Coagulation Technology Research Articles

Synthesis of large-scale, narrowly dispersed, highly cross-linked, and spherical latex particles via one-step emulsion polymerization through particle coagulation

ABSTRACTParticle coagulation technology is a facile approach to prepare large-scale and narrowly dispersed polymer particles. However, diverse shapes such as ellipsolid, snowman, dumbbell, and trimer among others were obtained if the cross-linker was directly added into the initial reaction mixtures due to the restriction of the highly cross-linking particle fusion process. In this study, we prepared sub-200 nm, narrowly dispersed, highly cross-linked, and spherical latex particles using particle coagulation technology by controlling the relation between the cross-linking net formation and particle coagulation. Depending on the addition time or feeding rate of the cross-linker (divinylbenzene, DVB), the particles with different sizes or shapes were obtained. The later the addition start time of DVB, the narrower the particle size distribution of the latex particles. Alternatively, the increase of the continuing feeding time could also be used to decrease the width of particle size distribution of the ultimate latex. In addition, narrowly dispersed and spherical latex particles also could be directly obtained by advancing the particle coagulation time using 2, 2′-Azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride as a cationic initiator. Our study presents a new method that will further widen the fields of application of particle coagulation technology.

Use of mathematical planning of the experiment to describe the process of rubber extraction from latex using depleted molasses

This paper considers the coagulation technology of butadiene-styrene rubber latex SKS-30 ark using beet sugar industry waste—depleted molasses. The factors that influence the coagulation process of the SKS-30 ark rubber were established using full factorial experiment. Mathematics model derived with full factorial experiment is a linear equation.

Laparoscopic Partial Splenectomy: A Preferred Method for Select Patients.

The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic partial splenectomy (LPS) using a harmonic scalpel (HS) combined with bipolar coagulation. Using HS and bipolar coagulation technology, 18 patients suffering from splenic cystic neoplasm were treated with LPS between January 2010 and December 2014, and their clinical data were analyzed retrospectively. LPS was performed successfully without conversion to open surgery in all cases. The mean intra-operative blood loss was 75.8 ± 33.5 mL, and the mean operation time was 54.3 ± 16.6 minutes (range, 48-82 minutes). No cases of postoperative bleeding, infection, or pancreatic fistula occurred. No patient required total splenectomy. The mean hospital stay was 6.6 ± 3.2 days, and the median postoperative follow-up was 19.8 months (range, 5-60 months). All patients recovered successfully, with normal complete blood counts and without any recurrence on follow-up. LPS is a safe and feasible operation for selected patients. Combined use of an HS and bipolar coagulation can shorten the operation time, reduce blood loss, and improve the safety of the operation.

Preparation of monodisperse, sub-micrometer polymer particles by one-step emulsion polymerization under particle coagulation

The particle coagulation technology in emulsion polymerization is a novel and facile approach to prepare large-scale, narrowly dispersed latex particles. However, the formation of narrowly dispersed latex particles under particle coagulation at a high zeta potential is surprising. To elucidate this observation, a detailed investigation on the relationship between particle coagulation and particle size distribution was carried out. Unlike the conventional emulsion polymerization, a rapid decrease in the particle number and an increase in the particle size were clearly observed during the polymerization. The results confirm the occurrence of particle coagulation. The width of zeta potential and particle size distribution also decreased with particle coagulation, resulting in large-size, narrowly dispersed latex particles. These phenomena were explained by the competitive growth mechanism.

Investigation on the working performance of partitionable-space enhanced coagulation reactor

ABSTRACTIn this study, the phosphorous removal efficiency of partitionable-space enhanced coagulation (PEC) technology has been investigated. A series of continuous experiments was conducted to find out the influence of operating parameters. With increase in the elapsed treatment time, the phosphorus removal rates improved progressively during 1.5–3 h and the reactor reached a steady state after 4 h. This improved performance is mainly attributed to the partitionable-space and “flocculation filter” in the PEC reactor which enhanced the coagulation process. The flocs formed exhibited excellent settling characteristics by quickly settling out within the first 15 min.

Preparation, properties of In‐situ silica modified styrene‐butadiene rubber and its silica‐filled composites

In this work, native emulsion polymerization styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) were first grafted by vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) to SBR‐g‐VTES (VTES grafted SBR), second, the SBR‐g‐VTES were modified by different amount of TEOS (tetraethoxysilane) using in situ sol‐gel method, at the last, the extra silica was added into the in situ modified SBR system to get the modified SBR/silica composites using latex coagulation technology. The effect of different amount of TEOS on modified SBR/silica composites was also systematically studied, including the content of silica and utilization of silica, cure characteristics, physical mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical properties. The surface properties of modified SBR/silica composites were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It can be got that the grafting of VTES and in situ hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS can effectively inhibit the agglomeration and improve the mechanical properties of modified SBR/silica. It also can be found that modified SBR brings well physical and dynamic mechanical properties, wear resistance, and low rolling resistance to SBR, especially, when the TEOS is 3.0 g, the best overall performance of modified SBR/silica can be achieved. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:22–28, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers

The Research Progress of Coagulation Technology on Fine Particles

This article reviewed some of the measures taken to control particulate matters by combining the latest fine particles dominating technologies both at home and abroad. The coagulation technological principles and research achievements of fine particles were suggested. The research highlightly analyzed the technical principles and characteristics of electric coagulation technology, acoustic coagulation technology, vapor condensation technology, thermal coagulation technology,chemical coagulation technology, magnetic coagulation technology, turbulent coagulation technology and light coagulation technology.On the basis of comprehensive analysis of these technologies, it pointed out the development trend of fine particle control technology.

Research Progress on the Electric Coagulation of Fine Dust

Fine dust in the atmosphere is one of the key factors causing air pollution as well as fog and haze. Due to the limited efficiency of fine dust collection in conventional dust removal technology, pre-charged dust coagulation between particles to increase the effective collecting diameter, is an effective way to improve the dust collection efficiency. Currently, coagulation technology research falls into three mainly aspects: electric coagulation technology in constant electric field, alternating electric field and pulsed electric fields. The advantages and disadvantages as well as the research status and trends are fully analyzed in this paper, of which the technology that uses alternating or pulsed power supply for pre-charge device has more advantages and efficiency in coagulation. They will improve the efficiency of electric coagulation in further on the improved airflow pole with form and structure and the technical development of alternating or pulsed powers, which will make the coagulation and filtration technologies and new composite technology an important development direction of fine dust governance.

Effects on Coagulation to Biogas-Slurry from Cattle Dung

To explore purification approach of anaerobic-digested-slurry from cattle dung, this study translated a technology in inorganic coagulation. Under the same condition, a coagulation experiment was carried out by three kinds inorganic coagulants such as polyaluminium chloride (PAC), aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride, respectively, then measured indicators of pH value, BOD5 value, CODcr value, ammonia nitrogen value, turbidity value. Results showed that there was a varying degree of purification effect, and the removal rate of the above indicators increased as the coagulant dosage increasing, the ferric chloride with the dosage of 960mg/L was the best one in purifying effect among the three coagulants. It is feasible that coagulation technology was used to pretreatment biogas slurry from cattle dung, and most of the indicators reached Chinese national standard basically (GB 18596-2001).

MP71-20 ABSORPTION OF IRRIGATION FLUID IS FREQUENTLY DETECTABLE DURING 180W 532-NM LASER VAPORIZATION OF THE PROSTATE: RESULTS FROM A PROSPECTIVE INVESTIGATION USING BREATH ETHANOL MEASUREMENTS

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Laser vaporization (LV) of the prostate using the 532-nm laser is a recommended treatment option for patients with prostatic bladder outlet obstruction and particularly for those with significant cardiovascular comorbidities. Despite the excellent coagulation properties of the laser, fluid absorption was frequently detectable during 120W LV of the prostate. For the nextgeneration 180W laser, a better coagulation technology has been announced. If fluid absorption occurs during LV using this improved but also more powerful laser is unknown. METHODS: Intraoperative fluid absorption was investigated during routine LV using the 180W Greenlight XPS laser (AMS, USA) in 32 consecutive patients. For this purpose intraoperative irrigation was performed using saline containing 1% ethanol. Measurements of breath ethanol were performed every 10 minutes during the operation with a conventional alcometer. The volume of fluid absorption was calculated from these results. Intraoperative changes in hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), venous pH and serum Na, K, Cl, HCO3 were also recorded. Statistical analysis was done using Mann Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: Median age was 73 y (range: 56 85 y), median prostate volume 50 ml (20 99 ml). The median operative time was 60 min (30-150 min), the intraoperative irrigation volume 21 L (6 42 L), and the applied laser energy 175 kJ (70 e 544 kJ). 17 patients (53%) had a positive ethanol test. The median calculated absorption volume in these patients was 827 ml (138 e 4808 ml). In the absorber group, a significant decrease in Hb, Hct, HCO3, pH (p1⁄40.001, 0.004, 0.002 and 0.02, respectively), and a significant increase in serum Cl (p1⁄40.007) were detectable. The changes in Hb, Hct, Cl and HCO3 were significantly greater compared to the non-absorber group (p1⁄40.005, 0.02, 0.001 and 2000ml) were prolonged metabolic acidosis and somnolence, hypothermia, jugular venous distension and significant postoperative weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative fluid absorption occurs in a significant proportion of patients during 180W LV of the prostate. Fluid absorption can be excessive and thus clinically relevant. Early identification of fluid absorption using the ethanol breath test enables timely interventions. If ethanol monitoring is not available, changes in Hb, Hct, pH, HCO3 and Cl can be used to detect potentially dangerous fluid absorption.

The Emission Control Technology of PM<sub>2.5</sub> from Coal-Fired Plant

A major source of PM2.5is the combustion of coal-fired power plant, so its very necessary to monitor and control the emission of PM2.5form power plant. This paper summarizes the main emission control technologies of PM2.5for coal-fired plant. As the traditional electrostatic precipitators has low removal efficiency of submicron particles, so we improved the supply conditions of the precipitator, and pre-charged to improve the particle properties. Through this article, we know that using electric coagulation technology to control the particles form plant is practicable, and it has a good prospect for development.

Research Summarize about Controlling Technology of Ultrafine Powder

PM2.5has serious harm to human health and the environment, coal-fired power plant flue gas emission is one of the important sources of PM2.5, however dust removal equipment for PM2.5and finer particulate collection efficiency is very low.Mixed dust removal technology have various problems such as cost increasing , complex operation, the material requirements and capture efficiency of fine particle is not obvious. Coagulation as an effective method of collecting sub-micron particles, has good prospects for development.Further study of the mechanism of coagulation and coagulation technology in practical application of industrial production became focus of future research.

Impact of various coagulation technologies on membrane fouling in coagulation/ultrafiltration process

To evaluate the membrane fouling under traditional and enhanced coagulation, polyferric chloride (PFC) and polyferric chloride–polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PFC–PDMDACC) were applied in fulvic acid (FA)–kaolin treatment by a coagulation–flocculation/ultrafiltration process. Optimum dosages of PFC and PFC–PDMDAAC were ascertained in traditional and enhanced coagulation region by jar tests. Subsequently, the influences of the characteristics of flocs pre-formed in traditional and enhanced coagulation process on ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling were studied. The results of the study indicated that traditional coagulation, the first enhanced coagulation and the second enhanced coagulation occurred at the dosage of 15mg/L, 44mg/L and 72mg/L respectively in the PFC dosage range investigated in the experiments. And the coagulation mechanism was precipitation charge neutralization, charge neutralization, and sweep flocculation, respectively. For PFC–PDMDAAC, 10mg/L, 21mg/L and 41mg/L was the optimum dosage in traditional coagulation (charge neutralization), the first enhanced coagulation (bridging and charge neutralization) and the second enhanced coagulation (sweep flocculation) respectively. Flocs formed in traditional coagulation region were the biggest. The floc structure was the most compact in the first enhanced coagulation region. Flocs of the second enhanced coagulation region were highly positively charged and flocs of traditional coagulation region were positively charged for PFC and uncharged for PFC–PDMDAAC. For both PFC and PFC–PDMDAAC, the hierarchy of membrane fouling under traditional and enhanced coagulation was traditional coagulation>the first enhanced coagulation>the second enhanced coagulation. Enhanced coagulation could reduce the UF membrane fouling effectively.

Study on optimum coagulation conditions of high molecular weight pan fiber in wet spinning by orthogonal experimental design

Orthogonal experimental design (I) and (II) were used to study optimum coagulation technology in wet spinning of high molecular weight PAN nascent fiber. Relationship between shape factor (De) and coagulation conditions such as coagulation bath concentration, temperature, and minus draw ratio was investigated to obtain nascent fiber with the minimum De value and smooth surface morphology. The nascent PAN fiber fabricated at the conditions of 80 wt% coagulation bath concentration (in this paper, the coagulation bath concentration refers to the mass concentration of DMSO in coagulation bath), 0 % minus draw ratio, and 40 °C coagulation bath temperature has the smallest fiber diameter, the most circular cross sectional (minimum shape factor) and smooth surface morphology, and the maximum density, which resulted in the most excellent mechanical properties of nascent PAN fiber.

Analyzing the Distribution of Energy Consumption of Coagulation Technological Using the Fractal Dimension

Using self-made high-ferric-based silicon coagulant to deal with the lead containing industrial wastewater. Firstly we can define the optimum dosage of coagulant by jar test, and then utilize orthogonal experiment to seek the best energy consumption allocation decision at different levels. Combining with the fractal dimension of flocs, it can directly reflect the flocs growth of each stage in the distribution of energy consumption, and can guide the operating conditions of coagulation technology. This method not only makes water treatment economical and efficient, but also offers the comparatively scientific design data for the design of the flocculation tank in water works.

Study on the technology of vortex coagulation and its application in water plant of DongFeng motor corporation

After a brief introduction to the core parts of vortex coagulation technology, such as the characteristics of the vortex reactor, and its working mechanism with contact-flocculation, this paper emphasizes that the critical point of this technology lies in the determination of the opening diameter on different surfaces and the control of the opening rate. Through the following illustration of its application on accelerator in a water supply plant in Shiyan in which the treatment scale of the accelerator is increased from 1,280 to 2,500 m3/h, the effluent turbidity of the accelerator is lower than 3 NTU and the effluent turbidity of finished water is lower than 1 NTU, the investment of per ton water is lower – 30 yuan RMB. The paper argues that in comparison to other coagulation reactors, the vortex reactor deserves wider application for its various advantages, such as its higher coagulation efficiency, shorter reactivity time, better quality of finished water, stronger adaptive capability, convenience in construction and so on.

Research Progress of Phosphorus Removal in Enhanced Coagulation

Phosphorus is one of the prime cause of eutrophication,the research of phosphorus removal technology catches the most attention all the time.This paper is focusing on introducing the application and development of the solutions for the phosphorus removal, such as new type of coagulant, new coagulation craft and new flocculation reactor.It points out the core problems in restricting the development of the methods of enhanced coagulation in phosphorus removal ，and gives a clear direction for the research of the methods of enhanced coagulation in phosphorus removal.The enhanced coagulation technology at lower cost and less energy is worth deeply researching.

Carbon Black Filled Powdered Natural Rubber

Carbon black (CB) filled powdered natural rubber [P(NR/N234)] was prepared using a patented method of latex/CB coagulation technology. The influence of curing recipes and CB contents on the curing, mechanical, and dynamic properties were studied in depth, and the results were compared with that of NR/N234 compounds based on traditional dry mixing of bale NR and CB. The results showed that, compared with NR/N234, P(NR/N234) showed higher tensile strength, tear strength, rebound elasticity and flexibilities, and the antiabrasion properties were similar, while the dynamic temperature-build-up and dynamic compression permanent set were about 50% of that of NR/N234. The analysis based on scanning electron micrographs (SEM) and the Payne effect showed that the fine dispersion of CB in the rubber and the enhanced interaction between CB and rubber contributed to the excellent properties of P(NR/N234), sufficient that they make P(NR/N234) a potential material for the tread compounds of heavy-duty all-steel cord radial tires.

Studies on the properties and the thermal decomposition kinetics of natural rubber prepared with calcium chloride

AbstractTo evaluate calcium chloride coagulation technology, two kinds of raw natural rubber samples were produced by calcium chloride and acetic acid respectively. Plasticity retention index (PRI), thermal degradation process, thermal degradation kinetics and differential thermal analysis of two samples were studied. Furthermore, thermal degradation activation energy, pre-exponential factor and rate constant were calculated. The results show that natural rubber produced by calcium chloride possesses good mechanical property and poor thermo-stability in comparison to natural rubber produced by acetic acid.

Photocatalytic oxidation of grey water over titanium dioxide suspensions

Grey water reuse is an attractive alternative to the sustainable management of water especially under water scarcity situations. In this work, photocatalysis over titanium dioxide particles has been applied as a novel alternative to already studied treatments of grey waters such as filtration, biological processes, disinfection and/or coagulation technologies. Grey waters coming from two different sources, a hotel and a household have been employed in this study. The treatment efficiency has been followed through the evolution of the organic matter content expressed as dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Best results were obtained in the treatment of hotel grey waters with 65% DOC removal after 150 min. Anionic surfactants, that are usually present in grey waters coming mainly from personal care products and laundry detergents, were completely removed from hotel grey waters and from household low strength grey waters. Therefore after the applied treatment grey water could be further reused in some of the studied cases.