Coal Exports Research Articles

World Coal Market: Current State and Long-Term Trends

This paper aims to identify major trends in the evolution of the global coal market in the 21st century. The relevance of the topic stems from the fact that under the Paris Climate Agreement many countries are committed to reduce fossil fuel production, and this is likely to have an impact on global coal production and on international trade flows. To analyse the dynamics and structural changes in global coal production the author uses International Energy Agency data and fill in existing gaps with statistics provided by Euracoal database. The main findings suggest that during 2000–2023 the global coal production has almost doubled, mainly due to the contribution of Asian counties – China, India and Indonesia, being now the largest world exporters of coal. The share of exports in the total world production tended to enlarge from 13% in 2000 to 17% in 2023. While Russia constantly accounts for 5% of the global coal production, it ranks third among the largest coal exporters with a share that grew from 6% in 2000 to 15% in 2023. Fundamental changes have occurred in the geographical structure of world imports. The combined share of China and India expanded during the period 2000‒2023 from 3 to 46%, whereas the combined share of the EU and Japan dropped from 50 to 18%. Meanwhile the global coal market is moving to Asia, its already high grade of geographical concentration is still building up. These trends are typical for production, exports and imports (although to a somewhat lesser extent). The share of the five largest exporters climbed from 62% in 2000 to 82% in 2023, and the share of five largest importers grew from 64 to 72%, respectively.

Pengaruh Ekspor Batu Bara terhadap Kurs Rupiah

The major of exchange grade was an crucial macroeconomic indicator for a country, and its fluctuations can greatly influence the course of trade activities in a country and the price of a commodity. The reseach purposelly to quantitatively estimating toward impact of coal exports, inflation, also coal production towards rupiah exchange grades from 1996-2022 both the little run also the long proceed uses the Partial Adjustment Model (PAM) regression. The yields shown that coal exports have no impact towards exchange grades both are short or long proceed, also inflation also coal production has positive impact towards exchange grades. The government was expecting hight coal exports and reduce its imports in order to turn the trade balance deficit into a surplus and it is hoped that rupiah will appreciate. The government also needs to make regulations regarding coal import limits so that they dont excide tha count of its exports. Inflation rate should also be maintained through monetary policies especially interest rates to make sure that Indonesians’ consumption and purchasing power are stable.

ANALISIS ABNORMAL RETURN SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH PELARANGAN EKSPOR BATU BARA PADA 1 JANUARI 2022

This study aims to analyze the difference in average abnormal stock returns before and after the announcement of the coal export ban on coal mining companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) between August 2021 and January 2022. The method used is an event study with secondary data from Yahoo Finance. The research sample consisted of 20 companies. The analysis used the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, the one-sample Sample T-Test test for normal data, and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for abnormal data. The results showed a significant abnormal return on the days surrounding the announcement of the export ban, but there was no significant difference between the abnormal return before and after the announcement. The limitations of this study are the limited sample and short analysis period. Suggestions for future research are to expand the sample and period and consider external factors that affect abnormal returns. Keywords: Abnormal Return; Export Ban; IDX Shares

Complex assessment of ambient particulate matter in a small settlement with coal-handling port

Relevance. Russian coal exports have been steadily increasing in recent years, and Far Eastern ports, originally not adapted to dusty cargoes, have switched to coal operations. Unoptimized coal handling leads to increased content of coal-containing particles in the air and to various environmental problems. Aim. To analyze the concentration of particulate matter in the air and the chemical composition of particles on the surface of conifer needles in the Posyet settlement (Primorsky Krai, Russia), where a large coal terminal operates. Materials and methods. The chemical composition was studied on the surface of conifer needles by X-ray fluorescence and in washout of conifer needle samples using Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive analysis. Concentrations of particles with the diameter of 2.5 and 10 μm (PM2.5 and PM10, respectively) were measured using automatic monitoring stations. Results and conclusions. Chemical composition was dominated by mineral particles (calcite, silicates, etc.). However, the presence of coal particles (up to 8.3%) and metal particles was also observed. Mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were within the Russian and international health standards, but close to their upper limits. Concentrations of both measured particle fractions were highest during the winter months (as well as in March, which is traditionally a cold month in the Far East), followed by a gradual decrease. The study obtained new data on the annual variations of concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10, as well as on the basic composition of particles from the surface of woody vegetation (needles) as an indicator of the state of air pollution in this settlement.

Contrasting Affective responses and the Politics of the Energy Transition: Impact of the War in Ukraine on the Colombian Coal Industry

This piece explores the effects of the war in Ukraine on Colombia's coal industry and the contrasting affective responses of different actors. The stark contrast between environmental and Indigenous activists' anger and the industry representatives' optimism about the revival of coal exports evidences the tension between the climate policies of the current Colombian government and the longstanding pattern of export‐led economies in Latin America, a path difficult to break. Nonetheless, the situation enables a space to discuss how a ‘just transition’ would look for regions dependent on coal and, importantly, when that transition will be.

The Influence of GDP, Coal Exports, and Fossil Energy Consumption On Indonesian Air Pollution Reviewed From CO2 Emissions

Air is very vital for the survival of living things, therefore it is important to maintain air quality to avoid pollution. One of the causes of air pollution is high carbon dioxide emissions resulting from economic and industrial activities which are trapped in the atmosphere, causing a greenhouse gas effect. This research aims to determine the influence of GDP, coal exports and fossil energy consumption on air pollution in Indonesia in terms of CO 2 emissions . This research also aims to test whether the Environmental Kuznet Curve (EKC) hypothesis applies in Indonesia. The type of data used in this research is secondary data in the form of quantitative data obtained from BPS, World Bank, etc. This research was conducted in all provinces in Indonesia. The data analysis technique used in this research is the Error Correction Model ( ECM). The research results show that in the short and long term the variables GDP, coal exports and energy consumption simultaneously have a significant effect on the level of CO 2 emissions . GDP in the short term and long term does not partially have a significant effect on the level of CO 2 emissions . Meanwhile, GDP squared in the short term partially has no significant effect and in the long term it partially has a positive and significant effect. This shows that the EKC hypothesis does not apply in Indonesia. Coal exports in the short term and long term partially do not have a significant effect. Fossil energy consumption in the short term and long term partially has a positive and significant effect. Considering the importance of air for human life, it is necessary to pay attention to the factors that influence air pollution.

Analysis of Indonesian coal export policy

Indonesia's coal exports play an important role in driving the country's economy and are one of its main export commodities. As one of the world's largest coal producers, Indonesia consistently contributes significantly to the global market. This research aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the export policy of coal commodities in Indonesia. The research method is qualitative, using a descriptive analysis approach. The study examines policies related to coal exports, including government regulations, trade rules, environmental regulations, and other policies that influence the Indonesian coal export process or policy changes that affect Indonesian coal exports. At the same time, it analyses the effects and implications of these policies on the export of coal commodities in Indonesia. The research uses the theory of trade liberalism as a framework to address the research objectives. The findings indicate that Indonesia's coal export policy significantly impacts the coal industry, the national economy and international market dynamics. Although mercantilism may persist for a certain period, the dominance of liberalism, which adheres to the principles of market mechanism, has successfully surpassed the influence of mercantilism. Thus, this research contributes to a better understanding of the role of coal in Indonesia's export context and provides a basis for future policy improvements.

The Rise and Fall of Cullercoats as a Coal Exporting Port in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries

Although the coal industry in the Northeast of England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been the subject of extensive study by historians over many years, most research has focussed mainly on larger centres of the coal trade such as Newcastle upon Tyne and Sunderland. Less well known is the significant contribution to coal exports made by some of the smaller communities and harbours along the Northumberland and Durham coasts. During the latter years of the seventeenth and early years of the eighteenth century the small coastal village of Cullercoats, just North of Tynemouth, became a significant coal and salt exporting port following the development of a colliery at nearby Whitley. Customs records of Cullercoats coal exports were included, as a Lesser Creek, in the Exchequer Port Books of Newcastle upon Tyne. Two Newcastle Exchequer Port Books containing complete records of Cullercoats coastal exports for 1702–1703 and overseas exports for 1698–1699 have survived, these include the names of the people and ships involved and provide a fascinating insight into the impact of the coal trade upon a small coastal port and it’s local community. Although its coal trade was relatively short lived, Cullercoats continued to thrive as a flourishing fishing port and during the nineteenth, twentieth and into the twenty-first centuries as a popular holiday resort frequented by many well-known and successful artists.

Exploring the endogenous structure and evolutionary mechanism of the global coal trade network

The uneven distribution of global coal supply and demand markets has driven coal trade. Effectively characterizing the global coal trade pattern and exploring its evolutionary mechanisms are important for economic development and international energy security. Therefore, this study adopts complex network methods to construct global coal trade network (GCTN) from 1995 to 2021. Based on exploring the overall, individual, and motif structural characteristics of the network, the temporal exponential random graph model is adopted to explore the impact mechanism of endogenous and exogenous variables on the evolution of the GCTN. The research findings demonstrate that (1) at the overall level, the network size, closeness, accessibility, and reciprocity of global coal trade exhibit an increasing trend; (2) at the motif level, aggregation and bilateral reciprocity are the primary trade patterns that affect the formation and evolution of the GCTN that is different from the steady-state structures of the four common super-families and possesses unique characteristics; (3) at the individual level, the United States and European economies possess a higher degree of diversification in coal trade, while Australia and emerging economies exhibit higher coal export trade volumes. The RCEP economies, represented by Japan and South Korea, possess a higher import share. Additionally, the Netherlands plays a “transit station” role in the network; (4) the formation and evolution of the GCTN are influenced by endogenous mechanisms. Reciprocity, transmission closure, and convergence effects have a significant promoting effect on network construction. Ignoring endogenous mechanisms can lead to significant bias in empirical results.

Export - Import performance of coal in India: Trends, challenges and measures for achieving trade balance

Coal is considered to be the one of the major and crucial natural resources in the world and in our Indian economy. Coal serves as the raw material for generation of the electricity, for the hotel industry and for the other purposes which are highly effective in our economy. Among the coal producers in the world, India is the fourth largest producer of coal and for the requirements of domestic uses India also imports the coal from different countries. In the Indian economy the amount of coal exports has resulted to the trade deficit problems. Although the Indian coal sector has shown a dominant performance, world bank research has shown some serious issues which are faced by the coal industry. Through this paper an attempt has been made to examine the trends, challenges and measures for achieving trade balance through various methods. In accordance to that, existing literature has been gathered with the topics consisting of Coal Exports and Coal Imports to illegal mining, innovative technology and foster ways which improve the quality of coal. The primary objective of this research articles aims in finding out the reasons which focuses for the huge imports and low imports of coal with an objective to achieve trade balance. Thus the conclusion is there are very uncharted areas which can be taken up by the researchers to find the trade balance of coal. For the statistical analysis the tools like Mann Whitney U - Test and Annual Growth Rate has been used using SPSS and the results are provided accordingly.

Supply chain inefficiencies: the causes and costs of dry bulk ships anchored in Vancouver

The paper describes the contracting and logistics conditions contributing to the level of anchorage in the grain, coal and fertiliser export trades of Vancouver. Increases in the level of anchorage in these trades have created economic, environmental and governance issues. Comparison of the logistics structures and practices in these commodity trades gives insights into the reasons for different levels of anchorage. Conditions in and data from the port of Vancouver are used to simulate conditions in the grain trade and to demonstrate the critical importance of the variability of ship loading times to levels of anchorage. The incidence of the costs of anchorage is examined. The terms in voyage charterparties used in the grain trade are found to inhibit efficient use of vessel time.

Coal Industry Global Transformations: Analysis and Projections

The paper explores the current global trends in coal production, exports, imports, and consumption with focus on China, India, and Russia up to the year 2050. Russia’s coal production in 2022 is shown to rise to 443.6 million tons due to an increase in domestic coal consumption, which made it possible to compensate for a slight decrease in coal exports. At the same time, the growth in domestic coal consumption was 6.1% compared to the level of 2021. Of this, 23% was utilized by the electric power industry, 10.4% for coking, 6.9% for residential, industrial and agricultural consumers, and the remaining 6.8% of coal supplies were delivered to other consumers within the domestic market. In 2023–2024, Russia may see a slight decrease in coal production and export volumes, which is associated with sanctions, a decline in demand of European consumers, and a reduction in the use of this type of fuel or refusal from it in some Asian countries. The possibility of reorienting Russian coal supplies from West to East is limited by the plans of the Asia-Pacific countries along with commissioning new coal capacities in the near future to actively develop wind farms and solar power plants and adopt national hydrogen strategies. These factors, in turn, may lead to a decrease in Russian coal production and exports by 2050. However, it is too early to talk about the end of the “era of coal,” at least until 2030.

Mapping the Country’s Dependence on Indonesia’s Coal Import Market

Indonesia is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of coal. Its strategic geographical location facilitates coal export activities to consumer countries. In addition, the quality of Indonesian coal is also very suitable for steam power plants, especially sold at competitive prices on the international market. This research highlights how the world's largest coal-importing countries depend on the Indonesian coal import market. This means that Indonesian coal significantly influences the world's energy contribution. Based on this fact, the author states that the coal that Indonesia exports to importing countries dramatically affects the economic conditions of these countries. Driven by population increases, economic expansion, improved quality of life, and energy use, coal is an important energy source. Therefore, many countries import coal to meet domestic energy needs and reserve coal supplies long-term. To find out this, the author uses a qualitative research method, descriptive analysis with a dependency theory approach, that is analyzed in a world macro context using a world system perspective. In addition, the author also uses mean calculations to find the average result of the amount of coal imports for each country.

Energy Security Blind Spots of Gas, Oil, and Coal Exporters

The global narrative around domestic energy security is dominated by the paradigm of import-dependent countries, and as a result the interactions of energy export activities with domestic energy systems are not generally considered. In this paper, we apply a systems approach to establish two potential blind spots in evaluating the whole-of-system energy security of energy resource exporters (actual primary energy self-sufficiency and export exposure of the domestic energy system), and examine some case studies, primarily in the Australian context, to validate the existence of these blind spots. The commencement of LNG exports from the state of Queensland is examined in detail. Furthermore, we propose two novel quantitative indicators to mitigate the blind spots established. First, a revised method is proposed to calculate energy self-sufficiency, showing for the exporters studied a less secure position than shown by the traditional method. Second, an indicator is proposed to quantify the extent of exposure of the domestic energy system to international markets through export linkages, which we have applied to Australia’s domestic energy system, showing the extent of the increase in international exposure since LNG exports from Queensland commenced in 2015–2016. Conclusions of this paper include the realization that domestic energy security for energy exporters, such as Australia and the other countries examined, is more complex and, in the cases examined, less secure than importer-oriented energy security frameworks have previously recognized. A further conclusion is established that the decoupling of energy resource exports from the domestic energy system through transition to a zero-carbon energy system based on domestic renewable energy sources can be an effective means of improving Australia’s energy security.

Does Climate Policy Affect The Price And Volume Of Indonesian Coal Exports?

This study aims to investigate the impact of climate policies, such as the ParisAgreement and its derivatives, the Gasglow climate pact, on the reference coal priceand its effect on the volume of Indonesian coal exports. A qualitative approach,utilizing secondary data from various international level journals, data from theMinistry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the World Bank, and other relevantsources, was employed. The research method utilized literature study. The results ofthis study indicate Climate policies the Paris Agreement, the Glasgow Climate Pact,and benchmark coal price on Indonesia's coal export volume is limited do not have anotable effect the volume of coal exports do not significantly impact the reference.Recommendation for Policy makers should conduct a comprehensive assessment ofcoal export policies, with a particular focus on their alignment with the commitmentsoutlined in the Paris Agreement and the Glasgow Climate Pact. This assessmentshould include an examination of emissions targets and whether or not coal exportsare at odds with them.

Coal Exists, Therefore it Must be dug up

As the world’s second largest exporter of coal, Australia has been notoriously reticent to facilitate the technological transitions required to alleviate climate change. The influence of the mining lobby has been well documented, as have the machinations of successive governments, who have had little success in overcoming this influence, or determination to do so. Yet communities in coal mining regions of the Hunter Valley are increasingly, and actively, questioning the morality of the industry. From conflicts over land use, to the impacts that burning coal has on climate change, the coal industry is aware of the tenuous nature of its social license to operate. In response it has invested in campaigns which emphasises the role of the industry in building the local ecology: not only of the local regional economy, but also in building historical and cultural value, in an attempt to ‘lock-in’ mining’s particular values and ethics. As the pressure on coal from international forces increases, this restrictive view is challenged, with the nation committed to the technologies and pollutions of the past and left behind as others move towards cleaner sources of energy. Power and ethics shape not only visions of the future, but the capacity to engage with the likely social and physical outcomes of those actions.

The Influence of Service Quality and Brand Image on Customer Loyalty Mediated by Customer Satisfaction: in Indonesia Coal Mining Industry

Indonesia is one of the largest coal producers and exporters in the world. Since 2005, when it surpassed Australia's production, Indonesia has become the leading exporter of coal. Coal companies in Indonesia compete with each other to gain limited market share and meet growing demand. PT. Bukit Asam Tbk is the only coal producing company which is a state-owned company (BUMN) among nine others that private company. PT. Bukit Asam Tbk has met quality standards by being ISO (International Standardization of Organization) certified and has several sales achievements and is among the best new stone producing companies in Indonesia. Obtaining several company awards and certifications is expected to improve the company's brand image and increase customer satisfaction as a trusted coal company. The quality of customer service can also influence a company's image and lead to customer satisfaction. This research used a sample of 228 respondents who were consumers or buyers of coal from PT Bukit Asam Tbk, both domestically and internationally. The analysis model in data processing uses SEM Lisrel 8.8. The findings reveal that Service quality and brand image have a positive and significant influence on customer satisfaction. Brand image has no influence on customer loyalty. Customer satisfaction and service quality have a positive and significant influence on customer loyalty.

Pengaruh Ekspor Batu Bara dan Kurs Terhadap Pendapatan Devisa Negara Indonesia

Foreign exchange earnings are very important to maintain economic stability and state development. This study aims to analyze the effect of coal exports and exchange rate changes on Indonesia's foreign exchange earnings due to the urgent need to understand the impact of coal exports and exchange rate changes on foreign exchange earnings. This research will use a quantitative approach using time series data from 2004 to 2022 from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). This study uses multiple linear regression using the Eviews program. The results show that, while coal exports have a significant negative impact on Indonesia's foreign exchange earnings, the exchange rate has an insignificant positive impact on it. The F-test (simultaneous) confirms that both have a significant effect on Indonesia's foreign exchange earnings.

Mechanisation, wages, and royalties: Unpacking coal lock-in through 120 years of parliamentary debates in the world's largest exporter

Australia is the world's largest exporter of coal by value, and only recently lost out on volume to neighbouring Indonesia. This paper examines 120 years of parliamentary debates to better understand how Australia attained this position and the lessons this has for a carbon constrained future. The paper adopts a socio-technical transitions perspective, drawing on parliamentary records, historical literature and socio-economic statistics. This comprehensive large-scale analysis uses established dynamic topic modelling methods, and contributes novel tools and methods to aid the quality, interpretation and reproduction of the presented results. Results show that after supply and workers' rights problems, a mid-century compromise was reached between the main political parties (and industrial actors). This compromise relied on increasing the efficiency and hence profitability of mines. Profits would be shared with workers to remove industrial disputes. This initiative set off a path-dependent trajectory of growth that forestalled competition from lower-wage producers like Indonesia and hampered reactions as climate change came to the fore. Attention to coal in the Australian federal parliament is now at even higher levels than in the 1950s. However, while a similar compromise appears necessary, it does not seem forthcoming.

Contribution of Coal Export Performance to Gross Regional Domestic Product and Non-Tax State Revenue in the Kalimantan and Sumatera Regions

Coal is a strategic and high-priority export commodity in addition to being a significant resource for generating electricity. Indonesia is the world's second-largest coal exporter and a major source of coal to Asian countries. In the last ten years, the mining industry generated 5-8% of Indonesia's GDP, with coal accounting for roughly 80% of the figure. Meanwhile, coal will contribute 170 percent of the PNBP objective in 2022. The coal mining industry continues to contribute positively to the country's economy. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of coal export performance on GDP and non-tax state income. Panel data regression analysis techniques are used in this study. According to the findings of the study, coal export performance