Coarser Yarns Research Articles

Effect of Knitted Structures and Yarn Count on the Properties of Weft Knitted Fabrics

This paper is focused on change in shrinkage, GSM, Wales per Inch and Course per Inch due to structure and count variation and state variation. This work was carried out with 12 samples of single jersey, single lacoste and weft lock knit fabrics of different counts which were scoured with NaOH. After pretreatment process the samples were tested for widthwise shrinkage, width, GSM, Wales per Inch and Course per Inch and compared between different states like grey state and finished state. The result obtained in this research indicated that physical properties like structures with tuck stitch possess higher value of widthwise shrinkage, width, GSM and Wales per Inch and Course per Inch value lowers prominently in those structures having float or miss stitches. In both cases i.e. grey state and RFD state values of those properties are high in coarser yarn and low in finer yarn. During project knitted fabrics specification along with machine specification and major factors which are necessary to calculate different types of variation and variables on which the whole fabric construction depends were managed to watch carefully. Main efforts were to develop a dependable way so that the resulting fabric specifications with required configuration can be easily visualized and be forecasted. A great emphasization was provided to the adjustable points on which fabric GSM, stitch length, fabric width and shrinkage percentage directly or indirectly depends.

국내·외 전투복의 카무플라주(Camouflage) 성능 연구

It is important to compare and analyze digital camouflage from different countries to promote the continuous development of a camouflage combat uniform. This effort should lead to developing a camouflage pattern suitable for the domestic environment and expand its performance of night camouflage. This study investigates digital camouflage by comparing camouflage fabrics sampled from Korea and eight other countries (USA, UK, Singapore, Croatia, Colombia, and Mongolia) in terms of textile, near-infrared reflectivity of colors, and color distribution. First, the fabric construction of camouflage from Korea, UK, US, Singapore, Span, and Croatia were all characterized by derivative plain weaves, while derivative twill weaves were generally used in Croatia and Mongolia. It is assumed that derivative plain weaves are adopted to improve the tearing strength of fine yarns. However, twill weaves enhance the flexibility of coarse yarn fabrics. Next, reflectivity change was analyzed based on camouflage color. The reflectivity of a combat uniform in Korea, Colombia, Croatia, and UK increased before 780nm in the visible light range, but remained consistent from 800nm which falls under the near-infrared range. In contrast, camouflage samples in Mongolia, Span, Singapore and USA showed a gradual increase of reflectivity in the near-infrared range. Finally, the color distribution analysis of digital camouflage found that camouflage of countries with desert or woodland combat settings dominantly contained brown colors. It indicates the color pattern consideration of different geographic regions is important to determine camouflage performance. This research involves basic study that will have implications for developing patterns and colors suitable for the South Korean environment and expand its use as night camouflage that helps achieve continuous improved camouflage performance.

Prediction of the fabric’s crease recovery property with Taguchi design of experiment

The creasing characteristic of fabrics is affected by many factors like yarn twist, fabric density, fabric constructions, fabric thickness apart from the fiber type. In the first part of this study, the effect of yarn fineness, yarn twist, fabric tightness and weave construction factors on crease recovery was studied. In the second part of the study, in order to improve the creasing recovery of the fabrics, shape memory alloy (SMA) wires were used and the effect of shape memory alloy (SMA) wire on the crease recovery of cotton fabrics produced with different types of weave constructions were determined. Due to the high cost of SMA wire and the weaving operation adversity the two experimental plans were designed according to Taguchi design of experiment (TDOE). From the analysis of the first part, it was found that the yarn linear density had the greatest effect on fabric crease recovery compare to others. Twist coefficient was the second, weft density was third and the weave construction had the least significant effect on the crease recovery. The fabrics produced with coarser and low twisted yarns with high tightness and longer floats in the weave construction have higher crease recovery property. In the second part of the study, the application of the SMA wire significantly increased the crease recovery angle of the fabrics. The thickness of the SMA wire is very important and the effect depends on the wire thickness. The increase of the SMA wire thickness increases the crease recovery significantly. However it must be appropriate with the yarn and fabric properties. The distance between the SMA wire distances was expected to increase the crease recovery however the effect was found not significant. The fabrics produced with coarser yarns with longer floats in the weave construction have higher crease recovery property. However, statistically the effects of these parameters were found not significant due to the dominant effect of the wire thickness.

Prediction of Geometry of Loop Formed on Terry Fabric Surface Using Mathematical and FEM Modelling

The objective of this study is to understand the loop formation phenomenon of yarn by considering their nonlinear bending behaviour and the effect of loop shape factor on properties of terry fabric. The yarn is modelled as a continuum thin solid beam, and the governing buckling equation is derived using Timoshenko’s elastic theory and the Bernoulli-Euler theorem. Since the formation of loop is effected by large deformation caused by the weight of yarn too, geometric non-linearity is also considered and Runge Kutta method of numerical technique is used to solve the governing equation. Further, finite element modelling technique is also used to see the accuracy of the prediction which is further verified by the actual experimental results. The results of the research prove that the finer yarn produce loops which are having more circularity i.e., higher loop shape factor, as compared to the loops produced from coarse yarn. It is also being proved that the increasing the loop length increases circularity of the loop i.e., higher loop shape factor.

Effect of Stitch Lengths and Yarn Counts on Areal Density and Drape Behaviour of Different Weft Knitted Single Jersey Structures

This paper aimed at analysis on the effects of stitch length and Yarn Count on GSM and drape behavior of weft knitted single jersey fabrics. In this research work different types of weft knitted single jersey fabrics have been used like as single jersey plain, single lacoste, double lacoste and polo pique fabric. As drape is one of the most important properties of textile materials so drape ability of a fabric should measure. Here drape ability of a fabric was determined using the instrument Cusick drape tester and is expresses in terms of drape co-efficient. It was found after completing the work GSM increases gradually with the decrease of stitch length. Double lacoste has highest GSM and single Jersey Plain has lowest GSM. GSM increases gradually in coarser yarn. Drape co-efficient decreases gradually with the increase of stitch length. Double lacoste has highest drape co-efficient and polo pique has lowest drape co-efficient. Drape co-efficient decreases gradually in finer yarn.

Surface roughness properties of wool woven fabrics after abrasion

Effects of abrasion on surface roughness properties together with appearance of woven wool fabrics have been investigated. The effects of weft yarn count, weft yarn density, and weave pattern on fabric surface roughness after abrasion were researched. Surface roughness values of control fabric (not abraded) and abraded fabrics after four different abrasion cycles were discussed according to different fabric constructional parameters. It was observed that the greatest decreases in surface roughness values after abrasion were observed in loose fabric structures which had the highest initial fabric surface roughness values (coarse yarn, low yarn density, and low yarn intersection). The results showed that change of roughness properties of wool fabric surfaces after abrasion depends on the initial surface roughness values and on the amount of contact area of fabrics based on the fabric constructional parameters.

Objective evaluation of aesthetic characteristics of terry pile structures using image analysis technique

An objective evaluation method for assessing aesthetic appearance of terry fabric by image processing technique is suggested. Surface texture characteristics such as energy, entropy, inertia and uniformity index (UI) have been estimated by different image processing techniques. Fast fourier transform (FFT) power spectrum method is used to estimate the surface roughness in terms of fractal dimension (FD). Subjective evaluation of appearance for different fabric samples has been carried out and its correlation with image processing based texture characteristics is determined. Effect of different fibre, yarn and fabric construction variables on surface appearance is investigated. Negative correlation is obtained between fractal dimension & energy while rest of the parameters have resulted good positive correlation. Combed pile yarn fabric gives higher disordered and less homogeneous surface than the pile structure made from carded yarn. Pile structure produced from longer & fine staple cotton fibre gives more homogeneous, less disordered, low local variation, low effective pile height variation and smoother fabric surface. The finer yarn as pile gives more homogeneous, less disordered, low local variation, better pile uniformity and smoother surface compared to coarse yarn pile fabric.

A Comparative Study between Physical Properties of Compact and Ring Yarn Fabrics Produced from Medium and Coarser Yarn Counts

In compact spinning, fibers in drawing stage are condensed using air suction, which results in the produced yarns which significantly differ from ring spun yarns in their physical and mechanical properties. This study compares between physical properties of compact and ring yarn fabrics woven from coarser and medium yarn counts. The experimental results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA. The findings of this study revealed that woven fabrics produced from compact spun yarns are superior to those produced from ring spun yarns with respect to breaking strength, breaking elongation, abrasion resistance, tearing strength, and air permeability.

Production of Natural Dyed Palm Yarns and Fabrics

Palm fibreis a waste product from the fruit crushing-extracting process in local communities. This study examined the characteristics of natural dyed palm yarns and fabrics producedfrom treated palm fibres. The results showed that fibre characteristics were improved by anaerobic fermentation, and following crushing and carding, were 3-5 times smaller, softer and more pliable.In the production of palm/cotton yarns of No. 7 (50/50), No.10(40/60), No.16(30/70)andNo.10(0/100),the 3-5 denier palm yarns and cotton yarns were spun in open-end spinning units. Regarding the physical properties, the blended yarns showed more unevenness and higher tensile strength and elongation at break than 100% cotton yarn. However, it was found that the coarser yarns were lower in strength than the finer yarns. Fibre sorting by denier leads to a decrease in unevenness caused by thin and thick patches and neps. When dyed with natural dyes, the palm yarns were found highly fast to light, but only moderately fast to washing.Dark dye spots distributed on the palm fibre yarns formed a natural pattern structure in the woven textiles. The tested woven textiles from the weft palm yarns are lighter in weight and higher in tensile force and tear strength than their cotton counterparts. The results suggest that palm fibre yarns should be promoted and introduced in Thai textile craft markets to provide diversity and added value to Thai textiles. Moreover, this study offers an opportunity to use palm waste to provide an alternative income source while preserving the environment in local communities. Such community-level industries may provide a sound basis for sufficiency community economies and green textile product development.

Study on Properties of Hard Twist Cotton Yarn

Ring-spun cotton yarn and rotor-spun yarn with hard twist factor were manufactured. It shows that yarn breaking strength varies slightly with twist factor, either ring-spun yarn or rotor-spun yarn. Twist factor has little effect on yarn breaking elongation. Yarn number has effect on yarn hairiness for ring-spun yarn and rotor-spun yarn. Coarser yarn has more hairiness than fine yarn. Ring-spun yarn hairiness is higher than rotor-spun yarn. Twist factor has some effect on coarse yarn uniformity while it affects fine yarn uniformity slightly. Ring-spun yarn has higher strength than rotor-spun yarn. Rotor-spun yarn has less elongation and less hairiness than ring-spun yarn and its uniformity is better.

Special Nylon Fabric as a New Material for Reinforcing Cement Composite

Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is a new composite material in structural engineering, in which textile fabrics are used as reinforcement. In recent years, much research has been done to investigate the bending behavior of TRC samples. The focus of this research is on the use of low performance yarns as reinforcement and investigating the effect of finesse of yarns and reinforcement ratio on the bending behavior of TRC samples. The comparison of samples strengthened with same number of fabric layers but made up different finesses show that ultimate strength of samples increases in the yarns with lower finesse. Meanwhile the results show that reinforcement ratio is an important factor on bending behavior of TRC samples and strain hardening behavior can be obtained in 1/15% of reinforcement ratio in coarser yarns.

Exponentially autocorrelated mass distribution along staple fiber yarns

In this work, a series of cotton carded ring-spun yarns of different counts and different twist multipliers is prepared and the mass distribution along the yarns is studied as a random process. The mass autocorrelation coefficients of the coarser yarns are found to be higher as compared to those of the finer yarns and this difference is found to be low at lower twist multiplier of the yarns. The decay of mass autocorrelation at higher distances along the yarns is explained by a double exponential autocorrelation function which raises the probable existence of two highly different random effects that are acting additively on the yarns to decrease the mass autocorrelation at higher distances along the yarns. The finer yarn exhibits faster decay of mass autocorrelation than the coarser yarn, but this difference is low at lower twist multiplier of the yarns.

Study on moisture vapor transmission characteristics of woven fabrics from cotton-acrylic bulked yarns

The fabrics made from bulked yarn are commonly used in functional clothing. It is very important to understand the moisture vapor transmission characteristics through these fabrics. The present paper deals with a detailed study to understand the phenomenon of moisture vapor transmission through bulked fabrics, which may affect the heat stress and the performance of wearer. Cotton-acrylic bulked yarns of different linear densities, proportion of shrinkable acrylic fiber, and twist levels have been developed as per the three-variable three-level factorial design technique proposed by Box and Behnken. The interaction effects of these variables on the moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of fabrics have been studied. The influence of these three variables on the MVTR at different time intervals was also studied in details. The response surface equations for all the microclimate parameters have been derived and the surface and contour plots were obtained to analyze the interactive effect of all the variables on microclimate parameters. It has been observed that the initial rate of moisture vapor transmission is very high, but it reduces significantly with time. The increase in the proportion of shrinkable acrylic fibers results in the increase in MVTR. The MVTR reduces initially and then increases with the increase in level of yarn twist. The trend is different at 40 min time interval, where the MVTR remains almost constant for fabrics with coarser yarns, but it increases for fabrics with finer yarns.

Development of a test equipment for pesticide protective fabric evaluation and studies on simple cotton woven fabrics

In this study, efforts were taken to identify the most suitable cotton fabric with commonly used structure to be used as protective fabric by the pesticide applicators in the tropical regions, specifically at the time of spraying in the field. As the situation demanded the generation and use of pesticide-borne air for the evaluation of cotton fabrics considered in the study, a test equipment with appropriate features was developed and used. The study revealed that twill fabrics of medium weight construction provide better protection than plain fabrics, especially when they are produced with coarser yarns to achieve the required fabric weight. They are found to give enhanced protection when they are subjected to raising operation. Fabric raised on both the sides performs better than the face side raised fabric. On the contrary, these fabrics in raised or unraised state are found to slightly go down in their performance when they are wet and their performance decreases with increase in wetness. Hence, it is suggested that use of raised fabrics may be avoided for the preparation of pesticide protective clothing as the pesticide applicators are bound to sweat at the time of spraying. As the unraised fabrics give comparatively lower performance reduction on wetting, it can be recommended for the pesticide applicators with the instruction to change the clothing when it become wet to ensure protection.

Prediction of Yarn Quality by Support Vector Machine

For the prediction of yarn quality, this paper presents method to predict the quality of the spinning by a support vector machine. The input parameters to support vector machines including density of coarse yarn, roving twist factor, yarn linear density, yarn twist factor , the output variable is the CV values of spinning, breaking strength, establishment prediction model of CV values, breaking strength SVM. The results showed that: 11 groups of training samples randomly selected from 13 groups samples, two groups as predict sample, forecast errors are below 5% with high accuracy. This research provides a new approach for the spinning process design and quality control.

A study of wicking properties of cotton-acrylic yarns and knitted fabrics

This paper investigated wicking properties of cotton-acrylic rotor yarns and knitted fabrics. The effect of yarn wicking on wicking of fabric in both wale and course directions was also discussed. One way ANOVA results of the experimental study suggested that wicking abilities of yarns and fabrics increased with the increase in acrylic content in the blends and with the use of coarse yarns. Besides, yarn wicking had a significant effect on fabric wicking.

Effect of Yarn Sizes on the Tensile Damage Evolution of a C/SiC Composite Fabricated by Chemical Vapor Infiltration

The damage evolutions of C/SiC composites fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration with two different sizes of yarns were compared by cyclic tensile load/unload tests accompanied with the acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. The results show that an inflexion was observed in both the evolution of hysteresis characteristics and the corresponding AE curve for composite with fine yarns, which is, however, absent for composite with coarse yarns, suggesting that the former is much closer to the tough material than the latter one. Felicity effect was observed for both composites, which is more pronounced for the composite with coarse yarns due to the large yarn sizes leading to more matrix debris inside the yarns.

군용 및 산자용 나일론 고강력 태섬사 및 후직물의 물성 분석

This paper surveys the mechanical properties of nylon high tenacity coarse yarn and fabric for military and technical textiles. For this purpose, 6 kinds of yarns and 2 kinds of fabrics are prepared. The yarn physical properties such as yarn count, thermal shrinkages, and tensile properties are measured and discussed with the characteristics of the domestic and imported yarns. And, the physical and mechanical properties of these fabrics are also measured and discussed with the usage of these fabrics in the military and technical textiles fields. Hereafter, the differences of physical properties between domestic and foreign yarn specimens for high functional military and technical fabrics are estimated through this study.

An Experimental Study of Some Comfort-related Properties of Cotton—Acrylic Knitted Fabrics

The interaction of water with fabrics, which incorporates water vapor permeability, wicking abilities and drying behaviors of the fabrics, are tested to obtain some comfort-related properties of fabrics from cotton, acrylic and cotton—acrylic blends. The effects of categorical variables such as fiber composition, yarn count and tightness on the comfort properties are tested. Results of the experimental study show that the transfer and longitudinal wicking abilities of fabrics increase with the use of coarse yarns while the drying rates increase with the use of comparatively finer yarns. Furthermore, both longitudinal and transfer wicking abilities as well as drying rates of the fabrics studied increase with the increase in the acrylic fiber ratio within the composition.

The abrasion resistance of socks

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explain the yarn parameters and some finishing process that can affect the abrasion resistance of socks in detail.Design/methodology/approachThe abrasion tests were made on socks produced from the most popular fibers (cotton, wool, PAC, PES, PA, and blends of these) by the Modificated Martindale method. The effects of fiber type, yarn count (for single and ply yarn), combing process, softness process with silicone and mercerization process to the abrasion resistance were investigated.FindingsIt was found that the use of coarse yarns, addition of polyester, polyamide fibers or elastane filaments to the structure and application of the mercerization process increase the abrasion resistance of the socks. However, the silicone softeners decrease this value. The resistance of wool socks is higher than acrylics.Originality/valueSocks, which are a necessary item of clothing, need to be comfortable, affordable and retain their quality throughout their life. The most significant problem is abrasion which can greatly reduce the material's life. To determine the parameters affecting the sock abrasion will be useful both for producer and for consumer.