Coal Consumption In China Research Articles

Structural path analysis of China's coal consumption using input-output frameworks.

In-depth study of the key sectors and supply chain paths driving coal consumption in China is valuable for effectively formulating coal reduction and replacement policies to achieve sustainable development. This study conducted a structural path analysis, based on the latest publicly available input-output tables and energy use data provided by the World Input-Output Database, to trace China's coal consumption transmission throughout its entire supply chain. The results indicate that investment, exports, and household consumption are important factors in coal consumption. "Electricity, Gas and Water Supply" is a critical sector for, largely indirect, coal consumption. The path of "Electricity, Gas and Water Supply→ intermediate sectors→ Construction→ Investment" accounts for the bulk of coal consumption in China. The node path analysis shows that the 2-node transmission paths, starting from Construction and ending with "Other Non-Metallic Mineral" and "Basic Metals and Fabricated Metal" are important sources of coal consumption induced by investment demand. The 1-node path of "Basic Metals and Fabricated Metal" is an important path for coal consumption induced by export demand. The 1-node path of "Electricity, Gas and Water Supply" is an important path for coal consumption caused by household consumption demand. In order to effectively implement coal reduction and replacement policies, China should control coal consumption in these key sectors and channels and optimize intermediate input and energy use structures.

Health impact of China Coal Consumption Cap Project

S20: A world less dependent on fossil fuels – scientific evidence and corporate influence. An ISEE Policy Committee Symposium, Room 315, Floor 3, August 26, 2019, 10:30 AM - 12:00 PM Background/Aim: The China Coal Consumption Cap Project (CCCCP) (2013-2020) is one of the most important actions to mitigate air pollution by controlling coal consumption in China. We aimed to take 2013 as a baseline to evaluate the effects of the CCCCP and the related health impacts. Methods: Beijing, Taiyuan, and Guangzhou were selected as typical cities in mainland China. An analysis of the PM2.5 monitoring and morbidity/mortality data was conducted to estimate the health losses caused by coal consumption. Changes in outpatient/emergency room visit, hospitalization and mortality were calculated to assess the health impact of the CCCCP, in 2017 and 2020, respectively. Results: The concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing, Taiyuan, and Guangzhou decreased from 89.50μg/m3 to 58.00μg/m3, 75.02μg/m3 to 59.00μg/m3, and 51.73μg/m3 to 35.00μg/m3, respectively in 2013-2017 (and will drop to 50.00μg/m3, 47.00μg/m3, 30.00μg/m3 in 2020 scenario respectively, numbers in the parenthesis are the 2020 value, the same applies to the following). During this period, Ischemic Heart Disease and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease hospitalization, and non-accidental deaths in Beijing due to coal burning decreased (will decrease) by 1,990(2,461) and 995(1,205) person-times, and 1099(1,396) cases, respectively. The total number of hospitalizations, outpatients, and non-accidental deaths in Taiyuan due to coal burning decreased (will decrease) by 15,728(25,738) and 4,491(7,735) person-times, and 488(881) cases, respectively. The number of emergency patients with circulation and respiratory system diseases, and non-accidental deaths in Guangzhou caused by coal burning decreased (will decrease) by 158(203) and 277(348) person-times, and 3,159(3,908) cases, respectively. Conclusions: There were large reductions in PM2.5 concentrations during the period of CCCCP. Substantial reductions in morbidity and mortality related to control of ambient air pollution were achieved from 2013 to 2017 in China, and the health benefits will be more obvious in 2020, indicating appreciable effectiveness of controlling coal consumption and improving air quality.

Critical structural adjustment for controlling China's coal demand

Coal consumption in China has been almost equal to the consumption of all other countries since 2011, and influenced not only global climate change but also domestic air pollution control, energy production and consumption revolution. Coal consumption is closely related to China's whole economy, and its cap control should be based on comprehensive understanding of different economic agents' interactions. Therefore, this study uses the input-output model to identify key relationships to be adjusted which have their significant direct and indirect effects on coal consumption. We find that fixed capital formation in construction having a significant indirect impact on coal consumption in all main coal-intensive sectors, and most of the important production relationships in a sector involve inputs of basic raw materials or fuel, such as building materials in construction. From the perspective of fine structure adjustment to control coal effectively, some non-basic inputs need massive restrictions, such as substantially reducing pesticide and fertilizer application in agriculture, and construction expansion should be limited to a rational growth through reducing short-lived buildings, constraining low-level redundant construction of roads and buildings, and minimizing the vacancy rate and incremental construction area. Moreover, export of coke, chemicals, and chemical products should be discouraged from the perspective of coal control, and urban households should consume daily chemical and pharmaceutical products more rationally.

Subsidy policy discussion on the hydroelectric power substitution for scattered coal consumption: A case study of Sichuan Province

Scattered coal consumption in China has resulted in severe environmental problems in recent years. In the meantime, the rapid increasing capacity of renewable energy has exceeded the demand and therefore leads to idle capacity problem. In this situation, electric power substitution for scattered coal (EPSSC) has become a good choice in meeting this challenge. However, due to high cost for facility replacement and operation, most of the scattered coal users are not willing to adopt electric power facilities without policy subsidies. In this study, the policies of electricity price subsidy (EPS) and facility investment subsidy (FIS) are evaluated as effective methods to promote the willingness of different industries to implement EPSSC. Firstly, based on the principal of net profit-on-investment rate method, a model is established to describe the quantitative relationship between the amount of electric power substitution and the ratio of net profit over investment. Then, a case study of Sichuan Province is performed to discuss the effect of subsidy policies on the potential of EPSSC in four industries, including coal-fired boiler, self-generation coal-fired plant, coal-fired flue-cured tobacco plant and coal-fired building material kiln. Next, an optimization model combined with scenario analysis is proposed to provide the optimum portfolios of different substitution industries under a specific substitution target under different subsidy policies. The results indicate that, electricity price subsidy given to self-generation power plant is more cost-effective, while facility investment subsidy given to electric boiler and electric flue-cured tobacco plant is more cost-effective than the other industries. When the electric power substitution target is higher than 25%, the economic benefit of facility investment subsidy is superior to electricity price subsidy. If both EPS and FIS are implemented at the same time, the subsidy cost will be further reduced.

Differences in oxidative potential of black carbon from three combustion emission sources in China

Black carbon (BC) is mainly derived from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, and poses a serious threat to human health. Actual BC from extensive emission sources presents a variety of characteristics that are likely associated with different oxidative potentials (OP) and health endpoints. In the present study, BC derived from three main emission sources (residential coal combustion, biomass burning, and diesel engine exhaust) in China was subjected to physiochemical characterization and its OP was tested using dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. In order to obtain actual BC, the water-soluble part (WS) and organic extract (OE) were eluted successively from PM and the residue particle (RP) were reserved. PM from diesel vehicles had the most effective DTT consumption capacity, followed by PM from biomass and coal burning. And the OP of PM was mostly attributed to its RP part which mainly consisted of metals and BC. SEM/TEM, OC/EC, IC, and ICP-MS measurements confirmed that soluble ions and organic compounds were washed off effectively, while some metals were still retained in the RP part. Thus, the OP of BC was evaluated after adding DTPA to inhibit DTT activity caused by metals in the RP. Significant differences in OP and physiochemical characteristics of BC from the three emission sources were observed. BC from diesel exhaust exhibited the highest DTT activity (15.5 ± 12.6 pmol min−1 μg−1) compared to that of BC from biomass (2.5 ± 1.0 pmol min−1 μg−1) and coal (1.3 ± 0.5 pmol min−1 μg−1) burning. Diesel exhaust BC, which was emitted under the highest combustion temperature, had the smallest size. Coal consumption in China contributes to the highest amount of BC mass emission, but our result indicates that diesel exhaust BC has the greatest OP. An emission inventory based on health impacts is urgently needed to control air pollution sources in the future.

Coal consumption in China: How to bend down the curve?

Noting the recent decline in the coal consumption in China, a variety of prior literature studies the peak of coal consumption and finds mixed results. This paper systematically studies the historical rules, the driving mechanism, as well as the future trend of coal consumption in China. First, through comparative analysis and breakpoint regression, we find that there are three consecutive inverted U-shapes between China's coal consumption and economic development from 1965 to 2016, and they reach inflection points in 1980, 1998, and 2013, respectively. Second, the LMDI decomposition analysis of coal consumption reveals that output effects and intensity effects jointly determine the overall trend of each inverted U, and structural effects play a key role in the formation of each inverted U-shaped inflection point. Finally, the forecast shows that coal consumption will decline at an average annual rate of 0.4% from 2017 to 2030, and by then it will be basically in a plateau period. There is a big gap between the consumption trend and the inverted U scenario. In order to bend the coal consumption curve downward and ensure that 2013 will become a long-term peak, the government should accelerate the optimization of the industrial structure and energy consumption structure, and improve coal consumption efficiency continuously through a mix of policies.

중국 초미세먼지 현황 및 정책 동향

The emission of air pollutants in China has increased rapidly as its economy expanded over the last decades. The Chinese government has recently acknowledged the seriousness of the resulting air pollution and is trying to improve air quality in many ways. Here, we review the air quality control and management policies in China, one of our closest neighbors, because these policies may also influence the air quality in Korea. This study examined the recent policies on PM2.5 reduction and analyzed the variation in air quality and air pollutant emissions in China. The ambient air quality and emission standards in China have been strengthened, based on China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan of 2013. As a result, the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 in 2015 in 74 large Chinese cities declined by 23.6% compared with 2013 values. Coal consumption in China also has been reduced by more than 10% per year since 2013. Furthermore, the laws controlling atmospheric emissions were revised again in 2016, and an air pollution forecasting and warning system was implemented to help manage air pollution problems. At present, the Chinese government is trying to evaluate its policies on PM2.5 and find a new paradigm to mitigate ongoing PM2.5 pollution. In this context, a joint study between Korea and China has been initiated to investigate the characteristics and sources of ambient PM2.5 and to identify factors contributing to the high PM2.5 concentrations in northeast China. We expect that this academic collaboration will benefit both countries in their search for new policies for PM2.5 reduction.

Impact of non-fossil electricity on the carbon emissions embodied in China's exports

Abstract Embodied carbon emissions have been particularly high in Chinese exports due to the domination of coal consumption in China's electricity mix. In order to decarbonize China's electricity system, the government of China embarked on a large-scale, national roll-out of non-fossil electricity (NE). Thus, understanding the carbon impacts of NE may help facilitate China's efforts to reduce emissions embodied in exports. This study builds a hybrid, energy-economic, multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model to investigate the impact of NE development on emissions embodied in exports by comparing the observed NE expansion against a counterfactual scenario without NE deployment. The total contribution of NE expansion between 2002 and 2014 is decomposed into three factors: intra-regional, electricity transmission as well as inter-regional supply-chain. Our results show that NE expansion reduced carbon emissions embodied in exports by 203 Mt (million tonnes) in 2007, 243 Mt in 2010 and 259 Mt in 2014. These mitigated emissions accounted for 11.3% in 2007, 14.9% in 2010 and 19.5% in 2014 of the total emissions embodied in exports. The intra-regional effect accounted for approximately 60% of those CO2 savings during 2007–2014. The effect of electricity transmission accounted for more than 20%, and the remainder of emission reductions resulted from inter-regional economic linkages.

Characterizing isotopic compositions of TC-C, NO3--N, and NH4+-N in PM2.5 in South Korea: Impact of China's winter heating.

The origin of PM2.5 has long been the subject of debate and stable isotopic tools have been applied to decipher. In this study, weekly PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected at an urban (Seoul) and rural (Baengnyeong Island) site in Korea from January 2014 through February 2016. The seasonal variation of isotopic species showed significant seasonal differences with sinusoidal variation. The isotopic results implied that isotope species from Baengnyeong were mostly originated from coal combustion during China's winter heating seasons, whereas in summer, the isotopic patterns observed that were more likely to be from marine. In Seoul, coal combustion related isotopic patterns increased during China's winter heating period while vehicle related isotopic patterns were dominated whole seasons by default. Therefore, aerosol formation was originated from long-range transported coal combustion-related NOx by vehicle-related NH3 in Seoul. δN-NH4+ in Seoul showed highly enriched 15N compositions in all seasons, indicating that NH3 from vehicle emission is the important source of NH4+ in PM2.5 in Seoul. In addition, Baengnyeong should be consistently considered as a key region for observing the changes of isotopic features depend on the contribution of individual emissions to the atmospheric as a result of the reduction of coal consumption in China.

WITHDRAWN: Co-integration and causality analysis of carbon intensity and coal consumption in China

WITHDRAWN: Co-integration and causality analysis of carbon intensity and coal consumption in China

Deep Coal Mine Methane Drainage in China with Lower Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Insights of Borehole Protection Technology

Climate warming has currently been one of the most important global environmental issues. Coal mine methane (CMM) is a typical greenhouse gas with higher global warming potential and ozone depletion potential than CO2. Unfortunately, it should be noted that the CMM emission increases rapidly with the increasing coal consumption in China. Fast and whole protection technology of borehole is a recently developed method to maintain the drainage efficiency in deep mining level. However, the potential negative impact of screen pipes on CMM drainage efficiency has not been well studied. To investigate this impact, an innovative coal permeability model from elastic to post-failure state was deduced to develop our previous gas migration model. Then redistributed stress, coal permeability and gas pressure around a borehole were studied by implementing the mathematical model into Comsol Multiphysics. Numerical results indicate that the negative impact of screen pipes on drainage subpressure do not affect the drainage efficiency due to the stress redistribution. Engineering application shows that comparing to the traditional borehole protection technology, the gas concentration increases about 120% and the gas flux increases about 110% by using the fast and whole protection technology. The research will provide theoretical foundation of CMM capture and borehole protect technology and is of great significance for the CMM utilization and the global environment.

Does the Environmental Kuznets Curve for coal consumption in China exist? New evidence from spatial econometric analysis

This research utilizes a panel data of 29 Chinese provinces during the period between 1995 and 2012 to investigate the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for per capita coal consumption in China. The conventional estimation methods simply ignore the spatial dependence and therefore are prone to estimation biases. To control for potential spatial dependence, an appropriate spatial econometric model–Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) is employed. The estimation results verify the existence of the spatial correlations in coal consumption across provinces, and there is strong evidence for the “inverted-U” shaped EKC relationship between per capita coal consumption and the GDP per capita. Besides, the GDP per capita corresponding to the peak of coal consumption per capita is estimated to be higher when the spatial effects are fully accounted for.

The air quality co-benefit of coal control strategy in China

Coal keeps dominating the primary energy consumption in China, and is highly-related to the carbon emission and air quality challenge. Recently, China has submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) and committed to peak the carbon emission around 2030, and reduce the emission intensity by 60%–65% in 2030 compared to the 2005 level. Moreover, severe haze problem blanketed China in recent years and tends to getting worse, which is directly related to fossil fuel combustion, especially coal consumption in China. To address these challenges, this study carried out an analysis on effect of coal control strategy to energy system and local pollutant reduction. A bottom-up model of China-MAPLE is developed, linking the carbon emission and local pollutant emissions to the coal control policy scenarios. Four scenarios are designed for the energy system and co-benefit study. Three main conclusions can be drawn based on the study: first, the deep energy conservation measures including coal control has apparent effect on the energy system optimization, and the coal peaking year is near 2020 which is highly related and consistent with the carbon peaking. Second, the end-of-pipe control measures will significantly reduce the local pollutant emission, however the reduction is not sufficient enough to achieve the air quality standard. Energy conservation measures, especially coal control strategy, are essential for the source control side. Third, for the co-control from both source control and end-of-pipe control, emission of SO2, NOX and PM2.5 in 2030 will be reduced by 78.85%, 77.56% and 83.32% compared to the level of 2010, which fits the air quality targets, together with carbon peaking target achieved. In electricity generation sector, the source control measures will contribute 10%–35% in future and coal control measures contributes 17%–40% to the local pollutant reduction. The strategy of coal control is of high importance for carbon mitigation and also local pollutant control.

Decomposition analysis for assessing the progress in decoupling relationship between coal consumption and economic growth in China

This paper has four purposes. Firstly, the status of coal production and consumption is analyzed. Secondly, the temporal and spatial evolution of the coal consumption in China is studied. Furthermore, the LMDI method is used to explore the factors influencing coal consumption in China. Finally, a new decoupling index is developed based on the decomposition results, which is used to study the decoupling relationship between coal consumption and economic growth in China. This paper draws the following results: (1) Coal for transformation consumption gradually exceeded that for end-use over the study period. During 1991–2013, power generation was the biggest coal consumer among all transformation sectors. Among all end-use sectors, industry sector was the biggest coal consumer. (2) In 1991, Liaoning province was the biggest coal consumer. However, the biggest coal consumer was Shandong in 2013. The center of gravity for coal consumption was an overall movement towards the southwest. (3) The energy intensity effect played the dominant role in decreasing coal consumption over the study period. However, The economic activity effect and population effect maked the continual increase of coal consumption in China. (4) Only three decoupling statuses occurred over the study period: weak decoupling, expansive coupling, and expansive negative decoupling.

Regional differences and pattern classifications in the efficiency of coal consumption in China

This research, which was based on the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model and the Malmquist index, studies the difference for the period 2000–2012 in the efficiency of coal consumption and pattern classification in China's 30 provinces as well as the major eastern, central, western, and northeastern areas. Firstly, the static analysis results showed that the technical efficiency (TE) of China's coal consumption was 0.710, the pure technical efficiency (PTE) was 0.803, and the scale efficiency (SE) was 0.889. The PTE, which needs to be further improved, was the main factor affecting the TE. The ranking for the TE of the four regions was the eastern region, northeast region, central region, and in last place the western region. The dynamic analysis results showed that the change index of China's total-factor of coal consumption efficiency was 0.899 and the average annual growth rate was −10.1%. Efficiency change (EC) and technical change (TC) of the average annual growth rate were −4.7% and −5.7%, respectively. The interaction of EC and TC resulted in a negative growth of the total-factor of coal consumption efficiency. The difference in the total-factor of the coal consumption efficiency among the four regions expanded each year. Secondly, by measuring the TE of China's coal consumption excluding environmental factors and then including environmental factors we were able to classify the coal consumption efficiency model of 30 provinces in China. Finally, we provided some policy suggestions aimed at improving the efficiency of China's coal consumption.

Logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) decomposition of coal consumption in China based on the energy allocation diagram of coal flows

This manuscript attempted to analyze the influencing factors of coal consumption growth in China using the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) decomposition method developed based on the physical processes of coal utilization from raw coal to the end-use sectors. By mapping the energy allocation diagram of coal flows, we built a method to balance the energy allocation of coal flows and derived several technical influencing factors. These factors were used to develop an LMDI decomposition method suitable for analyzing the coal consumption growth of complex coal-use systems, such as that of China. The method is subsequently applied to analyze the influencing factors of China's coal consumption growth from 2001 to 2011. The results indicate the rapid growth of GDP (gross domestic production) per capita, which heavily relied on the expansion of heavy industry as the dominant factor driving coal consumption growth. Improvement in the energy efficiency of coal power generation and coal end-use combustion were the primary factors reducing coal consumption.

Study on the Driving Factors of CO2 Emissions in China’s Coal Consumption Using the STIRPAT Model

The Pampas region contributes 80% of the total national production of Coal resource is an important material basis for China’s economic and social development. Coal consumption in China has been increasing rapidly especially in recent years. According to the data of IEA, China is the top country in coal production and consumption. Thereupon, CO2 emissions from coal consumption have also been increasing. China is facing more and more pressure from CO2 emissions. Under the background of economic globalization and the pressure of ecological environment deterioration, China's CO2 emissions have become a hot issue in the world. Previous studies mainly focus on the main driving factors of CO2 emissions in economic development or in total energy consumption. Only several studies focus on the driving factors of CO2 emissions from single kind of energy that is coal consumption, which provides much space for this study. This paper aims to inspect the main factors driving CO2 emissions from coal consumption and their driving degree using the STIRPAT model. The ridge regression is borrowed to test the multicollinearity among population, GDP per capita, technology level and urbanization level. The results show that the sequence of the driving factors in CO2 emissions from coal consumption is GDP per capita (A)>urbanization level (UL)>the total population (P)> economic structure (ES) >Technology level (T). The research results provide a scientific basis for Chinese government and relevant departments in making policy decisions to limit CO2 emissions.

Spatial Pattern Evolution of Coal Consumption at Provincial Level in China

Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis was used to analyze the evolvement of spatia1 pattern on coal consumption in China since 2002. General spatial autocorrelation of coal consumption in 31 provinces of China was analyzed by Morans I and Getis-Ord General G. Getis-0rd Gi* was used to test the local spatial dependence, identifying the spatial distribution of hot spots and cold spots. The results show that coal consumption per capita of 31 provinces in China exhibits an enhanced trend of spatial autocorrelation. The areas with similar level of coal consumption are clustered in space. The coal consumption activity can be affected by the neighborhoods and their own regions. Hotspot areas are mainly concentrated in North and Northeast China and continuously increase with time, coldspot areas are mainly concentrated in South China and constantly decrease by time. So government needs to consider the spatial interaction mechanism of coal consumption when establishing the energy management policy.

Economic Growth and Coal Consumption in China

In this paper, we used the methods of cointegration and granger causality estimation to test the relationship between China’s coal consumption and real GDP based on the data of 1978~2010, the results show that the real GDP and coal consumption have no granger causality, and do not have a long run cointegration, which is different from the existing discovery. Because of following reasons, first of all, this paper selected on the basis of the existing economic data since reform and opening up, and for the first time increased the time span to more than 30 years and the inspection of the data generation process (DGP) to ensure that there is no structural break point; secondary, with the deepening of China's reform and opening up, economic growth dependence on coal consumption is not stable, so the GDP and coal consumption does not exist the long-term cointegration; thirdly, hidden problem of inefficient use of coal in the rapid economic growth, resulting in economic growth and coal consumption causality is not obvious. Finally, policy recommendations are offered according to the analysis of this study. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i3.2226

The dynamic links between CO2 emissions, economic growth and coal consumption in China and India

In this study, we employ recent and robust estimation techniques of cointegration to provide more conclusive evidence on the nexus of CO2 emissions, economic growth and coal consumption in China and India. Furthermore, the causal relationships among the variables are further examined using the Granger causality test. Our empirical results suggest that the variables are cointegrated in the case of China but not India. In other words, there is a long-run relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth and coal consumption in China. Granger causality test for China reveal a strong evidence of uni-directional causality running from economic growth to CO2 emissions. Moreover, there is a bi-directional causality between economic growth and coal consumption as well as CO2 emissions and coal consumption in the short and long run. In the case of India, only a short-run causality is detected. Causality between economic growth and CO2 emissions as well as CO2 emissions and coal consumption are bi-directional. Nonetheless, there is only a uni-directional Granger causality running from economic growth to coal consumption in India. The implications of the results are further discussed.