Coast Of America Research Articles

Oil + Architecture

ABSTRACTDrilling of the deep-test oil well Dammam No. 7 began in Saudi Arabia in December 1936. In March 1938, at a depth of 1,440 metres it punctured the reservoir and began to produce a commercial quantity of crude oil. Geopolitical, entrepreneurial, financial, and exploratory events leading up to this momentous emanation from the desert are complex, but it was Standard Oil of California (SOCAL) that in 1933 gained a concession to explore for oil in the Kingdom. The Saudi King’s choice of SOCAL connected oil exploration and extraction directly to the west coast of America with its already well-established architectural culture of lightweight balloon framing and a burgeoning interest in the production of prefabricated, factory-made buildings, particularly houses. SOCAL and its successor company, Aramco parachuted these new-world building technologies, along with a simulacrum of Californian (sub)urbanism, into Saudi Arabian desert compounds to house expatriate oil workers. While initially viewed with deep suspicion and confined behind wire and gates, within a few decades, industrialised and prefabricated construction techniques had become the Saudi government’s standard method of delivering enormous numbers of affordable houses.

A New Species of Johngarthia from Clipperton and Socorro Islands in the Eastern Pacific Ocean (Crustacea: Decapoda: Gecarcinidae)

The taxonomy of the East Pacific land crab Johngarthia planata (Stimpson, 1860) is reviewed and a neotype designated to stabilize the taxonomy of this species. The population of J. planata is found to be restricted to inshore islands and the continental mainland coast of the tropical and subtropical Pacific coast of America. A new species, Johngarthia oceanica sp. nov., is described for populations that occur on the oceanic Clipperton and Socorro islands. Johngarthia oceanica sp. nov., canbeseparatedfromJ. planatabythebroad, subrectangularmesial lobeof the infraorbitalmargin (narrow, subtriangular in J. planata) and a dorsal carapace that is dark yellow to brightly orange with or without black areas of different extension (homogeneously red to maroon in J. planata). The distribution of J. planata is modeled using MaxEnt and the biogeography of East Pacific species of Johngarthia is discussed. The conservation status of the Clipperton population of J. oceanica sp. nov. deserves special attention because this population may be threatened by introduced rats.

Exploring the potential for groundwater inundation in coastal US cities due to interactions between sewer infrastructure and global change

Urbanization, in particular, the culverting and burying of streams in sewer infrastructure, has affected both surface and subsurface flow regimes. While researchers have examined the impact of stream burial on groundwater budgets, field studies examining the influence of urbanization on groundwater dynamics are relatively scarce. This study analyzes tidal patterns in water-level data from shallow groundwater monitoring wells located next to a legacy sewer line within the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. The coupling of historic records, sewer network maps, and well bore hydrogeology explains spatial patterns in groundwater elevations. Furthermore, a synthesis of early twentieth century United States census data, and continental scale GIS data demonstrates the potential for groundwater inundation in coastal United States cities that are served by aging sewer infrastructure. Altered groundwater flow dynamics caused by sea level rise, coupled with climatic shifts will likely stress aging sewer infrastructure, and can lead to increased discharge of combined sewer overflow systems and flooding.

A failed circumnavigation of «Elizabeth»

The second circumnavigation, accomplished by the Englishman under the leadership of Francis Drake, followed the expedition of Magellan to one of the most important enterprises of the Age of Discovery. The expedition members who returned with Drake on the Golden hind became heroes and were enriched by the robbery of the Spanish colonies on the Pacific coast of America. However, another ship was able to return to England under the command of Captain Winter. We can judge about his journey, relying on the few reports and diaries of two members of the crew of Elizabeth - notes of John Cook and more detailed notes of Edward Cliff. The Vice-Admirals ship Elizabeth, having lost the flagship of the expedition, was thrown back into the Strait of Magellan and returned to its homeland across the Atlantic, without having made a circumnavigation. The choice of the way back and the refusal to continue the expedition was the sole decision of Captain Winter. Attempts to go along the Brazilian coast in order to achieve profitability by means of trade or robbery led to serious losses among the crew and the prosecution of the Captain Winter. Probably for this reason British studies dont pay any serious attention to the journey of Elizabeth.

Cryptic or cosmopolitan? Unveiling the Laeonereis culveri complex along South American estuaries through DNA barcoding

Cryptic or cosmopolitan? Unveiling the Laeonereis culveri complex along South American estuaries through DNA barcoding

Heterosis and triploid advantage between Chinese and American populations of Kumamoto oysters ( Crassostrea sikamea )

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 熊本牡蛎中国群体与美国群体杂交效应及杂交三倍体优势分析 DOI: 作者: 作者单位: 1. 中国科学院南海海洋研究所, 中国科学院热带海洋生物资源与生态重点实验室, 广东省应用海洋生物学重点实验室, 广东 广州 510301;2. 云南农业大学动物科学技术学院, 云南 昆明 650201;3. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049 作者简介: 武祥伟(1984-),男,博士,研究方向为贝类养殖与繁育.E-mail:wxw9559@126.com 通讯作者: 中图分类号: S968;Q343.2 基金项目: 国家贝类产业体系建设专项（CARS-49）；广东省科技厅项目（2016TQ03N905，2016A02020811，2016B020233005，2017B030314052）；广东省海洋与渔业厅项目（A201601A04）. Heterosis and triploid advantage between Chinese and American populations of Kumamoto oysters (Crassostrea sikamea) Author: Affiliation: 1. Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China;2. Animal Science and Technology College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为了评估熊本牡蛎（）中国群体与美国群体的杂交效应与杂交三倍体优势，构建了杂交群体和自交群体，并使用细胞松弛素B诱导了杂交三倍体，比较分析了幼虫、稚贝与成贝的生长与存活优势。自交群体和杂交群体的幼虫、稚贝与成贝的培养条件均相同，室内培育幼虫，培育密度为4~5个/mL，自然海区养殖稚贝与成贝，养殖密度为40~45个/吊。结果表明，与自交组相比，杂交二倍体具有较高的卵裂率（13.61%）与D幼率（5.67%）（<0.05），但杂交二倍体幼虫的壳高生长表现杂种劣势（-0.43%），而稚贝、成贝的壳长与壳高的生长表现杂种优势，平均优势率分别为3.96%与6.65%。杂交三倍体诱导组幼虫的壳高生长优势率为3.69%，稚贝及成贝的壳长与壳高平均生长优势率分别为12.69%与13.64%，并且日龄越大生长优势越显著。总体上，杂交三倍体诱导组在3~180日龄具有存活劣势，并且15日龄存活劣势率最大（-48.72%），而在360日龄存活优势率为6.70%。杂交二倍体幼虫与成贝均具有存活优势，平均优势率分别为10.44%与4.59%。本研究表明熊本牡蛎中美地理群体杂交二倍体的生长和存活优于自交二倍体，而杂交三倍体诱导组的生长优势较显著，并且在成贝期具有显著的成活率优势，表明杂交三倍体诱导组的优势来源于三倍体优势和部分杂种优势。 Abstract:The Kumamoto oyster (Amemiya, 1928) is mainly distributed in Eastern Asia, from the southern coast of China to Korea and the Ariake Sea of Japan. Compared to other oysters, is known for its flavored meat and firm texture, and it is therefore preferred in commercial markets over other commercial oyster species. It has been one of the most important commercial species in the shellfish industry on the west coast of America since the 1950s. In China, the wild population of is abundant and is considered an important wild fishery resource. In our laboratory, two strains of have been developed for artificial hatchery breeding in recent years. Hybridization breeding is one of the important methods for developing a new strain of . Moreover, triploid marine bivalves generally have growth and survival advantages over common diploids. Therefore, hybridization for marine bivalves has gained increasing interest for scientists. In the present study, the hybrid diploids and triploids from two strains of the Chinese population and American population of were induced to evaluate the hybridization effect and triploid advantage. The conditions for larvae and adult rearing were the same throughout the entire period. The larvae were reared in indoor tanks, with a density of 4-5 individuals per milliliter water. The juveniles were farmed on the sea, with 40-45 individuals per sting of attachment. The results showed that the hybrid diploids had heterosis for cleavage rate (13.61%) and D larvae rate (5.67%) compared to that of the controls, while the larvae of hybrid diploids had negative heterosis for their shell height growth (-0.43%). However, the juveniles and adults had heterosis of 3.96% and 6.65% for their shell height and shell length, respectively. On the other hand, the hybrid triploids had a growth advantage during the entire period, with high levels of advantage in the late growth stage. The larvae had a growth advantage of 3.69% on average, and the juveniles and adults had an advantage of 12.69% and 13.64% for their shell height and shell length, respectively. The hybrid triploids had negative survival rate from 3 days to 180 days, with a highest value of -48.72% at 15 days. However, a positive survival rate of 6.70% was detected at 360 days. In contrast, the hybrid diploids had a higher survival rate compared to that of the hybrid triploids, with mean survival advantages of 10.44% and 4.59% for the larvae and adults, respectively. The hybrid triploids had a significant growth advantage in the entire period and had a positive advantage of survival rate in the adults, suggesting that the advantages of hybrid triploids resulted from triploidy advantage and partial heterosis. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

«Big Art» of Californian advertising of 1970-s. Art billboards

The Californian creative movement of art billboards of the 1970s, so called «Big Art» was considered in the article. The preconditions of the emergence of this creative phenomenon on the western coast of America, California, were analyzed. The features and characteristics of the «Big Art» movement of the Californian outdoor commercial advertising were illustrated and analyzed. Artistic styles in which art billboards were executed under the guidance of well-known art directors were defined. The list of the most famous artists of this creative movement is given. It is noted, that the movement of «Big Art» had a significant impact on American and world graphic design, in particular, in America, it became a national creative movement, and throughout the world, the fine line between art and commercial design of advertising became increasingly thinner; it had a significant impact on the future vector of American and world commercial advertising and, in particular, global graphic design.

Museum Collections Yield Information on Nitrogen Sources for Coastal Gulf of Mexico, North Carolina, and Caribbean Sea Invertebrates, 1850 to 2004

Aconsequence of land-use change and increasing human population in the United States and Central America has been an increase in nitrogen availability to coastal systems. Whereas many studies evaluate the influence of anthropogenically derived nutrients in modern oceans, fewer studies evaluate nutrient sources in coastal environments before the 1960s. This study used stable C and N isotope values of 35 big-claw snapping shrimps (Alpheus heterochaelis) and 48 ivory barnacles (Balanus eburneus) across the Gulf of Mexico, southeast coast of the United States, and the Caribbean over 121 y to examine whether human-derived nitrogen was used by coastal invertebrates. Gulf of Mexico and southeast U.S. collections were divided into preand post-1960 groups for analysis, roughly coinciding with the increase in fertilizer use associated with the “Green Revolution” and large coastal population increases. For B. eburneus, δ15N decreased in the coastal United States after 1960, but that was not the case for A. heterochaelis. 15N-depleted fertilizer would be quickly incorporated by filter-feeding B. eburneus (via plankton). By contrast, the scavenging, omnivorous, A. heterochaelis would obtain more N from heterotrophic organic matter more isolated from the 15N-depleted fertilizer signal. The Caribbean A. heterochaelis incorporated seagrass C and N. Local variation in N sources from the different collection areas was clearly observed. Although anthropogenic N has been making its way into the filter-feeding barnacles, it is not as apparent in the scavengers.

Crossing Interagency Lines

Coast guard and navies, despite their varying missions, doctrine, and asset composition, share the responsibility of monitoring and defending coastal States from intrusions by foreign vessels into territorial waters. This shared responsibility has taken on added significance over the last decade due to the increasing challenge posed by gray zone actions by maritime actors in East Asia. States now desire greater coast guard-naval cooperation to address such actions, especially near disputed territory where policy-makers seek to contain the challenge using law enforcement, not military means. Yet for most States, the nature of this delineation has not been adequately addressed or is still being determined. Using the region of East Asia as a case study, and drawing upon interoperability linkages with the United States Coast Guard (USCGG) and United States Navy, this paper proposes that greater coordination and interoperability between navies and coast guards should be pursued among States in the region as one prescription to address gray zone challenges. While significant investments in training, C4I (Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence) and legal authorities are necessary in the long term to achieve true interoperability, this paper proposes steps that states can take to enhance existing linkages.

Combining ASCAT and NEXRAD Retrieval Analysis to Explore Wind Features of Mesoscale Oceanic Systems

AbstractOceanic mesoscale systems often produce heavy rainfall and can cause significant hazards in coastal regions and aviation. Surface features that are important in the evolution of these systems were examined combining the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) on board the polar‐orbiting meteorological satellite series Metop‐A and ‐B and ground instrumentation; that is, Next Generation Weather Radars, soundings, buoys. Two case studies were analyzed, over the coastal United States, by reprojecting ASCAT wind and ground radar precipitation and wind retrievals over a common grid domain. ASCAT retrievals were in agreement with buoy and sounding measurements at distances greater than 30 km from the precipitation region. Enhanced uncertainty in ASCAT wind retrievals in heavy precipitation was represented by greater wind direction variability and increases in wind speed. Nevertheless, ASCAT was able to identify regions of convergence and divergence within the systems, as well as outflow boundaries associated with downdrafts, which agreed with wind fields retrieved from the single‐Doppler analysis. Quality flags reported by ASCAT were also examined against polarimetric radar retrievals. Thresholds for rain rate and median volume diameter (D0), corresponding to the boundary between flagged and unflagged ASCAT data, were variable among different cases. However, analysis of ice water path and liquid water path revealed that unflagged ASCAT data rarely exceeded approximately 0.5 kg/m2 in either parameter.

The impact of short-term depositions of macroalgal blooms on widgeon-grass meadows in a river-dominated estuary

Macroalgal blooms can trigger adverse biogeochemical conditions at the sediment-water interface of shallow coastal areas, hence threatening critical habitats such as seagrasses meadows. The direction and magnitude of macroalgal blooms impacts on the aquatic ecosystem can be context-dependent, varying according to the local hydrodynamic conditions. Thus, studies investigating the impacts of stagnant algal depositions on the benthos may fail to address realistic situations and interactions which are common in well-flushed systems. This is especially true for the South America coast, where no study has investigated the effects of macroalgal blooms on seagrasses meadows. To fully understand the impacts of macroalgal blooms on sediment biogeochemistry and seagrass habitats across distinct environmental conditions and biogeographical regions, two independent, complementary field experiments replicated the natural temporal patterns of drift macroalgal mats depositions on unvegetated and vegetated (Ruppia maritima meadows) shoals of the Patos Lagoon estuary (PLE), a subtropical, high hydrodynamic system in southern Brazil. Transitory depositions of algal mats alleviated deleterious biogeochemical conditions in the sediment-water interface of unvegetated bottoms. Nevertheless, these unstable algal depositions promoted significant reductions in R. maritima biomass, by reducing their shoot height and density, and rhizome length. That plant biomass reductions were followed by a decrease in the abundance of the dominant infaunal tanaidacean Monokalliapseudes schubarti, indicating that algal impacts on seagrasses were transferred to higher trophic levels. Our results suggest that, although unstable deposition of drift algal mats can attenuate potential adverse impacts at the sediment-water interface, the physical stress during mats advection can still trigger small seagrass losses. This process may diminish the resilience of R. maritima meadows in the PLE, with impacts on estuarine nutrient cycling and secondary production. We conclude that, although harmful drift macroalgal blooms area global phenomenon, the mechanisms through which macroalgae impair seagrass habitats may vary according to the environmental context. Therefore, further studies are necessary to identify the underlying mechanisms of drift macroalgae-seagrass-macrofauna interactions in high hydrodynamic systems and their generality across distinct biogeographical areas.

Вознаграждение вечностью: особенности погребальной практики в древних культурах тихоокеанского бассейна на рубеже эр

The paper deals with various aspects of the complex academic issue of studying the culture genesis in the Pacific Region based on the archeological data. Periods of strong cultural surges, milestones in the development of technologies and economy, crucial events in economy and social domain are of acute interest within the scope of the outlined problem. Such periods include the era turn (the 2nd century BC – 3–4th centuries AD), i. e. “The time of great leaders and stone tombs”. The research focuses on two regions – the southern part of the Japanese Archipelago (Kyushu, Ryukyu and Okinawa islands) and the tropical zone of the Pacific coast of America (from Western Mexico to the northern Chile) – and to individual parts of the South-Eastern Asia (the Philippines, Indonesia). The findings obtained in the course of the research confirm the hypothesis about similar formation scenarios of the tribal elite and accompanying components of architecture, arts and commerce in objects of “prestigious technologies” in the ancient cultures of the tropical and subtropical zones of the Pacific Region.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Pelecanus occidentalis (Pelecaniformes: Pelecanidae) and its phylogenetic analysis

Pelecanus occidentalis, in the order Pelecaniformes, is one of the most abundant and widespread waterbird species in the coast of America. However, the phylogenetic relationships among Pelecaniformes, Suliformes, and Ciconiiformes remain unresolved, particularly in Pelecanidae and Ciconiidae. In this study, we first sequenced and described the complete mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of P. occidentalis. The whole genome of P. occidentalis was 17,315 bp in length, and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 21 transfer RNA genes, two ribosome RNA genes, and one non-coding control region. The overall base composition of the mitochondrial DNA was 30.1% for A, 23.7% for T, 31.5% for C, and 14.6% for G, with a GC content of 46.1%. A phylogenetic tree confirmed that P. occidentalis (Pelecaniformes) was sister to C. boyciana (Ciconiiformes), and Ardeidae and Threskiornithidae were both monophyletic group. This information will be useful in the current understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of Pelecaniformes.

Linking El Niño Southern Oscillation for early drought detection in tropical climates: The Ecuadorian coast

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most determining climate pattern in the tropics of the Pacific coast of America that regulate flood and drought periods. Over the last decades, Ecuador has incurred in significant economic losses due to drought events, around 4% of the GDP, mainly in the agricultural and livestock sectors and the hydropower generation. The use of Drought Indicators and the Early Drought Detection can contribute to reduce the impacts of these events. A drought forecasting system, based on ENSO and Drought Indicators, is presented to determine the possibility of appearance of drought events in Manabí River Basin District (MRBD). This system can help to the decision makers, in December (short-term drought, seasonal) and in May (long-term drought, annual), to activate the drought measures in the following months.Six climate indices are used for ENSO: Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) for Niño regions: 4, 3.4, 3 and 1 + 2. On the other hand, two drought indices are used: spatially distributed Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -1, 3, 6 and 12 months-, and a modified Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), derived from a calibrated water balance model.This system allows early drought detection, assessing SST 1 + 2 (lag −7), 3 (lag −9) and 3.4 (lag −9) anomalies and drought indices, in December for a season drought and May for an annual drought. These analyses demonstrates that, drought may forecasting up to 7–9 months before their occurrence, through SST regions observations, based on strong relationship between ENSO and droughts occurrence.

ВНУТРЕННИЙ ПРИЛИВ НА ПЛАТО САНТОС

We analyze internal tides over the Santos Plateau in the South Atlantic. The study is based on the measurements of temperature and currents on the line of moorings normal to the South America coast in the latitudinal band between 28°S and 31°S. The moorings were deployed at distances between 25 and 888 km (from the 500 m isobath) southeast of the continental slope. The instruments were set at 900 m. Numerical modeling revealed the properties of internal tides (amplitudes, wavelength, and decay of amplitudes) along the line of their propagation from the continental slope. The amplitudes of internal tide decrease from the continental slope in the direction to the Vema Channel from 36 m to 15 m. The densities of the energy of tidal internal waves were calculated from the semidiurnal tidal components of current and temperature time series taking into account the vertical gradients of temperature and the Brunt-Vaisala frequency. Decay of the energy of internal tide occurs according to an inverse power law. Numerical modeling of the generation and propagation of internal tides reveals that beams of internal tides are formed near the continental slope. The energy decay based on modeling is similar to the measured data.

Plastron Pigmentation Variation in a Coastal Turtle Species of Conservation Concern (Malaclemys terrapin)

Abstract Malaclemys terrapin inhabits salt marshes of the coastal United States and has been historically divided into seven subspecies. Two of the described subspecies, M. t. pileata and M. t. littoralis, occur along the western and eastern coastlines of Louisiana, respectively. To better understand potential boundaries of these two subspecies, we documented pigmentation variation of the plastron along the coast of Louisiana where the subspecies supposedly intergrade. Photographs of the plastron were taken of captured individuals and we quantified pigment with a photoprocessing software (ImageJ). We found pigmentation differences between sexes, with females having lighter plastrons than males. The plastron pigmentation of females decreased with increasing plastron length, whereas that of males varied by site but not length. Plastron pigmentation did not correlate with longitude in either sex, indicating that there is no geographical cline in this trait. We suggest that large females might be released fro...

Isolation and characterization of partial insulin like androgenic gland hormone gene from distal terminal ampoules of three marine shrimp Penaeus species from the Eastern Pacific

The expansion of the shrimp industry depends on scientific advances related to the understanding of reproductive endocrinology that allows the development of aquaculture programs based on biotechnology. An insulin like-androgenic gland hormone (IAG) is synthesized in the male-specific androgenic gland (AG) and it is responsible for sex differentiation in crustaceans. In this study, RNA was extracted from different tissues; amplified cDNA was obtained by reverse transcription-PCR. Nucleotide sequences were analyzed following a bioinformatic approach of the encoding insulin-like androgenic gland hormone gene. This contribution presents the isolation of the partial cDNA encoding IAG from Penaeus vannamei (Lv-IAG), Penaeus occidentalis (LoIAG) and Penaeus stylirostris (Ls-IAG) from the distal region of terminal ampoules. In addition, the molecular characterization of these sequences is provided and the resulting aminoacid sequences were used to establish the taxonomic positioning of the IAG gene among other Decapoda species. The isolation of these partial sequences provides evidence about the anatomical location of the AG in Penaeus and is the basis for further characterize the complete cDNA of the AG-specific insulin-like encoding transcript for all species of the genus Penaeus from the Pacific coast of America.

Targeted Sampling and Target Capture: Assessing Phylogeographic Concordance with Genome-wide Data.

Comparative phylogeography provides the necessary framework to examine the factors influencing population divergence, persistence, and change over time. Avise (2000) outlined four aspects of concordance that result when data exhibit significant phylogeographic signal: concordance among sites within a locus, among multiple loci within a species, among multiple species within a region, and between genetic patterns and established biogeographic provinces. To fully address each aspect of concordance, we combined target capture of a set of orthologous loci with targeted geographic sampling of multiple species, thus removing any variability introduced by using different genetic markers and heterogeneous sampling distributions. We used hybrid enrichment and high-throughput sequencing of four anuran species sampled from 36 congruent localities in the Southeastern United States Coastal Plain, a region that represents one of the classic systems in phylogeography. In total, we recovered > 375 of the same nuclear loci across species and assembled mitochondrial genomes, resulting in one of the most comprehensive comparative phylogeographic datasets in any region or taxon to date. We used these data to evaluate concordance, compare genetic structure across species, and test previously described biogeographic features in the region including major river drainages and suture zones. We then applied a recently-developed framework to quantify concordance across species using phylogeographic concordance factors. For the four species examined, which have higher dispersal and potentially limited structure compared to many amphibians, we found poor resolution in individual nuclear gene trees even with long (~ 1400 bp) nuclear sequences. The mitochondrial and multi-locus nuclear datasets, however, produced similar patterns within species, indicated high discordance among species, and suggested little correspondence of genetic patterns with putative biogeographic barriers. Variation in the phylogeographic structure detected may be related to differences in natural history, in that the two habitat generalists exhibited less structure. Our study demonstrates the utility of combining target capture, which is highly repeatable and produces comparable datasets, with a targeted sampling strategy to quantify phylogeographic concordance across diverse taxa in a region with a complex history.

Contribution of large-scale midlatitude disturbances to hourly precipitation extremes in the United States

Midlatitude synoptic weather regimes account for a substantial portion of annual precipitation accumulation as well as multi-day precipitation extremes across parts of the United States (US). However, little attention has been devoted to understanding how synoptic-scale patterns contribute to hourly precipitation extremes. A majority of 1-h annual maximum precipitation (AMP) across the western US were found to be linked to two coherent midlatitude synoptic patterns: disturbances propagating along the jet stream, and cutoff upper-level lows. The influence of these two patterns on 1-h AMP varies geographically. Over 95% of 1-h AMP along the western coastal US were coincident with progressive midlatitude waves embedded within the jet stream, while over 30% of 1-h AMP across the interior western US were coincident with cutoff lows. Between 30–60% of 1-h AMP were coincident with the jet stream across the Ohio River Valley and southeastern US, whereas a a majority of 1-h AMP over the rest of central and eastern US were not found to be associated with either midlatitude synoptic features. Composite analyses for 1-h AMP days coincident to cutoff lows and jet stream show that an anomalous moisture flux and upper-level dynamics are responsible for initiating instability and setting up an environment conducive to 1-h AMP events. While hourly precipitation extremes are generally thought to be purely convective in nature, this study shows that large-scale dynamics and baroclinic disturbances may also contribute to precipitation extremes on sub-daily timescales.

Спор между США и Канадой о разграничении в море Бофорта (международно-правовой анализ)

Introduction. Maritime boundary disputes and exercising sovereignty in the Arctic are of great current interest in the International Law since there is no uniform understanding of the limits of applicability of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 to the Arctic Ocean taking into account the international customary law and historic rights of the coastal states. One of such disputes is the US-Canada Beaufort Sea maritime boundary dispute which is of vast importance due to the hydrocarbon exploration of these states in the outlined area as well as due to the conclusion and entry into force of the Treaty between the Kingdom of Norway and the Russian Federation concerning Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean 2010. Materials and methods. The theoretical background of this research consists of works of distinguished Russian and foreign scholars and specialists in International Law. The analytical framework includes the treaties between Arctic coastal states concerning maritime delimitation (the Convention Concerning the Limits of Their Respective Possessions on the Northwest Coast of America and the Navigation of the Pacific Ocean 1825, Treaty concerning the Cession of the Russian Possessions in North America by his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russia to the United States of America 1867, Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the maritime boundary 1990), national legislation of the US and Canada, diplomatic notes. The research is based on methods such as formal logic, including analysis, synthesis, analogy and modeling historical research, as well as systematic, historical and comparative methods. Research results . Based on the results of the study, the author notes that there are considerable differences in the US and Canada’s legal stances concerning the disputed area of the Beaufort Sea, including in particular the opposing views of these states on the applicability of the Convention 1825 to their relations (according to Canada, it applies to maritime areas, whereas the US favours its literal construction which limits its scope to land areas). The US and Canada also base their claims on the rules on special circumstances and the doctrine of estoppel which are reflected in their national legislation. The legal analysis of the different approaches to the resolution of the dispute in question allows making the conclusion on the perspective and necessity of its settlement, particularly, in the context of the Russian Arctic claims. Discussion and conclusions . Based on the legal analysis of the international treaties on the Arctic delimitation, US and Canada national legislation and doctrinal views, the author comes to the conclusion that sustaining the status-quo is beneficial for both parties since it does not affect the legal positions of other states in similar disputes, nor does it hinder the international cooperation in the Arctic.