Coagulant For Water Treatment Research Articles

New method of producing a more efficient coagulant for the treatment of water from seeds of moringa oleifera

The coagulation is essential in raw water treatment. The most used coagulants are often of chemical origin and expensive and their use generates non-biodegradable residues. This is why innovative studies on the synthesis of natural coagulants based on plant extracts are very important. This study presents a new method of producing a coagulant for the treatment of water from seeds of moringa oleifera. The application of the new method is done in several steps: Harvesting moringa oleifera seeds, shelling, crushing the seeds, extracting oil from moringa oleifera powder, extracting salts from powder from moringa seeds oleifera, microfiltration with a 0.2 µm filter and lyophilization which gives the final product in dry form. We used the resulting product for coagulation of lake water with an initial turbidity of 40 NTU. This treatment reduced the turbidity of the water by almost 95 % when we used 0.7 mg of this coagulant per liter of water. Moringa has previously been used to produce coagulant but the peculiarity of this study is that it takes a very small amount of the synthesized product to effectively treat water.­The results of this research work have shown that the coagulant produced rom the seeds of Moringa oleifera can be used effectively for the treatment of surface water.­The residual turbidity obtained after the treatment of lake water with the coagulant produced was in accordance with the drinking water standard according to the World Health Organization (WHO) (less than 5 NTU).­The coagulant produced by this new method from moringa oleifera seed is an alternative to aluminum sulfate coagulant for water treatment.

Effective turbid water treatment using natural eco-friendly coagulants derived from oat and onion seeds

Conventional chemical coagulants are used for potable water treatment, which requires unsustainable mining and transformation of raw materials for their production with costly sludge disposal. Natural coagulants are potential alternatives to chemical coagulants. This study emphasized the use of natural eco-friendly coagulants (oat and onion seed) for turbid water treatment. Coagulant seeds were characterized by different techniques such as SEM, EDX, FTIR, and zeta potential analyzer. Response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize the coagulation process. The effect of initial water turbidity, pH, coagulant seed extract dose, slow mix time, and settling time on the efficiency of turbidity removal was studied. The relation between removal efficiency and the main three significant operational parameters (initial water turbidity, pH, and coagulant extract dose) was fitted to a quadratic model. The optimal removal was achieved at alkaline and neutral media (pH = 7–11 for oat extract and pH = 7–9 for onion extract). The turbidity removal efficiency was 99% using 6 ml/L oat extract dose and 98.9% using 4 ml/L onion extract dose at pH equal to 8 and initial turbidity of 190 NTU. The effect of using oat extract or onion extract with alum was studied, and the results indicated that the optimum dose was found to be 1 ml/L of a natural extract with 10 mg/L alum. Furthermore, oat and onion extract aids were able to decrease the organic load in the treated water. Oat and onion seed extracts were proven to be efficient and eco-friendly natural coagulants or coagulant aids for surface water treatment.

Poly-ferric sulphate as superior coagulant: A review on preparation methods and properties

Abstract Iron-based coagulants are widely used in wastewater treatment due to their high positively charged ion that effectively destabilise colloidal suspension, and thus contribute to the formation of insoluble flocs. Ferric chloride, ferrous sulphate, and poly-ferric sulphate (PFS) are examples of iron-based coagulants that are highly available, and are beneficial in producing denser flocs, thereby improving settling characteristics. This work aims to review the preparation methods of PFS and critically discuss the influence of these methods on the PFS properties and performance as a chemical coagulant for water and wastewater treatment. In polymeric form, PFS is one of the pre-hydrolysing metallic salts with the chemical formula [Fe2(OH) n (SO4)3−n/2] m (where, n < 2, m > 10) and has a dark brownish red colour as well as is more viscous and less corrosive. PFS has an amorphous structure with small traces of crystallinity, containing both hydroxyl and sulphate functional groups. It has been applied in many industries including water or wastewater treatment which is also discussed in this study. It has the ability to remove pollutants contained in water or wastewater, such as turbidity, colour, chemical and biological oxygen demand, phosphorus, and others. This study also provides a review on the combination of PFS with other chemical coagulants or flocculants in the coagulation/flocculation process, and also flocs formed after a more stable treatment process.

Assessment of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) as a natural coagulant for water treatment

Abstract Natural coagulants can be an alternative solution to minimise the environmental pollution and health risks caused by the use of chemical coagulants. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of groundnut extract for turbidity removal from water. For this, the active coagulant agents were extracted from the deshelled nuts and used in a series of water treatment tests performed at low, medium, and high turbidity levels using synthetic turbid water. The groundnut extract showed good coagulative abilities, close to those of Al2(SO4)3. The best performance was obtained at medium turbidity (150 NTU), where the extract removed 89% of the turbidity using a 500 mg/L dosage. However, it was not as efficient as Al2(SO4)3, whose coagulation was better at every turbidity level. The use of the groundnut extract does not modify the water's pH significantly and the floc size decreases as turbidity increases, although they are bigger than those produced by Al2(SO4)3. Its flocculation and sedimentation processes are also quick (each less than 10 min) and quicker than those with Al2(SO4)3. Hence, the groundnut extract is a viable alternative to chemical coagulants.

Use of Neem Leaf, Pawpaw Seed and Moringa Seed as Natural Coagulants for Surface Water Treatment

Access to save water is a serious issue affecting people of all ages for those living in remote communities where availability of improved water sources is limited; the quality of water and its treatment has become an increasing concern in developing nations like Nigeria, where proper treatment is lacking. The high cost of treated water makes most people in rural communities to employ readily available sources which are of low quality exposing them to water borne diseases. This study assessed the use of natural coagulants such as: Papaya, Sodom apple, Neem, Moringa oleifera, in the treatment of surface water. Physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis before and after treatment with each coagulants was carried out. Aluminum Sulphate was also used as a chemical coagulant. From the experiment Moringa seed was the best coagulant of all the seeds used to treat the water samples. The following parameters showed its result before and after treatment with Moringa oleifera: pH (7.6, 7.8), Total alkalinity (180, 126), Calcium hardness (156, 140), Calcium ion (62.4, 56), Magnesium hardness (14, 36), Magnesium ion (3.42, 8.78), Chloride (55, 62.8), Sulphate (50, 60), Silica (4, 2), COD (28.4, 4.13), Colour (50, 20), Turbidity (5.73, 3.98), Total solids (836, 696), Total suspended solid (642, 384), Total dissolved solid (194, 312), fell within the WHO guideline for drinking water except total hardness which is given as (170, 180). This could be as a result of high mineral content. The result obtained for the heavy metals and bacteriological analysis also showed that Moringa oleifera was the most active agent of all the coagulant used. Therefore, Moringa seed can be used conveniently as an alternative to Aluminum sulphate for the treatment of surface water for drinking purposes without causing detrimental effect on human health.

Continuous-Flow Grafting of LENFLOC™ Coagulant for Water Treatment toward Circular Economy

This study investigated the efficiency of LENFLOC™ production using a microwave-assisted continuous-flow grafting process. The study discussed the contribution of plant-based coagulants for water and wastewater treatment toward the circular economy in water treatment. Lentil waste extract was used to produce LENFLOC™ using (2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride with 75 wt.% on H2O as a chain monomer and cerium ammonium nitrate (≥98%) as an initiator. The continuous flow grafting process was conducted at a constant flowrate of 60 mL/min and reaction time of 30 s. The process was optimised using RSM to obtain optimum conditions of process factors. Characterisation studies were conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray. A comparison study was performed using a Jar test with LENFLOC™, lentil waste extract, and a polymer as coagulants. The results obtained show that the continuous-flow grafting process was efficient with an optimum grafting percentage of 330%. The characterisation studies confirmed the grafting process. A 99% turbidity removal rate was achieved with LENFLOC™ as a coagulant with a lower dosage compared to the lentil waste extract. Furthermore, microscope imaging showed improved floc compaction when using LENFLOC™ as a coagulant. The continuous-flow grafting process has been shown to be effective; therefore, its potential for upscaling the process is possible.

The Usage of Banana Peels and Soybean Hull for the Treatment of Lake Water: Turbidity and Total Suspended Solids

Lake water getcontaminate due to the growth of population and modernization which causing problems like sewage disposal has a high-volume and low-strength wastewater that can be reused for many purposes after being treated. It is crucial for wastewater to go through wastewater treatment to improves the quality of water where one of the processes involved is coagulation yet using conventional coagulant leaves excess heavy metal in the water causes in the absence of green chemistry. Chemical coagulants may have an adverse effect on the consumer and the environment such as aluminum build up in the environment, as well as have a harmful influence on the human body, resulting in Alzheimer's disease. The use of natural coagulants can be a secure replacement for chemical coagulants. Therefore, this study was conducted to reduce the usage of chemicals in the coagulation process by using natural coagulant of banana peels and soybean hulls. The main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of natural coagulant for wastewater treatment of lake water. Banana peels and soybean hulls were the main materials in making a plant-based coagulant by drying, grinding, and sieving. Jar test was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of natural coagulant by determining their turbidity and total suspended solids.It was found that banana peels perform effectively at a dosage of 400mg/L with turbidity removal achieved is almost 50%. On the other hand, soybean hulls work effectively at a dosage of 600mg/L with turbidity removal achieved is 54%. Based on the result, it is shown that using banana peels as a natural coagulant has effectively reduced the turbidity and total suspended solids of lake water with the optimum number of dosages of 600mg/L.

Comparative assessment of moringa oleifera seed extract and aluminum sulfate solution efficiency as coagulants for storm water treatment

Comparative assessment of moringa oleifera seed extract and aluminum sulfate solution efficiency as coagulants for storm water treatment

A Comparative Study of the Performance of Polyaluminum Chloride-Sodium Alginate and Polyaluminum Chloride-Chitosan Composite Coagulants in Dam Water Treatment

A Comparative Study of the Performance of Polyaluminum Chloride-Sodium Alginate and Polyaluminum Chloride-Chitosan Composite Coagulants in Dam Water Treatment

Assessing the potential of de-oiled peanut (Arachis hypogea) seeds for surface water treatment: A sustainable alternative to chemical coagulants

Since natural coagulants are readily available, inexpensive, nontoxic, and biodegradable, they are now proving to be effective alternatives to chemical coagulants. This research article investigates the potential of de-oiled peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seeds as a natural coagulant for surface water treatment, comparing its effectiveness with alum, a widely-used chemical coagulant. Ten surface water samples were obtained from the Nile River in the greater Cairo region and treated using coagulants – peanut seeds and alum. Key parameters, such as turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total bacterial count (TBC), Escherichia coli, and enterococci, were measured to assess the coagulation efficiencies of both substances. Results revealed a minor disparity in turbidity removal, with peanut seeds achieving 75.4% to 85.0% removal, while alum exceeded 90.0%. A more pronounced difference in COD removal was observed, as peanut seeds exhibited a 41.7–53.2% removal rate, in contrast to alum’s maximum removal of 92.3%. Regarding bacterial removal efficiency, alum demonstrated a slightly superior performance (60.0–70.0%) compared to peanut seeds (approximately 50.0%). In conclusion, de-oiled peanut seeds represent an affordable and environmentally friendly alternative coagulant for surface water treatment.

Evaluation of Annona diversifolia Seed Extract as A Natural Coagulant for Water Treatment

The ever-present environmental crises are current research hotspots. Nature-based solutions have been shown to have multiple co-benefits toward solving these crises. Plant-based coagulants are known to be a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach for coagulation and flocculation processes for drinking-water treatment. In this study, a natural coagulant was extracted from Annona diversifolia seed, and its effectiveness was investigated for turbidity reduction using jar test in kaolin suspension, river water, and evaluation of factors for sludge dewatering. The characterisation studies of Annona diversifolia seed extract were carried out using techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential analyser, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Response surface methodology (RSM) was also performed for the optimisation study. The results from FTIR showed that Annona diversifolia seed extract contains carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups. The charge density was found to be negative. A web-like structure surface morphology was observed from TEM. The optimum treatment settings were found to be at pH 3 and a dosage of 25 mg/L for water treatment, and 50 mg/L for sludge dewatering, which were comparable to the metal–salts coagulants. Annona diversifolia seed extract has been shown to be a good natural coagulant. Further research can be conducted to modify and enhance its performance.

Comprehensive Review of Modification, Optimisation, and Characterisation Methods Applied to Plant-Based Natural Coagulants (PBNCs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment

This review investigates the modification, optimisation, and characterisation of plant-based natural coagulants applied to water treatment. The disadvantages of plant-based materials hinder their application as alternatives to chemical coagulants, necessitating their modification to alter and enhance their physicochemical properties, making them suitable for application. Modification via microwave-assisted grafting copolymerisation has been found to be the most preferred approach compared to conventional methods. Optimisation of the coagulation process using response surface methodology has been shown to be practical. Different techniques are used in determining the physicochemical properties of plant-based natural coagulants. Some of these techniques have been tabulated, describing the properties each technique is capable of investigating. In conclusion, modification and optimisation of plant-based natural coagulants will result in the production of new materials that are stable and suitable for application as coagulants in water treatment.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from chestnut processing waste using response surface methodology

Portugal is one of the world's top ten chestnut producers. The nut shells generated in the industrial processing have been discarded for use as soil conditioner or energy production. This waste material is rich in polyphenols, which can be used for various purposes, including well-established applications and new usages. Tannin-based coagulants/flocculants for water treatment are one of the emerging applications. Polyphenols extraction from vegetal sources is the initial step of the coagulant synthesis. In this work, tannin extraction from chestnut shell was accomplished in aqueous solution through different methods. After a preliminary assessment, microwave-assisted method (MAE) was selected to be optimized using Response Surface Methodology. The effect of extraction time, liquid:solid ratio, and temperature on the extraction yield and total phenolic content of the extracts was examined. The desirability function approach was applied to find the best extraction conditions leading to a quantitative extract with the highest phenolic content. The optimum conditions were determined as extraction time of 5 min, liquid-to-solid ratio of 50 mL g−1 and temperature 107 °C. In these optimized conditions, the expected extraction yield and phenolic content of the extract are 25 ± 3% and 344 ± 27 mg-GAE/g, respectively (values confirmed by experimental assays). The optimal extract presented a condensed tannin content of 1296 ± 68 mg-CE/g. This work showed that polyphenols can be quantitatively extracted from chestnut shells through a green approach and the generated extract has good features to be further used as a raw material for water treatment coagulants.

Synthesis and efficacy of cactus-banana peels composite as a natural coagulant for water treatment

Aluminium and ferric salts continue to be used as coagulants in drinking water treatment. Natural coagulants can be used for the same purpose because they are cheaper, locally accessible and environmentally friendly. However, low production yields and high operation costs affect commercial adoption of natural coagulants from individual plants, hence the exploration of performance of their composites. This study evaluated the performance of cactus-banana peels composite as natural coagulant for water treatment because of the low cost nature of the two plants. Design Expert Software was used to design jar test experiments for attainment of optimum mixing ratio of the composite for determining optimum dosage, pH and extraction time for development of performance models. Performance of the coagulant was evaluated based on removal efficiencies of turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS) and Escherichia coli (E.coli). The goodness of fit for developed models was evaluated using R2 values and adequate precision. The optimal composition of the composite was cactus to banana peels ratio 0.62:0.38. The optimally mixed powder had a bulk density of 590 kg/m3 while the extracted liquid coagulant had pH and electrical conductivity of 7.05 and 1123 μs/cm, respectively. The optimum dosage, pH and extraction time were 12.25 ml/l, 7.31 and 26.53 min, respectively. Turbidity, TSS and E. coli removal efficiencies were 87.13, 82.15 and 84.02%, respectively. These results indicated good performance of the composite coagulant in water treatment compared to 82–99% for alum, the most commonly used commercial coagulant.

Preparation and Coagulation Performance of Polyaluminum Lanthanum Silicate Coagulant

In order to address the growing problem of water pollution caused by the excessive discharge of contaminants and provide a better aquatic ecosystem for the public, increasing attention has been paid to the harmlessness and efficiency of coagulation. In this study, polyaluminum lanthanum silicate (PALS) was synthesized through co-polymerization as a novel coagulant to treat wastewater. FTIR, XRD, and SEM were used to analyze the morphology and structure of the material, which further confirmed that the PALS was successfully synthesized. The results indicated that PALS had a great performance in the treatment of a kaolin-humic acid suspension under the optimal synthesis conditions with Al/Si = 3, La/Si = 0.1, and basicity = 0.7. Compared with conventional coagulants, PALS exhibited a better performance at a low coagulant dose and could achieve a good removal effect for an ultraviolet wavelength less than 254 nm (UV254) (83.87%), residual turbidity (0.49 NTU), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (69.57%) at the optimal conditions. Additionally, the PALS showed a better effect on phosphate removal than other coagulants did, where the removal efficiency could reach 99.60%. Charge neutralization and adsorption bridging were the potential wastewater treatment mechanisms employed by the PALS, which showed varied contributions under different pH levels. The results indicated that PALS can be a promising coagulant in water treatment.

Treatment of Wastewater by Moringa Oleifera and Maize Seeds as Plant-Based Coagulant

Coagulants are essential in purifying raw water for drinking water safety for consumers. Commonly, aluminium sulphate, a chemical coagulant, is used for water treatment. However, for long-term usage, chemical coagulants can be considered toxic and harmful to the environment due to the accumulation of this substance in the pipeline system, which can create severe health issues if consumed. The natural plant-based coagulant can be a substitute for a sustainable solution in the water treatment coagulation process. This research aimed to determine the efficiency of plant-based materials as coagulants in surface water treatment. Moringa oleifera and maize seeds were chosen as natural coagulants in this investigation since they are both locally available plant-based materials. Here, this research aims to study the ability of moringa oleifera seed and maize seed as plant-based coagulants in enhancing the effluent quality of the wastewater treatment plant of UiTM Dengkil Selangor. A jar test experiment was used to assess the capacity of moringa oleifera and maize as natural coagulants. The results comprise turbidity removal by 92% (mixed of moringa oleifera seed and maize seed), the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 95% reduction rate using moringa oleifera seed. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) for 88% removal by moringa oleifera seed, ammonia-nitrogen removal of 12% (moringa oleifera seed) and total suspended solids (TSS) of 100% reduction rate using mixed moringa oleifera seed and maize seed for the effluent sample. Thus, it can be recognized that moringa oleifera and maize seeds can be an alternative solution to replace the chemical coagulants in the treatment systems.

Aleppo pine seeds (Pinus halepensis Mill.) as a promising novel green coagulant for the removal of Congo red dye: Optimization via machine learning algorithm

Consideration is now being given to the use of metal coagulants to remove turbidity from drinking water and wastewater. Concerns about the long-term impact of non-biodegradable sludge on human health and the potential contamination of aquatic systems are gaining popularity. Recently, alternative biocoagulants have been suggested to address these concerns. In this study, using a 1 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, the active coagulating agent was extracted from Pinus halepensis Mill. Seed, and used for the first time to remove Congo red dye, the influence of numerous factors on dye removal was evaluated in order to make comparisons with conventional coagulants. The application of biocoagulant was shown to be very successful, with coagulant dosages ranging from 3 to 12 mL L−1 achieving up to 80% dye removal and yielding 28 mL L−1 of sludge. It was also found that biocoagulant is extremely pH sensitive with an optimum operating pH of 3. Ferric chloride, on the other hand, achieved similar removal rate with higher sludge production (46 mL L−1) under the same conditions. A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and proximate composition analysis were undertaken to determine qualitatively the potential active coagulant ingredient in the seeds and suggested the involvement of proteins in the coagulation-flocculation mechanism. The evaluation criteria of the Support vector machine_Gray wolf optimizer model in terms of statistical coefficients and errors reveals quite interesting results and demonstrates the performance of the model, with statistical coefficients close to 1 (R = 0.9998, R2 = 0.9995 and R2 adj = 0.9995) and minimal statistical errors (RMSE = 0.5813, MSE = 0.3379, EPM = 0 0.9808, ESP = 0.9677 and MAE = 0.2382).The study findings demonstrate that Pinus halepensis Mill. Seed extract might be a novel, environmentally friendly, and easily available coagulant for water and wastewater treatment.

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Eucalyptus Bark—A First Step for a Green Production of Tannin-Based Coagulants

Tannins are natural polyphenolic compounds widely found in plants. The production of natural coagulants for water treatment is one of their new applications. Polyphenols extraction is the first step for synthesizing tannin-based coagulants. Eucalyptus globulus bark (EGB), an abundant by-product of the pulp and paper industry, usually applied as fuel for energy production, was used in this work as a tannin source. The extraction of polyphenols from EGB was studied using water as a solvent. Extraction assays employing different extraction techniques were conducted. Microwave-assisted extraction showed superior performance and was further optimized. The influence of irradiation time, water-to-bark ratio, and temperature were evaluated using Response Surface Methodology. The extraction yield and the total phenolic content of the extract were modeled as function of the extraction conditions. The overall best conditions that maximize both responses were obtained through multi-response optimization. Optimized values (15% of extraction yield and a phenolic content of 354 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of extract) were predicted for an extraction time of 15 s, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 48.5 mL/g, and 141 °C. The extract generated under these conditions presented a condensed tannin content of 645 mg/g, expressed in terms of catechin equivalents. EGB presented good tannin-extractable contents to produce natural coagulants.

Cottonseed extract as a coagulant for water treatment

Coagulation is an important unit process in water treatment to decrease suspended and dissolved contaminants and cottonseed meal derived proteins can be effective biocoagulants.

Application of a novel coagulant in reservoir water treatment in Qingdao

Application of a novel coagulant in reservoir water treatment in Qingdao