Coal Commodities Research Articles

Analysis of Indonesian coal export policy

Indonesia's coal exports play an important role in driving the country's economy and are one of its main export commodities. As one of the world's largest coal producers, Indonesia consistently contributes significantly to the global market. This research aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the export policy of coal commodities in Indonesia. The research method is qualitative, using a descriptive analysis approach. The study examines policies related to coal exports, including government regulations, trade rules, environmental regulations, and other policies that influence the Indonesian coal export process or policy changes that affect Indonesian coal exports. At the same time, it analyses the effects and implications of these policies on the export of coal commodities in Indonesia. The research uses the theory of trade liberalism as a framework to address the research objectives. The findings indicate that Indonesia's coal export policy significantly impacts the coal industry, the national economy and international market dynamics. Although mercantilism may persist for a certain period, the dominance of liberalism, which adheres to the principles of market mechanism, has successfully surpassed the influence of mercantilism. Thus, this research contributes to a better understanding of the role of coal in Indonesia's export context and provides a basis for future policy improvements.

The Dilemma Of Indonesia’s Coal Policy In 2020-2060: A Modality Of State Revenue

<em>Coal commodity management policies in Indonesia are closely related to efforts to reduce carbon emissions and increase carbon sequestration. This has the potential to create regulatory synchronization problems because it relates to sectoral challenges from the relevant ministries and/or agencies. To describe the synchronization problem, this research uses a normative juridical method with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The results of this study are that there are three ministries that are directly or indirectly related to coal management, namely the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, and the Ministry of Finance. The conclusion is that although the 2005-2025 national development target has been announced by the Government, particularly regarding the NZE2060 target, it turns out that the implementation of the regulations in the three ministries has experienced predicaments that have resulted in a dilemma of synchronizing the national climate policy. However, short-term policies implicitly indicate the modality of state revenue as a priority</em>

ANALISA PEMBAYARAN INTERNASIONAL MELALUI LETTER OF CREDIT TERHADAP PERDAGANGAN EKSPOR BATUBARA PADA PT. MANDIRI INTIPERKASA

Analysis of International payments through letter of credit on coal export trade at PT. Mandiri Intiperkasa. Discusses coal export payment procedures using Letters of Credit. The research used is descriptive qualitative research. The data collection techniques used in preparing this thesis were direct observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the research are that international payments use letters of credit in theory in Amir MS's book and in reality in PT. Mandiri Intiperkasa is in compliance. Letters of Credit are safe for both parties. This has been required by the government for coal mining companies to use Letters of Credit in coal commodity export transactions. This is required because it supports the country's foreign exchange. It is hoped that PT. Mandiri Intiperkasa to have books related to international trade, especially coal. To increase information for employees regarding the payment system using a Letter of Credit.

Production, Consumption, Export and Carbon Emission for Coal Commodities: Cases of Indonesia and Australia

The contribution of this study is to analyze the impact of a series of economic activities from the coal commodity on carbon emission. This research specifically focuses on coal exporting countries in Asia Pacific, including Indonesia and Australia during the period 2000 to 2022. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence between production, consumption and export of coal and its determinants, and also the effect on carbon emission. This study applies the simultaneous equation approach and panel regression. The main findings of this study are that coal consumption, coal export, technological innovation and coal price have a positive and significant effect on coal production. Furthermore, coal production, domestic income and domestic investment have a positive and significant effect on coal consumption, while coal export has a negative and significant effect. Then, coal production and coal stock have a positive and significant effect on coal export, while coal consumption and domestic investment have a negative and significant effect. Finally, production, consumption and export of coal commodities contribute to increasing carbon emission. We recommend the coal exporting countries analyzed in this study to implement coal energy control in addressing increasing carbon emission at the global level.

Open-pit coal mining exacerbates urban heat island in Bontang City, Indonesia

Global energy demand has surged, especially on coal commodities. To accommodate the demand, open-pit coal mining became a faster and cheaper solution, but left a land-use change and degradation. This research tried to examine the impact of open-pit coal mining on urban heat island (UHI) in Bontang city. The study used multitemporal Landsat images (2002 and 2019) to assess land surface temperature. Then, the UHI and non UHI area were calculated and excluded the sea for the calculation. As a result, UHI was only distributed in the centre of Bontang city. In 2019, UHI intensity distributed in the city centre and also occurred in the open-pit coal mining area with the UHI intensity >5°C distributed equally. The UHI intensity in coal mining is higher than the city. The impact was causing discomfort for the people and could lead to health problems due to interaction with air pollution from mining activities. This study concludes mining should be accompanied with restoration to enhance quality of life and other environmental benefits.

Factors Affecting on Job Performance

The demand for coal commodities in 2023 will increase. The increase in coal demand has caused the coal production target to be achieved in 2023 is also increase. Every mining company should have optimal human resources that are able to compete with other companies. Employees who are in a company usually want job satisfaction, to be able to improve their performance. Giving rewards, job training, promotion, motivation are several factors that can increase job satisfaction to support employee performance. This study aims to determine the effect to analyze and examine the effect of reward, job training, promotion, motivation, on job satisfaction, and examine the effect of job satisfaction on job performance.
 The population in this study are employees of mining industries with a total of 203 employees as a sample. The determination of the sample was carried out using the non-probability sampling. The data analysis technique used is the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method. The statistical method used to test the hypothesis proposed in this study is Partial Least Square (PLS) with the help of the SmartPLS.
 Based on the results of the analysis it was found that job training, promotion, motivation had a significant effect on job satisfaction but rewards have a negative effect on job satisfaction, and job satisfaction had a significant effect on performance.

Hubungan Kerja Sama Perdagangan Komoditas Batu Bara Indonesia-China Tahun 2014-2021

This research aims to explain the relationship of bilateral trade cooperation between Indonesia and China in coal commodities, the influencing factors and the opportunities and defiances of Indonesia in trade cooperation of coal energy with China during the period of President Joko Widodo’s administration in 2014-2021. Indonesia and China are two countries that have very close relations in the energy sector, as seen from a lot of policies and cooperation agreed upon by the two countries. However, the existing social, economic and political dynamics also affect the cooperation between the two countries. Seeing these dynamics, this research tries to answer the reason why Indonesia and China did the coal trade cooperation, how was the bilateral cooperation between the two countries and what is Indonesia’s opportunity and defiance of coal bilateral trade cooperation with China. This research uses the Heckscher-Ohlin international trade theory, international cooperation and new trade strategy concepts to answer the questions. The data collection technique used in this research is a secondary data collection technique with a literature review method. From the analysis, the coal bilateral trade cooperation between Indonesia-China does not escape from their national interest which is over production of coal in Indonesia and the lack of domestic coal energy resources in China. So the author concludes that domestic and global factors, big opportunities and defiances play a very important role in relation to coal bilateral trade cooperation between Indonesia and China.

ANALISIS DAYA SAING DAN FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI EKSPOR BATUBARA INDONESIA KE LIMA NEGARA TUJUAN UTAMA

Indonesia one of largest countries that play a role in world coal exports. The purpose this study analyze competitiveness that affects Indonesia's coal exports to the five main destination countries in 2013-2020. The data used panel data which is a combination of time series and cross section data. To analyze the comparative competitiveness of Indonesian coal commodities in the five destination countries, the RCA (Revealed Comparative Advantage) method is used and competitively, the ECI method is used. The RCA and ECI values obtained for the five destination countries show that Indonesian coal exports have strong competitiveness. Based on the results of the study, partially production has a positive and insignificant effect, prices have a positive and significant effect on Indonesian coal exports, while the exchange rate has a negative and significant effect on Indonesian coal exports to the five main destination countries.
 Keywords: Coal Exports, RCA, Production, Exchange Rates, Prices

Determinants of Indonesian Coal Commodity Export Before and Post the Spread of the Covid-19 Policy

As a fossil fuel, most of Indonesia's coal production to date is exported to various countries that still rely on this commodity as a source of electrical energy. With this pandemic, Indonesia's coal exports have decreased. Therefore, the need for coal to meet domestic demand will affect coal exports so that it will have an impact on economic growth. To determine the effect, this study was tested using qualitative research methods. The test results show that during the pandemic, coal consumption or demand decreases and has a negative impact on domestic economic growth.

HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION OCCURANCES AT WASEGI REGION (SP3) AND SURROUNDINGS, PRAFI DISTRICT, MANOKWARI REGENCY, WEST PAPUA PROVINCE

The geology of Papua promises the availability of various metal minerals. This is because the island of Papua was formed by the convergency of two plates namely the Australian and Pacific Plates which form subduction zones. The occurrence of tectonic activities has allowed mineral and coal commodities to appear upwards to the surface. The purpose of this research is to find out the alteration processes that develop in the study area. The aim is to determine the hydrothermal alteration zonation in the Wasegi and its surrounding areas. Based on field observations, petrographic analysis, and XRD analysis, the alteration that continues to occur in the study area is classified into two zones, namely propylitic alteration zones and silicic/silicified alteration zones. Alteration in this study area is also controlled by carrier lithology. Lithology that carries alteration originated from diorite, while rocks that act as wall rocks are schist. Both roles, burly structures, and lithology, greatly influence the process of hydrothermal alteration formation since they are solid as the space where fluid is filled, and lithology as a carrier of hydrothermal liquid acts as a main factor in the alteration process.

Business diversification of coal mining companies as a strategy facing coal price volatility

This study aims to determine the effect of business diversification on stock prices by mediating company performance, represented by the variable ROE and EPS in a fluctuating coal price situation. The data used are 16 companies engaged in coal mining in Indonesia and listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2012 to 2019. Using two analysis methods: path analysis to examine direct and indirect relationships between variables and different tests to see differences in the performance of companies that diversify and do not diversify. The results showed that coal commodity prices had a significant positive effect on stock prices and indirectly, through ROE and EPS, had a significant positive impact on stock prices. Business diversification directly has a significant negative impact on stock prices and indirectly through EPS positively affects stock prices. Business diversification provides a substantial difference to EPS and does not provide a significant difference to ROE.

The Effect of Increasing Daily Case COVID-19 as Moderating Variable on Coal Stock Price

Stock investments in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic have a considerable risk. This happens because of the increasingly uncontrolled movement of stock prices. The potential for steep charts can occur at any time. Sentiment analysis of increasing daily cases of COVID-19 was analyzed to see how much effect it has on stock price movements. This research will analyze stock prices from coal commodities in Indonesia. Researchers choose to discuss coal commodities because, in April 2021, there was a significant increase and highest in November 2021. Because of the data, researchers want to see the influence of some coal companies using selling price data with moderating variables for estimating the stock price. There are 26 coal companies that are listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange. The analysis will be a check on five companies that have the largest investors. The analysis is also carried out on coal sales price movements. Furthermore, five different coal mining companies were analyzed based on the rate of price changes to new selling prices with variable moderation in Indonesia. Increasing daily cases of COVID-19 being variable moderation. The method used for finding the relationship is a linear regression with a moderating variable. According to the analysis, the increasing daily case of COVID-19 as a moderating variable is enough to affect the relationship between the selling price of coal and the stock price of HRUM.JK and PTBA.JK. In stock price HRUM.JK, there is an increasing adjusted R square from 0.5254 to 0.5451. The same conditions apply to PTBA.JK has increased by 0.4040 to 0.4444.

The future of coal investment, trade, and stranded assets

The future of coal investment, trade, and stranded assets

Literature Review On Merger and Acquisition (Theories and Previous Studies)

Merger and Acquisition (M&A) is a way for companies to grow faster than organic business growth and can be a channel for companies to strengthen their global market position and increase competiteveness. M&A activities in the world have a large volume and value of several major commodities such as coal, industrial metal, silver, lead, zinc, copper, steel, aluminum etc. In 2018 (January to December) the total value of M&A transactions for the coal and metal sector reached USD 60 bio with the largest portion in coal commodities and transaction volume of 320 transactions.M&A is one of the strategic options in corporate restructuring activities that can provide more access to companies in increasing profits, market control or market share and increasing competitiveness (competitive advantage) to face the world market which is currently unstoppable.In this study, the problem to be answered is what are the theories behind the occurrence of M&A and also previous research that has been done related to M&A. To answer this problem, the literature review method will be used. The results obtained are expected to be used in future research in all M&A events. With this literature review, the motive behind the occurrence of M&A can also be well known.

Subterranean Properties: India's Political Ecology of Coal, 1870–1975

AbstractScholars have long been attentive to the relationship between legal regimes and agrarian dispossession in the resource frontiers of the postcolonial world. The analytical problem of identifying how private firms use legal regimes to take control of land—whether for mining, plantations, or Special Economic Zones—now animates a new body of research seeking the historical antecedents for contemporary land grabs. In the case of colonial South Asia, existing scholarship has often tended to suggest that the law precedes processes of capital accumulation, and that colonial capital operated within the confines of definable, even if legally plural, institutional regimes, such as property rights and commercial law. This perspective suggests, if only implicitly, that capitalist firms prefer to work within formal frameworks of legality. In this article, I outline a different understanding of the place of law in colonial South Asia, which follows the formation of property law for coal at the end of the nineteenth century. I argue that the discursive framing of coal's status as property emerged out of, rather than preceded, social and ecological displacements caused by a coal commodity boom after 1894. Reconstructing conflicts over coal-bearing agrarian land through civil court records and mining company property deeds, I demonstrate how the absence of coal property within the colonial legal archive was reassembled through a recursive conception of legality. This genealogy of law recovers the historical context for contemporary struggles over mining claims in India's coal region today.

Experimental and numerical investigation on the load stability of coal cargoes during marine transport

During marine transport of coal commodities, cargo slip or liquefaction failure scenarios within the hold may occur under cyclic ship motions. The resulting cargo shift affects the vessel stability, and subsequently endangers goods and crews on board the vessel. This study aims to investigate the coal cargo stability under marine transport conditions. A suite of six coal samples was selected to undertake a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests to investigate their liquefaction resistance. Results were subsequently compared to the liquefaction threshold advised by International Maritime Organisation. It was suggested that finer coals were observed to be more susceptible to liquefaction. In addition, discrete element modelling of the coal cargoes was conducted to study the cargo slip susceptibility. Calibration was performed to ensure materials modelled in the numerical program reflected the physical behaviours. Results indicated coarser coal samples with lower moisture contents exhibited cargo slip failures under nominated rolling ship motion. Nevertheless, resulting centre of gravity shift from cargo slip exhibited negligible effect on the cargo stability. Outcomes of this study provided important safety guidelines on marine transportation of coal commodities.

DYNAMICS OF ELECTRIC ENERGY POLICY THE COAL SECTOR IN INDONESIA: ANOMALY OR EXCEPTION?

The dynamics of coal primary energy policy in Indonesia are still relevant to observe. On the one hand, coal commodity is a counter discourse in the mainstreem of green energy. On the other hand, the issue of the national electricity-energy crisis occurs due to obstruction of the primary energy supply chain. These two things are the challenge to the paradigm of energy resources as a capital for national development. Therefore, the issue of policy change in this case always needs to be studied. Analysis using normative juridical methods; in general related to the national energy policy and specifically on regulating coal mining to meet PLN's needs. The conclusion is that the prevailing laws and regulations have mandated the policy of national energy security. However, local utilization of coal needs to be regulated in a harmonious, transparent, and independent manner. The transparency and independence of coal primary energy development policies can be seen as an anomaly of the universal-global green energy paradigm. At least this is a temporary exception for Indonesia. Ensuring meeting our local's energy needs should be a priority for the next few decades. Keywords: Energy Policy, Coal Sector, Anomaly, Exception.

Kerjasama Luar Negeri Indonesia dan China: Studi Kasus Ekspor Batubara

The relationship between Indonesia and China has been established for a long time. This has made Indonesia and China use it to increase cooperation as a way to strengthen kinship between the two countries in the Southeast Asian region. Indonesia, which is rich in natural resources, uses this gift to become a source of state income. One of the commodities that Indonesia can rely on is coal which is exported to several countries including China. The existence of policies implemented by China such as the zero percent import tariff policy and the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan affect Indonesia's coal exports. The results of this study show that the two decisions taken are capable of influence the progress of Indonesia's coal export and economy and the dynamics that occur in coal commodities in the future. Based on this, I suggest that Indonesia needs to improve coal quality standards and establish steps that must be taken in dealing with policies implemented by China that are able to make changes to coal in the future.

PENGARUH DOW JONES ISLAMIC MARKET INDEX DAN DAMPAK MAKROEKONOMI TERHADAP INDEKS SAHAM SYARIAH INDONESIA

This research aims to to identify the effect of the Dow Jones Islamic Market Index and the macroeconomic impact (global commodity prices of palm oil, coal, gold and nickel) on the Indonesian Sharia Stock Index. This study uses secondary data in the form of the movement of the Dow Jones Islamic Asia Pacific Index (DJIAP), the Indonesian Sharia Stock Index and global commodity prices (palm oil, coal, gold and nickel) for the period 2014-2019 with a total of 61 samples. Through SPSS statistical data analysis, it shows that partially the price of palm oil and gold commodities has a significant effect on the Indonesian Syariah Stock Index. And partially DJIAP, coal commodity prices and nickel commodity prices do not affect the Indonesian Syariah Stock Index. Whereas the Dow Jones Islamic Market Index simultaneously and the macroeconomic impact affect the Indonesian Sharia Stock Index.

Pengaruh ekspor minyak mentah batu bara dan gas alam terhadap penyerapan tenaga kerja sektor pertambangan di Indonesia

This study aims to analyze: 1) the development of Indonesian labor absorption in the mining sector, and the development of export commodities for crude oil, coal and natural gas; 2) the effect of exports of crude oil, coal and natural gas on employment absorption in the mining sector. The results of the study found that the absorption of Indonesian workers in the mining sector tended to increase by an average of 4.45%, the volume of crude oil exports tended to decline by an average of -5.96%, coal commodities tended to increase with an average growth of 14.49% and the volume of export of natural gas commodities tends to increase with an average of 79.54%. Based on the regression results show that the export volume of coal commodities has a significant positive effect and the volume of exports of natural gas commodities has a significant negative effect on employment in the mining sector. On the contrary, the export volume of crude oil commodities has no significant effect on employment in the mining sector