Coal Fuels Research Articles

Ecological and technological efficiency of the innovative coal-watercoal cluster of housing and communal serviсes

The possibilities of increasing the ecological and technological efficiency of the innovative coal-watercoal cluster of housing and communal services, including the mechanics of coal destruction in a hydraulic shock installation, are considered. The creation of an experimental coal-watercoal cluster of housing and communal services involves the use of innovative coal-watercoal technology in boilers under construction or in operation, including the processing of solid coal fuels into innovative coal-water fuel suspension with subsequent combustion in specially equipped furnaces. The set tasks of managing environmental and technological qualities in the process of preparing an innovative coal-water fuel suspension based on statistical analysis of the granulometric composition correlate with the tasks of obtaining micro- and ultrafine coal-water suspensions in order to achieve high environmental and technological qualities. The control of an innovative coal-watercoal fuel technology based on automatic control of the granulometric composition using the natural fracturing of coal for the control action during the destruction of coal by the method of water hammer is proposed. Technological patterns of reducing the negative technogenic impact on the geospheres are revealed, including a method for managing the environmental and technological qualities of an innovative water-coal suspension based on automatic control of the granulometric composition during coal grinding by the hydraulic shock method.

Analysis of Ciheras Beach Wind Potential for Minimal Pollutant Electrical Energy Generation

Pollutant is a serious problem today as the use of non-renewable energy sources is still a favorite, especially those sourced from coal and petroleum fuels. To anticipate dependence on coal-fired power plants, many studies have been conducted related to environmentally friendly power plants. One of the environmentally friendly power plants is wind power plants. Based on the criteria of wind turbines such as TSD-500, a wind speed of at least 3 m/s is required to start production. The purpose of this study is to find out how much potential clean energy is generated through wind energy generation on the coast of Ciheras. The research method in data collection used is qualitative descriptive. The results of the analysis found that the energy obtained from the process of converting wind energy into electrical energy can illuminate 9 houses, with each house consuming 70 Watts of power for 5 hours.

THE POTENTIAL USE OF MINI WIND TURBINES AT SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU PELAYARAN AS AN ALTERNATIVE RENEWABLE ELECTRICAL ENERGY SOURCE

The need for electrical energy from year to year is getting bigger along with the increasing growth of population and industry, especially in big cities in Indonesia. The need for electrical energy in Indonesia still depends on Electrical Energy provided by the Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN). the main source of PLN's electrical energy is Fuel oil and Coal (50.01%). Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pelayaran as an educational institution seeks to support the government to reduce dependence on electrical energy produced with fossil fuels by seeking the potential of electrical energy sourced from renewable energy sources. One of the energies that has the potential as alternative energy is wind energy, where kinetic energy from the wind is utilized into electrical energy using wind turbines. For this reason, it is necessary to calculate the potential of wind energy as a renewable alternative energy at Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pelayaran

The Study of Thermal Destruction and Combustion of Coal and Peat as Components of Pulverized Coal Fuel

The Study of Thermal Destruction and Combustion of Coal and Peat as Components of Pulverized Coal Fuel

BIOCATALYTIC CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE PROMOTED BY CARBONIC ANHYDRASE

The rapid and steady increase in the concentration of CO2, the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, leads to extreme weather and climate events. Due to the burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas), the concentration of CO2 in the air has been increasing in recent decades by more than 2 ppm per year, and in the last year alone - by 3.29 ppm. To prevent the "worst" scenarios of climate change, immediate and significant reductions in CO2 emissions through carbon management are needed. Aim. Analysis of the current state of research and prospects for the use of carbonic anhydrase in environmental decarbonization programs. Results. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an enzyme that accelerates the exchange of CO2 and HCO3 in solution by a factor of 104 to 106. To date, 7 types of CAs have been identified in different organisms. CA is required to provide a rapid supply of CO2 and HCO3 for various metabolic pathways in the body, explaining its multiple independent origins during evolution. Enzymes isolated from bacteria and mammalian tissues have been tested in CO2 sequestration projects using carbonic anhydrase (CA). The most studied is one of the isoforms of human KAz - hCAII - the most active natural enzyme. Its drawbacks have been instability over time, high sensitivity to temperature, low tolerance to contaminants such as sulphur compounds and the impossibility of reuse. Molecular modelling and enzyme immobilisation methods were used to overcome these limitations. Immobilisation was shown to provide greater thermal and storage stability and increased reusability. Conclusions. Capturing carbon dioxide using carbonic anhydrase (CA) is one of the most cost-effective methods to mitigate global warming, the development of which requires significant efforts to improve the stability and thermal stability of CAs.

Analysis of Combustion Characteristics in Boilers Using Comparison of Coal Fuel Mixtures and Bark Biomass To Determine Optimal Combustion Conditions in a Steam Power Plant

Currently, several material production industries have used self-sustaining power generation systems. Where the most common steam power plant system is found as an option to be used as a source of electricity. The use of biomass as an additional material for fuel in power plant has been widely carried out. This method is more commonly known as cofiring. Analysis of the cofiring combustion system of biomass in the boiler needs to be carried out in order to determine the characteristics of the combustion system that occurs. By varying the composition of the fuel, an analysis of the energy produced from the combustion reaction will be calculated. In this study, the comparison of the use of coal and wood bark was varied at conditions 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80. Assuming that the steam rate and temperature conditions to be achieved from the combustion products are constant. From the results of the analysis it was found that an increase in the amount of cofiring bark resulted in a decrease in the heating value of the combustion reaction and an increase in fuel capacity. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of bark cofiring in boilers with a coal design is less effective because it will require additional energy to increase the fuel consumption rate and reduce combustion efficiency due to not achieving optimal combustion energy because the initial design combustion chamber capacity is fixed.

Thermogravimetric Assessment and Differential Thermal Analysis of Blended Fuels of Coal, Biomass and Oil Sludge

The coupled combustion of biomass and organic solid wastes including oil sludge has attracted much attention. Although the optimal mixing ratio of different coal types and biomass has been extensively studied, little attention has been paid to oil sludge that has undergone co-combustion. In this study, the combustion characteristics of blended fuel for coal, biomass and oil sludge under different mixing ratios are studied via a thermogravimetric test and differential thermal analysis. Kinetic analysis of tri-fuel is performed using the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) and Dolye methods. The results show that the bituminous coal combustion process mainly involves the combustion of fixed carbon (236.0–382.0 °C). Wood pellet combustion (383.0–610.0 °C) has two processes involving the combustion of compound carbon and fixed carbon. Blending wood pellets effectively enhances combustion efficiency. Wood pellets from Korla (KOL) have the most obvious effect on reducing the ignition temperature. The blending combustion of bituminous coal (SC), wood pellets from Hutubi (HTB) and oil sludge (OS) have significant synergistic effects. As the OS mixing ratio increases from 10% to 20% with 45% HTB, Ti and Th decrease from 354.9 and 514.3 °C to 269.8 and 452.7 °C, respectively. In addition, f(α) is [−ln(1 − α)]2 for tri-fuel in most mixing ratios when α < 0.5, while f(α) becomes [−ln(1 − α)]3 at α > 0.5. At a high-HTB-level mixing ratio, increasing the OS content causes a decrease in activation energy to 35.87 kJ mol−1. The moderate blending of oil sludge improves the pre-finger factor and the combustion performance.

Forecasting sustainable power generation profiles to achieve net zero emissions using multi-objective techno-ecological framework: A study in the context of India

Climate change is becoming the most pronounced issue worldwide, with its origins dating back to the time of industrialization. It has now become imperative to take remedial steps to mitigate its harmful effects throughout the globe. In today's era, climate change is expected to worsen due to air emissions from power generation systems as they primarily depend on coal and fossil fuels. Moreover, as the global population increases, the demand for electricity will rise, further exacerbating the problem. Given this situation, populous nations like India and China are seen as key players in achieving net-zero emissions worldwide by transitioning to sustainable power generation. This study presents a multi-objective optimization method to meet the future electricity demand while ensuring net-zero emissions by mitigating pollution through a techno-ecological synergy (TES). In turn, this study incorporates the ecosystem as a process system, unlike the conventional decision-making methods that ignore the ecosystem's ability to mitigate pollution. As a case study, Delhi, the capital of India, which is known as one of the world's most polluted cities, is selected to showcase the proposed methodology. The study proposes various scenarios for sustainable power generation for Delhi to achieve net-zero emissions. The findings reveal that solar energy could be a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuels to meet Delhi's energy demand by 2050. This is achievable by implementing an energy transition plan that involves the aggressive phasing out of the coal power plant, which aligns with the urgent requirement to reduce emissions.

DETERMINING HEAT LOSSES FROM THE BUILDING ENVELOPE USING THE NON-STATIONARY METHOD

One of the main causes of the climate change is accumulation of huge amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere emitted from the combusting of organic fuels (coal, oil products and natural gas), consequently, to slow down the progress of the global warming is directly related to the limitation of CO2 emission which could be achieved through the rational use of fuel and energy in every sector (industrial, household, transport and building sectors), introduction of energy-saving measures including highly efficient technologies and innovative methods. The building sector accounts for about 40% of the energy saving potential, therefore reduction of energy losses is the best way to reduce energy consumption of buildings. To calculate the heat loss from the building envelope, it is necessary to know the thermal conductivity coefficient (λ) of each construction element. Currently developed methods of λ determination are entirely based on the laboratory test using the stationary regime. For more realistic results, it is necessary to take into account the daily variability of temperature and non-stationary thermal conductivity processes. Solving the non-stationary thermal conductivity tasks are associated with the significant difficulties due to the application of the relatively complex mathematical equations. Usually, the theory of non-stationary thermal conductivity refers to the method of separation of variables or the so-called Laplace Transform, which requires the use of operational counting methods. The article presents an innovative method for determining the coefficient of thermal conductivity (λ) of each construction element in the non-stationary temperature regime, which enables determination of heat losses from the building envelope in real environment using the precise definition of thermal flow velocity.

Low-cost sensors and Machine Learning aid in identifying environmental factors affecting particulate matter emitted by household heating

Poland continues to rely heavily on coal and fossil fuels for household heating, despite efforts to reduce Particulate Matter (PM) levels. The availability of reliable air quality data is essential for policymakers, environmentalists, and citizens to advocate for cleaner energy sources. However, Polish air quality monitoring is challenging due to the limited coverage of reference stations and outdated equipment. Here, we report the results of a study on the spatio-temporal variability of Particulate Matter in Legionowo, Poland, using residents’ network of low-cost sensors. Along with identifying the hotspots of household-emitted PM, (1) we propose a data quality assurance scheme for PM sensors, (2) suggest an approach for estimating the Relative Humidity-induced uncertainty in the sensors without co-location with reference instruments, and (3) develop an interpretable Machine Learning (ML) model, a Generalized Additive Model (RMSE = 6.16 μg m−3, and R2 = 0.88), for unveiling the underlying relations between PM2.5 levels and other environmental parameters. The results in Legionowo suggest that as air temperature and wind speed increase by 1 °C and 1 km h−1, PM2.5 would respectively decrease by 0.26 μg m−3 and 0.14 μg m−3 while PM2.5 increases by 0.03 μg m−3 as RH increases by 1%.

Comparing sources of carbonaceous aerosols during haze and nonhaze periods in two northern Chinese cities

Radiocarbon (14C), stable carbon isotope (13C), and levoglucosan in PM2.5 were measured in two northern Chinese cities during haze events and nonhaze periods in January 2019, to ascertain the sources and their differences in carbonaceous aerosols between the two periods. The contribution of primary vehicle emissions (17.8 ± 3.7%) to total carbon in Beijing during that haze event was higher than that of primary coal combustion (7.3 ± 4.2%), and it increased significantly (7.1%) compared to the nonhaze period. The contribution of primary vehicle emissions (4.1 ± 2.8%) was close to that of primary coal combustion (4.3 ± 3.3%) during the haze event in Xi'an, and the contribution of primary vehicle emissions decreased by 5.8% compared to the nonhaze period. Primary biomass burning contributed 21.1 ± 10.5% during the haze event in Beijing and 40.9 ± 6.6% in Xi'an (with an increase of 3.3% compared with the nonhaze period). The contribution of secondary fossil fuel sources to total secondary organic carbon increased by 29.2% during the haze event in Beijing and by 18.4% in Xi'an compared to the nonhaze period. These results indicate that specific management measures for air pollution need to be strengthened in different Chinese cities in the future, that is, controlling vehicle emissions in Beijing and restricting the use of coal and biomass fuels in winter in Xi'an.

The ‘Insurance Policy Model’: An Alternative Approach to Evaluating Disruptive Technologies in the Energy Transition

The Energy Transition from hydrocarbon fuels (Oil, Coal, and Natural Gas) to carbon neutral or carbon zero fuels are bringing a necessary change in the way companies and markets evaluate and fund research and development (R&D) in the Energy Transition. Historically research and development in oil, coal, and natural gas has been focused on “Sustainable Technology” that is developing technology that focuses on lowering cost, increasing efficiency, reducing environmental impacts, and using less energy in the production life cycle of an established product or commodity. Sustainable technology projects and portfolios have proven evaluation and decision-making methodologies and are generally risk averse; For example, using risked net present value (rNPV) to evaluate incorporating a more efficient generator into a mature energy system.With the Energy Transition many of the technologies are either in the very early stages of development or not yet tested beyond theory and can be classified as “Disruptive Technologies”. Disruptive technologies have by their very nature, as they are unproven, a very different value proposition than sustainable technologies thus traditional evaluation and decision-making methods, such as rNPV are not applicable.This short communication puts forward an alternative solution to evaluating and supporting decision making for disruptive technologies; The Insurance Premium model is developed where representative insurance premiums are proposed, ranging from very small for unproven technology many years from a significant presence in the market (0.03% of investment) to rather small (1%) for more matured technology that may be significant in the market in five years’ time.

CONSTRAINT CURRENT CONTROL FOR GRID-CONNECTED POWER INVERTER

Recent study has paid much attention in the areas of renewable energy (solar and wind) as an alternative method to derive electrical power rather than going by fossil fuels (coal, natural gases etc.) which constantly emits carbon dioxide and other harmful substances into the atmosphere. The emission of these undesirable harmful substances into the atmosphere have caused climatic changes for example global warming, acid rain, low precipitations and unwanted desert encroachment. These badly affect the quality life of humans and animals. In response to these problems, methods of reducing carbon content emissions become necessary through the use of renewable energy sources (Photovoltaic system, Wind power, Fuel cell etc.). As a result, research on grid-connected inverter have recently become a very hot topic as a means of interfacing renewable energy sources to utility grid. With good interfacing, the renewable energy sources can be able to solve not only the problem of carbon emissions into the atmosphere but also to efficiently support the grid from increased demand of electrical power. Thus, this research has focused on designing a constraint current controller for grid-connected inverter using linear quadratic regulations (LQR) method. The idea of using LQR control design as opposed to classical PI controller is that The LQR provides optimal current control by careful tuning of the input and state weighting matrices and therefore systematic control design can be achieved. Another advantage of LQR method is that constraint handling can be address through an offline optimization technique. This is necessary in order to protect the inverter system components (semiconductor switches) and improve its reliability.

Production and Use of Highly Reactive Water–Coal Fuel

Production and Use of Highly Reactive Water–Coal Fuel

Study Work on Parabolic Solar through Water Heating system with Various Type of Coating on Reflectors with or without Glass

Abstract: Solar energy serves as the wellspring of all forms of energy present on Earth, establishing its role as a significant contributor. The contemporary surge in global energy demand exerts pressure on traditional energy reservoirs, including coal, petroleum, natural gas, and fossil fuels. These resources, limited in nature, face potential depletion in the absence of recourse to alternative sources. Solar energy emerges as a viable substitute for diverse energy production processes due to its renewable attributes, devoid of any contribution to the emission of greenhouse gases or environmental contaminants. Furthermore, its enduring nature safeguards against imminent depletion. This study delves into the prospect of harnessing solar energy for hot water generation through a thermal system. The research involves the construction of a solar radiation tracking system operated manually. A comparative evaluation ensues, featuring parabolic trough solar water heaters utilizing distinct reflector materials, both with and without the incorporation of glass covers. The reflective component materializes as a stainless steel sheet-formed trough, skillfully cut and welded, integrated with aluminum foil and mirror strips for reflective enhancement. Functioning as the absorber, a copper tube boasting an 18mm diameter and 240mm focal length is adopted. The experimental protocol spans four phases, each involving varying reflector configurations, including instances with and without a glass cover affixed to the trough's surface to mitigate wind-induced losses below. Performance metrics are meticulously documented, subsequently subjected to comparison against three alternative scenarios. The experimentation transpired within the precincts of SRCEM College, Banmore, during the summer season of May 2023, situated in the region of Madhya Pradesh, India. The study's culmination sheds light on the potential of solar thermal systems for hot water generation. The insights gained from the comprehensive evaluation of parabolic trough solar water heaters, encompassing diverse reflector configurations and the influence of glass cover presence, lay the groundwork for a potential revolution in sustainable energy utilization. Amidst the contemporary energy conundrum, this research unveils innovative avenues that harness the abundant offerings of solar energy, promising a cleaner and enduring energy landscape.

The use of plasma technologies to optimize fuel combustion processes and reduce emissions of harmful substances

The latest information technologies and 3D computer modeling methods were used to introduce new technology of plasma fuel ignition and stabilization of combustion processes. Numerical studies of the physicochemical processes occurring during the combustion of pulverized coal fuel flows in areas of real geometry (combustion chambers of thermal power plants) have been carried out. The main regularities of the influence of thermochemical plasma activation of pulverized coal flows on the process of fuel combustion in the combustion chambers of Kazakhstan boilers have been established. The conducted studies of the systems of thermochemical plasma activation of pulverized coal flows have shown the possibility and efficiency of their application at real thermal power facilities. This makes possible to solve both: economic problems (reducing the consumption of fuel oil) and environmental problems (reducing harmful dust and gas emissions from the combustion of low-grade coal fuels from Kazakhstan deposits). This will optimize the processes that occur during the combustion of energy fuel, reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere (carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides), create and implement in the future a new way to produce "clean" energy.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESSOF CORRELATION-REGRESSION AND NEURAL NETWORK MODELING IN PREDICTING ENERGY EMISSIONSOF CARBON DIOXIDE IN RUSSIA

Effective national cap-and-trade system involves accurate projections of greenhouse gas emissions for the national economy as a whole and by industry. The main source of carbon dioxide emissions in most countries of the world (including Russia) is the energy sector with 9traditional fuels (coal, gas and oil). The objective of the paper is to forecast energy emissionsof carbon dioxide in the Russian Federation by applying adequate economic and mathematical modelling methods. To achieve it, two hypotheses are consistently put forward and tested: the possibility of building a medium-term forecast of the indicator as a result of correlation and regression analysis and the one based on the formation of a Bayesian ensemble of artificial neural networks. Both hypotheses are confirmed in the empirical study. However, the second method provides a higher degree of accuracy in approximating statistical data. Therefore, within the framework of this article, the formation of medium-term forecasts of energy carbondioxide emissions in Russia is made with the help of neural network modeling. Highly accurate forecasting provides a scientific basis for effective policymakers' decisions in decarbonisation of the national economy.

Machine learning-based approach to predict ice meltdown in glaciers due to climate change and solutions.

The fate of humankind and all other life forms on earth is threatened by a foe, known as climate change. All parts of the world are affected directly or indirectly by this phenomenon. The rivers are drying up in some places and in other places, it is flooding. The global temperature is rising every year and the heat waves are taking many souls. The cloud of "extinction" is upon the majority of flora and fauna; even humans are prone to various fatal and life-shortening diseases from pollution. This is all caused by us. The so-called "development" by deforestation, releasing toxic chemicals into air and water, burning of fossil fuels in the name of industrialisation, and many others have made an irreversible cut in the heart of the environment. However, it is not too late; all of this could be healed back with the help of technology and our efforts together. As per the international climate reports, the average global temperature has increased by a little more than 1 °C since 1880s. The research is primarily focused on the use of machine learning and its algorithm to train a model that predicts the ice meltdown of a glacier, given the features using the Multivariate Linear Regression. The research strongly encourages the use of features by manipulating them to determine the feature with a major impact on the cause. The burning of coal and fossil fuels is the main source of pollution as per the study. The research focuses on the challenges to gather data that would be faced by the researchers and the requirement of the system for the development of the model. The study is aimed to spread awareness in society about the destruction we have caused and urges everyone to come forward and save the planet.

The Future of Nuclear Power: A Philippine Perspective

A global transition toward sustainable energy systems is of capital importance to avert the adverse effects of climate change. However, at the forefront of this paradigm shift remains energy security as a key constituent. The Philippines, amid imposing high electricity rates because of the importation of coal and fossil fuels, continuously struggles with its energy consumption. As it commits to a 75% reduction and avoidance of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030, the Philippines endeavors steps toward meeting its concomitant energy demand while investing in more sustainable energy sources. Among the most viable options, nuclear energy is integral in providing a zero-emission clean energy source to address the demand while attaining the country’s commitment to GHG reduction. Thus, national policy discussions on the introduction of nuclear power in the energy mix are of principal interest as its inclusion is projected to present colossal potential and prospects for the government and its people in terms of employment, energy security, and a sustainable environment. In lieu, this paper pivots on the future of nuclear power in the Philippine context through a comprehensive review of the status of its energy sector, the historical context and status of its nuclear power, public acceptance, capacity building, and economic feasibility.

Sustainable Eco-Friendly Building Material – A Review Towards Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks and Fire Burnt Clay Bricks

The aim of the current research article is to provide a comprehensive review and discuss and conclude on two types of earth blocks i.e., stabilized compressed earth blocks and fire-burnt clay bricks. A direct correlation exists between the number of greenhouse gases emitted and the amount of coal used to manufacture the fire-burnt clay bricks. To address this issue, new construction materials have been developed. Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBs) is an enhanced earth-based masonry material as it is not burnt. CSEBs are manufactured by compressing the soil under pressure. Coal and other burning fuels are not used at any point in the manufacturing process of CSEBs. Environment-friendly and energy-efficient construction materials that encourage the sustainable development have grown significantly in the recent years, as the public have become highly conscious. Since the building materials are produced in local communities, the local resources are efficiently used, transportation costs get reduced and high-quality housing is made available to a large spectrum of people. Less time-consuming construction techniques and low labour demand results in increased strength, insulation and thermal characteristics, lower carbon emissions and embodied energy during the life cycle of the materials and exceptionally low levels of trash that can be easily disposed of. When locally-produced materials are used for building purposes, it creates jobs and is more eco-friendly, during the times of crisis. CSEB and conventional bricks require different amounts of energy and release significantly different amounts of carbon dioxide throughout the production process. A review of the construction process that utilizes clay bricks and CSEBs has been conducted using the data and reports from numerous research papers and organizations. According to this review, the Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks outperform the fire-burnt clay bricks in terms of advantages. When it comes to creating new environment-friendly construction materials, the CSEBs remain a viable option.