as causing coastal abrasion to affect sedimentation rates. One of the variables used to determine the level of pollution and sedimentation that occurs in aquatic ecosystems is Total Suspended Solid (TSS). Based on research conducted by Sebastian (2020), mangrove land cover in Tahura Ngurah Rai decreased by 25.58 hectares in 2016 - 2020 due to the mass mortality of mangroves in 2019. The decline in mangrove land in this location allows an increase of TSS in the surrounding waters due to the lack of mangroves which function as a barrier and sediment trap. One of the satellite that have been widely used in observing the distribution of TSS concentrations is the Landsat-8 OLI. Therefore, researchers are interested in knowing the changes in TSS concentrations that occurred in Tahura Ngruah Rai in 2016 and 2020 using Landsat 8 imagery. This study used a gravimetric method to analyze TSS concentrations in situ at 45 sample points carried out by random sampling. To find out the spatial estimation of TSS in 2016 and 2020, an empirical algorithm is used. The best TSS estimation model in this study is the combination of the blue band/ SWIR-1 band using linear equations. The processing results show the concentration of TSS in 2016 has a range between 66 mg/L to 264 mg/L with an average of 127.74 mg/L, while . In 2020 TSS has a range between 72 mg/L to 209 mg/L with an average of 133.04 mg/L.

Socioeconomic Analysis Of Tarakan Island Coastal Communities

The purpose of this study was to determine description of socioeconomic conditions and the magnitude of the value of coastal community willingness to pay in the efforts to overcome the impact of coastal abrasion in Tarakan City. The qualitative descriptive analysis method with the Miles & Huberman analysis design was used to determine the social conditions of coastal community. The method used in calculating the willingness to pay public services was the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The results of the analysis obtained that the education level of the coastal community belonged to the medium category, with low income levels. The amount of willingness to pay the public services for the efforts to repair the coastal damage is in average of Idr 83,077. Based on the value of the scenarios offered, this value indicates the high participation of the coastal community in the efforts of repairing damage.

Study of Coastline Shifts on the West Coast of Lampung Using Remote Sensing Data

This study specifically aims to identify coastal abrasion as seen from the coastline shift, from 1989 to 2020 in Pesisir Utara Sub-district and Lemong Sub-district, Pesisir Barat Regency, Lampung Province, by interpreting remote sensing data. The data used are Landsat satellite imagery for 1989, 2000, 2006, and 2020. Landsat satellite imagery are corrected by radiometric and geometric correction. The geometric correction is registered to Landsat imagery in 1989. The corrected satellite imagery is digitized for the coastline. The results of the digitized coastline were then overlaid, then the coastline shift was calculated from 1989 to 2020. The coastline shift calculation was carried out at 16 locations in Pesisir Utara Sub-district and Lemong Sub-district. The results of calculations at 16 sample locations show that there has been a shift in the coastline due to coastal abrasion from 1989 to 2020 of 2.0 m/yr. For areas where the coastal conditions are rocky and there are shallow rocks in front of it, the coastline shift is only small, such as in the cape area before Walur Village. This coastline shift was also evidenced by direct checking of the area and asking local residents, the results showed that the overall shift of the coastline was caused by coastal abrasion.

Dampak Gelombang Kapal Cepat Pada Wilayah Pesisir Pantai Yang Mengakibatkan Abrasi

Introduction: Seacoast areas and small islands have strategic meaning in building the nation and prospering its people. This is because of the wealth of natural resources contained in this region, both biological and non-biological. However, this wealth of natural resources has not been utilized optimally, which is partly due to sectoral egos between government agencies.Purposes of the Research: To determine the impact of abrasion from the activities of fast boats with great power that cause large waves and result in an abrasion on the coast.Methods of the Research: The method used in this study is normative-juridical, which focuses on the main law by examining theories, concepts, legal principles, and laws and regulations related to this research.Results of the Research: Abrasion is the process of releasing the energy behind the waves towards the land, hitting the coastal areas, then washing away "soil debris" along the coastal slopes, and finally being deposited in the sea. The greater the wave strength, the more abrasion occurs and the more "soil debris" is washed away. The process of eroding the beach caused by the destructive power of sea waves and ocean currents is known as abrasion. Beach erosion is another term for abrasion. Shoreline damage due to abrasion is influenced by natural phenomena and human actions. Human actions that encourage abrasion include taking stones or sand from the coast or rivers as building materials. In addition, the felling of trees in coastal forests or mangrove forests spurs faster coastal abrasion. However, the process of erosion due to the waves of fast boats is also very much felt in coastal communities.

ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION AND OLIGARCHIC NETWORKS IN INDONESIAN NOVELS

The exploitation of nature has led to an ecological crisis that is not only a local threat but has expanded as a global catastrophe. Literature represents the degradation of nature as well as the power relations among the oligarchic networks operating around it to build ecological awareness for the community. This descriptive-qualitative research design aims to describe the form of ecological degradation and the role of oligarchic power networks that appear in Indonesian novels. The data sources were purposively selected from Indonesian novels with ecoliteracy insights, including Api Awan Asap by Korrie Layun Rampan (2015), Jemangilak Tak Pernah Menangis by Martin Aleida (2004), and Kelomang by Qizink La Aziva (2016). In addition, data sources related to nature and the environment depicted in the three novels were also used. The data were obtained using reading and note-taking techniques. Furthermore, it was analyzed qualitatively using the perspective of literary ecology through categorization, tabulation, and inference. The results of this study concluded that (1) the forms of ecological damage presented in Indonesian novels are (a) river sedimentation and pollution, (b) coastal abrasion, and (c) forest fires. (2) Forms of natural damage occur due to exploitation actions carried out by oligarchic networks supported by government regulations and licenses. The study of ecological literary works builds awareness of the process of ecological degradation and the perpetrators of destruction that form a systemic network.

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL RESOURCES IN MENTAWAI ISLANDS DISTRICT, WEST SUMATRA PROVINCE, INDONESIA

This study aims to analyze the level of sustainability of coastal resources in the Mentawai Islands District. As an area that has various potential resources. Many developments in coastal areas are essential means of regional economic growth. It turns out that development in coastal regions raises problems for their natural resources in the form of a decrease (degradation) of their natural resources in quality and quantity. The decline includes shrinking mangrove forests, decreasing fishers' catch, sedimentation, and coastal abrasion around coastal areas. The MDS (Multidimensional Scaling) analysis approach will be used to determine the status of coastal resources as a foundation for sustainable coastal resource management based on the carrying capacity of the resources. The investigation findings suggest that the Mentawai Islands District's coastline management situation is not promising. The index for the ecological dimension is 42.31. In the moderate category, the economic dimension of the sustainable development index has a value of 51.31. The sustainable development index has a social dimension of 50.01. This dimension's legal and institutional dimension index is 51.84. The Mentawai Islands district's coastal management has to improve, given the increasing pressure to develop coastal resources in the future.

The Effectiveness of STEM-Based Physics Learning E-Module Education Integrated Coastal Abrasion Materials to Improve Student Knowledge and Disaster Response Attitudes

The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a STEM education-based physics e-module integrated with coastal abrasion material in improving students' disaster response attitudes and knowledge. The applicable curriculum and regulations explain the need for local wisdom to be included in learning materials so that students can recognize and understand regional characteristics. West Sumatra has most of the area on the coast, so it has the potential for the threat of natural disasters of beach abrasion. To provide disaster education by integrating it into learning Physics. Beach abrasion is a natural event that occurs spontaneously, so bringing it into the classroom is impossible. Therefore, electronic-based learning resources are needed. This research was conducted in wave material at SMA Negeri 1 Ulakan Tapakis 2018/2019 Academic Year. The method used in this case research is quasi-experimental. The design chosen was one group pretest-posttest design. The competencies analyzed were responsiveness and knowledge competencies. The study results mean that the STEM education-based physics e-module integrated with beach abrasion material effectively improves students' disaster response attitudes and knowledge.

Participatory mangrove planting as a coast abration disaster mitigation effort in Pasimarannu Village, Sinjai Regency

Pasimarannu village as one of the villages experiencing coastal abrasion and threatening the settlements of residents living in coastal areas. During the high tide, several houses were submerged by sea water, and during the east and west seasons the wind was strong enough so that the high waves reached under the houses. Attention and effort are needed in anticipating the level of damage that will occur. The community service program is carried out by providing awareness and active participation of the community in protecting the coast through participatory mangrove planting. The method of implementing the activities consists of socialization and FGD on the implementation of the activity plan, Formation of Forest Farmer Groups (KTH), mangrove nurseries, participatory mangrove planting, embroidery, and maintenance, as well as program monitoring and evaluation. Technical activities involve extension workers and forestry technical personnel. The key to the success of this participatory planting is the right planting time to avoid the strong currents and waves in the east monsoon. Routine maintenance activities to anticipate and eradicate oyster pests that damage plants during the vulnerable phase, which is up to 4 months of planting.

Sosialisasi Pemanfaatan Sampah Dan Penanaman Pohon Mangrove Desa Laulalang Kabupaten Tolitoli

The importance of maintaining a clean and healthy environment is necessary to develop a character education program "Love the Environment" for the residents of Laulalang Village. This program must also teach them how to take care of nature to protect them once again from the dangers of coastal abrasion through a greening program. This community service aims to achieve a green economy in the government system of Laulalang Village which targets the village community, especially housewives, In addition to being able to help the household economy, teenagers are also aware of the environment for the future. This program was implemented in Laulalang Village, North Tolitoli District, Tolitoli. It consists of several series of activities including socialization on waste utilization, and a mangrove tree planting program. The series of activities were carried out over two days. The result of this activity is that the community can recycle or classify types of waste that can be resold so that it has new economic value, where everything can have economic value if it is managed properly and appropriately, so it does not pollute the environment which can be detrimental to all. Then the planting of mangrove trees to create new environmental ecosystem conditions to grow and develop again along the northern coastline of Laulalang Village, with the hope that it will create a new network, a future network for Sulawesi's marine ecosystems, followed by an advanced generation who are aware of the environment for the future come.

Enhance Behavior in Preserving Mangrove Forest Pantai Cermin District, Serdang Bedagai Regency

Mangrove is a type of ecosystem typical of those found along the coast that are affected by tides. Mangroves grow on sheltered beaches or flat beaches, usually along the wind-sheltered side of the island or behind coral reefs off protected shores. The community around mangroves in Pari City Village, Pantai Cermin District, Serdang Bedagai Regency has long been utilizing the various mangrove potentials around the community. In general, people use mangroves for their economic potential income. The utilization is generally in the form of looking for firewood from mangrove forests, ponds, food from mangroves and tourism. Mangroves are also the main ecosystem supporting important life in coastal and marine areas. In addition to having an ecological function as a nutrient provider for aquatic biota, spawning and caring places for various kinds of biota, coastal abrasion resistance, the risk of typhoons and tsunamis, waste absorbers, and preventing seawater interusion. Due to the high damage to the mangrove area in the Pari City Village area, Pantai Cermin District, Serdang Bedagai Regency, it can cause several problems, including reducing the productivity of natural resource ecosystems biologically, increasing pollution and the most disadvantaged are the people around the coastal suburbs who have a source of income from fishermen Where their livelihoods are declining due to fish caught already scarce.

KETERLIBATAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PENCEMARAN PERAIRAN PESISIR KOTA PALOPO

The amount of population pressure in coastal areas is one of the factors causing damage to the aquatic environment. Damage to the coastal environment is dominated by oil pollution, mangrove damage, coastal abrasion and waste. This phenomenon indicates that communities activity is a major cause of damage to the coastal environment. This research aims to study the implication of communities in terms of knowledge, attitudes and behavior of coastal communities against coastal water pollution. The method used of survey, documentation, and interview to the coastal communities in Palopo with a questionnaire. The data questionnaire analysis was carried out descriptively. The results of the analysis of the questionnaire data show that the low percentage of the level of knowledge of coastal communities about management rules and the importance of protecting the environment influences the attitudes and behavior of the people who tend to dispose of waste into the aquatic environment.

Mangrove Forest Development as Sustainable Vegetation Disaster Mitigation against Coastal Abrasion and Rob Floods in Supporting Regional Resilience in Bekasi Regency

The impact of abrasion and tidal flooding will result in public security and human security disturbances. The ultimate impact of a disaster that is not handled properly is that it will disrupt state security. This study uses a qualitative descriptive design method. The purpose of this study was to analyze how far the mitigation of coastal abrasion and tidal flooding using mangrove forest vegetation mitigation and its effect on regional resilience in Muaragembong District, Bekasi Regency. The research was carried out at Mekar Beach, Simple Beach, Bhakti Beach, and Happy Beach, with 16 informants. Research data were analyzed using four steps. The results of the study show that the development of mangrove forests as a mitigation of sustainable vegetation is still being carried out by applying a new method called challenging the ocean currents from behind, and regional resilience is only supported by the existence of good social capital. The conclusion is that even though the development of mangrove forests only strengthens social and community capital, it is able to support the resilience of the Muaragembong region and support ensuring national security.

LITHOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF ACCUMULATIVE BEACH SEDIMENTS OF THE DNIESTER-DNIPRO SEGMENT OF THE BLACK SEA

The article presents the results of studies of modern beach sediments of the northwestern Black Sea coast from the village of KarolinoBuhaz (Odesa oblast) to the village of Rybakivka (Mykolaiv oblast). The length of the coastal zone is about 110 km. Most of the beaches here are sloping beaches of various morphologies and widths. Using a uniform methodology, 64 samples were collected and processed along the entire profile. The sampling was carried out from the middle part of the beach strip between the water's edge and the shore in the summer in the absence of storms from a depth of 30 cm. The area of the sweep was 30×30 cm. Each sampling point was accompanied by a description of the geological structure, condition of the coastal zone and characteristics of the beach area. The sampling points were georeferenced using a GPS system. Grain size and mineralogical analyses were carried out, and the main patterns of lithological composition and distribution of mineral fractions along the entire profile were established. Several contrasting areas were identified: 1) Karolino-Buhaz-Chornomorsk, where the medium-grained (0.5–0.25 mm) fraction significantly prevails (67 %). In the sediments of this area, the main mineral of all fractions is quartz (90 %). The dominant heavy minerals are garnet, ilmenite, and magnetite; 2) Chornomorsk – Cape Velykyi Fontan and Lanzheron (Odesa oblast) – Kobleve (Mykolaiv oblast) with a significant content of coarse-grained psamite (2–1 mm) – 29 % and gravel (2–5 mm) – 16 % fractions. The main minerals here in all fractions are quartz and calcite; 3) Cape Velykyi Fontan -Lanzheron is characterised by a variable particle size distribution, with the bulk represented by fractions of 0.25–0.5 mm and 0.25–0.1 mm, which have different proportions on different beaches. The dominant mineral in all fractions is quartz, with calcite detritus present in subordinate amounts. Heavy minerals are represented by single grains of garnet, ilmenite, magnetite, staurolite; 4) Kobleve – Rybakivka (Mykolaiv oblast) with an increase in the content of fractions of 0.25–0.1 mm (up to 42 %). The main mineral in all fractions is quartz (up to 87 %). The secondary component is calcite detritus. Biotite, muscovite and tourmaline are notable impurities in fine-grained fractions. On some beaches located near the seaport of Odesa, numerous glassy spheroidal aggregates of various compositions and ferruginous spheroids have been found in fractions of less than 0.5 mm. In places of concentration of such formations, the colour of the beach sediments becomes grey. The total content of anthropogenic material in the beach sediments of the studied segment is on average 0.1–0.12 %. It increases significantly (up to 0.23 %) in the vicinity of the port of Odesa and adjacent areas. In addition, in contrast to the Danube-Dniester segment, there is a noticeable increase in the amount of large-sized material of man-made origin (plastic, concrete, bricks, wood fragments, metal, fabric, etc.) in the beach area. The main factor in the formation of the mineral and particle size distribution of beach sediments in the Dniester-Dnipro segment of the coast is coastal abrasion. The role of terrigenous inputs from the land is minimal and is manifested only in the northern part (Berezan Bay area). The formation of the material and fractional composition is significantly influenced by periodic artificial sand alluviation (beach area of the Odesa agglomeration), strengthening of slopes with concrete blocks, piling up of blocks of igneous and metamorphic rocks, mainly granitoid, breakwaters and other structures that change the direction and influence along the coastal currents.

ТЕРРАКОТОВЫЕ СТАТУЭТКИ ИЗ ЮГО-ЗАПАДНОГО УЧАСТКА НЕКРОПОЛЯ КИТЕЯ

This article is based upon terracotta figurines that have been discovered during the excavations of the necropolis of Kytaia, one of the smaller Bosphoran towns, which had existed on the South-Eastern littoral of the contemporary Kerch peninsula, from the 6th – to the 5th centuries BC, till c. 525–550 AD. In the South-Western section of the site, located in a zone of intense coastal abrasion, burials of the 4th century BC, and of the extended period 350–500 AD, accompanied with ritual complexes and traces of funeral meals, were discovered. In addition to numerous other finds, of offerings associated with rites customary in Late Antiquity, 14 fragmented terracotta figurines were discovered. Compared to examples from the earlier Hellenistic period these from the late antique, which are contemporaneous with the most recent ritual practices, appear to be of smaller quantity. The preference which was given to female rather than to male images, as well as to upper and lower parts of terracotta figurines, is perhaps not accidental but awaits explanation. Interpretation of the revealed patterns depends upon the ethnic and cultural affiliation of the Kytaia inhabitants during the Great Migration Period and needs clarification.