Coagulation Flocculation Research Articles

New Materials Synthesized by Sulfuric Acid Attack Over Power Plant Fly Ash

In the current work, the preparation of a complex wastewater coagulant based on polymeric sulfates of aluminum/iron from fly ash is presented. The performance of the coagulation�flocculation process is mostly influenced by the coagulant type, which enhances the aggregation of particles and leads to formation of fast-settling flocs by charge neutralization or chain-bridging mechanisms. Within the preparation process, the reaction temperature was controlled at 80�C and 90�C for 4 h, the synthesized materials being characterized through different techniques (SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and XRD) and further used as coagulants for real wastewater treatment. As a novelty of this study, it can be mentioned that there were analyzed the possibilities of capitalization of Romanian fly ash collected from Iasi area and its transformation into complex based on aluminum - iron sulfates. Fly ash containing different concentrations of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 was successfully used in producing complex coagulants by reacting with 10% technical sulfuric acid solution. The produced complex coagulants contain both polymeric ferric sulfate (PFS) and polymeric aluminum sulfate (PAS) (demonstrated by complex characterization) and proved to be effective in wastewater treatment. These sustainable materials exhibited a good performance in coagulation�flocculation process (e.g. it was obtained a TSS removal efficiency of 84% at the coagulant dosage of 60 mg/L).

Modelling and Optimization of Coagulation–Flocculation Process of Landfill Leachate by Response Surface Methodology

Modelling and Optimization of Coagulation–Flocculation Process of Landfill Leachate by Response Surface Methodology

Feasibility of Constructed Wetland Using Coagulation Flocculation Technology in Batik Wastewater Treatment

Feasibility of Constructed Wetland Using Coagulation Flocculation Technology in Batik Wastewater Treatment

Optimization of the Coagulation–Flocculation Process for Slaughterhouse Wastewater Using Response Surface Methodology

AbstractSlaughterhouse wastewater is one of the main sources of environmental pollutants, containing a high amount of organic matter (chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)), total nitrogen (TN), total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), grease, and oil. The main aim of the present research is optimizing the coagulation–flocculation process and examining the effects of experimental factors with each other, for example, pH, the concentration of two different coagulants (FeCl3 and alum), rapid mixing rate, and settling time. Therefore, it is aimed to treat slaughterhouse wastewater using the coagulation–flocculation process with the optimization of the response surface methodology (RSM). COD, turbidity, and suspended solids (SS) of the treated wastewater are chosen as the response variables. Furthermore, the optimal conditions for three responses are acquired by employing the desirability function approach. When the experimental results of two coagulants are compared, it is observed that the alum coagulant gave better results for the three responses. The alum coagulant utilized in the present research is able to increase COD, SS, and turbidity removal efficiency by 75.25%, 90.16%, and 91.18%, respectively. It is possible to optimize coagulation–flocculation by utilizing the RSM analysis, which proves that coagulation can pre‐treat slaughterhouse wastewater.

Decontamination of pesticide industrial effluent by adsorption–coagulation–flocculation process using biopolymer-nanoorganoclay composite

Release of poorly treated industrial wastewater containing pesticides has adverse effect on aquatic environment. In this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the performance of biopolymer-nanoorganoclay composite based on carboxy methyl cellulose and two nanoorganobentonites viz. DMDA (nanobentonite modified with 35–45 wt% dimethyl dialkyl (C14–C18) amine) and ODAAPS (nanobentonite modified with 15–35 wt% octadecylamine and 0.5–5 wt% aminopropyltriethoxysilane) in the ratio 1:2.5:2.5 for removing nine pesticides, namely atrazine, butachlor, carbendazim, carbofuran, imidacloprid, isoproturon, pendimethalin, thiophanate methyl and thiamethoxam from aqueous solution. The composite dosage was optimized using Jar test in which aluminum sulfate (alum) was used as coagulation/flocculation aid. Decontamination efficiency of the composite was validated in pesticide industrial effluent. Decontamination process was found to be efficient in removing the selected pesticides from water (57–100%) as well as from industrial effluent (63–91%). The prepared composite was very efficient in removing more than 90% of butachlor, isoproturon, pendimethalin and thiophanate methyl from water. Spent or used composite was regenerated by acetone washing followed by thermal regeneration at 200 °C. The regenerated composite was able to maintain 57–97% of its initial pesticide removal efficiency even after second regeneration. Preparation and regeneration of the composite is easy and effective making the composite a promising adsorbent for pesticides.

Effectiveness of the mixture of nopal and cassava starch as clarifying substances in water purification: A case study in Colombia

Aluminum sulfate is one of the most used chemical coagulants in the world, but research has shown that high concentrations of aluminum in the body are associated with neuropathological conditions. Because of this, different alternatives have been evaluated such as natural coagulants, which are considered safe for human health and contain fewer contaminants than chemicals due to their biodegradation properties. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of mixing nopal mucilage and cassava starch for turbidity removal in water purification. In this paper, test jars and the treatment equipment (TA-scale FQ-005/PE manufactured by Generatoris SA de CV of Mexico) was applied in order to measure turbidity and pH parameters before and after the process of coagulation–flocculation, which was applied to water from the Magdalena River in Colombia. Samples from two sampling periods were assessed. One was evaluated during the rainy season and the other was evaluated without precipitation (drought) with initial turbidities of 316 NTU and 80 NTU, respectively. It was found that aluminum sulfate as a coagulant reference obtained better turbidity removal results (up to 99%) as compared to nopal (up to 60.4%), and nopal–starch combination of cassava (up to 67%), indicating that this mixture increases the effectiveness of natural coagulants used individually. Our results indicate that this should be considered as an alternative in the water purification process.

Toward green technology: a review on some efficient model plant-based coagulants/flocculants for freshwater and wastewater remediation

Plant-based coagulants/flocculants are foreseen to be a major progress in water treatment technology owing to their safety, biodegradability and availability, unlike synthetic chemical water refiners such as Al, Fe salts and organic polymers claimed to cause threats to our ecosystem either via their residues in the treated waters or due to their generated toxic sludge. Further, the increasing global awareness about environmental issues is acting as a driving force behind the interest toward the use of green resources as valuable products for water treatment. Substitution of synthetic coagulants/flocculants by such natural materials can not only minimize ecosystem damages and threats, but would also foster the way toward an era of clean technology and a sustainable environment. The present paper reviews works on the most efficient model plant-based coagulants/flocculants, moringa seeds, cactus pads, okra seed pods and mango kernels, via highlighting their effectiveness in treating a variety of waters. This review focuses also on the extracting processes used for their preparation, on the type of their active compounds as well as on water pollutant removal mechanisms. Among the four known coagulation–flocculation phenomenon, both polymer bridging and charge neutralization were assumed to be the main predominant mechanisms of bio-coagulants/bio-flocculants toward water contaminant removal. Further, this paper sheds light on where future works should head aiming to stress on the exploitation of green materials in water remediation. We believe that this review can provide an immediate platform for scientists to intensify their research on more efficient natural products to be used in water processing for the sake of a safer environment.

Towards the Removal of Antibiotics Detected in Wastewaters in the POCTEFA Territory: Occurrence and TiO2 Photocatalytic Pilot-Scale Plant Performance

This research aims to assess the presence of four antibiotic compounds detected in the influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the POCTEFA territory (north of Spain and south of France) during the period of 2018–2019, and to relate the removal of antibiotic compounds with the processes used in the WWTPs. The performance of a photocatalytic TiO2/UV-VIS pilot-scale plant was then evaluated for the degradation of selected antibiotics previously detected in urban treated effluent. The main results reflect that azithromycin had the highest mass loadings (11.3 g/day per 1000 inhabitants) in the influent of one of the selected WWTPs. The results also show considerable differences in the extent of antibiotics removal in WWTPs ranging from 100% for sulfadiazine to practically 0% for trimethoprim. Finally, the photocatalytic TiO2/UV-VIS pilot-scale plant achieved the removal of the four antibiotics after 240 min of treatment from 78%–80% for trimethoprim and enrofloxacin, up to 100% for amoxicillin, sulfadiazine and azithromycin. The catalyst recovery via mechanical coagulation–flocculation–decantation was almost total. The Ti concentration in the effluent of the TiO2/UV-VIS pilot-scale plant was lower than 0.1% (w/w), and its release into the environment was subsequently minimized.

Efficiency analysis of enhanced Sb(V) removal via dynamic preloaded floc in coordination with ultrafiltration

Sb(V) can cause chronic or acute poisoning to animals and plants; Unfortunately, traditional coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation (CFS) process has limited effect on Sb removal. In this study, flocs produced by CF process were preloaded on the surface of the UF membrane, and the coordinated coagulation-floc preloaded-ultrafiltration (CFPLU) process was proposed. The removal effect of the CFPLU process on composite pollutants and the fouling degree of the UF membrane were studied under different solid contents of floc-preloaded water samples. Moreover, the removal mechanism of Sb(V) and membrane fouling mechanism in CFPLU process were also investigated. The results indicated that, compared with the CFS process, UF process, CF ultrafiltration (CF-UF) process, preloaded UF (PL-UF) process, the CFPLU process has the highest removal rate for Sb(V) and the lowest degree of membrane fouling. When the solid content is 1.5%, Sb(V) removal rate reaches the highest value of 97.29% and Sb(V) concentrations of CFPLU under all solid contents are < 5 μg/L and. The preloaded floc layer on the surface of UF membrane has adsorption and interception effects generated via electrostatic forces and chemical bonds. Furthermore, the preloaded floc layer can serve as a barrier toward the surface of the UF membrane, and then reduce the chance of the UF membrane-contacting contaminants such that membrane fouling is effectively alleviated. Thus, the CFPLU process not only enhances the removal of contaminants and mitigates membrane fouling but also provides new ideas for disposing coagulated sludge, which reduces the energy consumption of sludge disposal and realizes resource utilization.

Decolorization of Reactive Dyes from Aqueous Solution Using Combined Coagulation-Flocculation and Photochemical Oxidation (UV/H₂O₂)

Removal of reactive dyes from wastewater is a great environmental concern. Attempts were made to study the performance of a coupling process of coagulation-flocculation (CF) and photochemical oxidation (PCO) for the removal of two reactive dyes (Reactive Black 5 (RB 5) and Reactive Orange 12 (RO 12)) from aqueous solution. The CF experiments were conducted using alum as coagulant and polyacrylamide as coagulant aid whereas the PCO tests were carried out using H2O2 in the presence of UV light irradiation. Effects of various process parameters such as pH, coagulant dose and coagulant aid dose on the CF process, and H2O2 dose and UV exposure time on the PCO method have been studied. The study reveals that only the CF process is not sufficient to treat the dye solution. The CF step could remove 52.30% and 41.38% of RB 5 and RO 12, respectively. At the best conditions of process parameters, the combined CF-PCO method results in color removals of 87.10% and 82.53% for RB 5 and RO 12, respectively. The combined process of CF and UV/H2O2 may be a useful treatment technique for wastewater contaminated with reactive dyes.

Bench to full-scale enhanced primary treatment of municipal wastewater under wet weather flow for minimized pollution load: evaluation of chemical addition and process control indicators

The enhanced primary treatment of municipal primary influent under wet weather conditions was studied through a comprehensive approach from bench to full scale. The study delivered a practical solution for managing seasonal fluctuations in the influent wastewater by determining the most effective operation conditions for coagulation–flocculation. Three metal-based coagulants were tested through a series of jar tests. Alum outperformed other coagulants since 1 mg of Al added as alum with low mixing was able to remove 22 NTU, 19 mg COD, and 0.8 mg ortho-P. Three-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that total suspended solids (TSS) removal depended mostly on rapid mixing while chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ortho-P removals depended on slow mixing and coagulant dose. In bench and full-scale operations, the addition of polymer did not lead to any pronounced improvements. Finally, turbidity and percent ultraviolet transmittance showed good correlation with TSS and ortho-P, which evokes their use as surrogates for micropollutants removal and online process control.

Predicting of proactive environmental management for unhairing wastewater treatment in Tunisia using neural network learning algorithms

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to focus on Tunisian tannery sector that causes a considerable damage to the environment and consequently leads to serious health problems due to the untreated effluents generated from the various leather processing stages.Design/methodology/approachThis paper discusses a voluntary initiative taken by the top managers of tannery enterprise to prevent pollution and disseminate the concept of eco-industrial activities between employees and stakeholders. In addition, this research assesses the performance of such treatment that characterizes the chemical parameters of generated pollutants. It also aims at optimizing the industrial process for cleaner production. Coagulation–flocculation process is investigated in this study. Moreover, oxidation phase by ozone is taking into account before and after coagulation–flocculation process to measure the effectiveness of the combined method for reducing the main pollutant concentrations.FindingsThe unhairing and chrome (Cr) tanning steps are considered the most polluting steps. Therefore, the application of various treatment techniques, including chemical and physicochemical processes, is realized to reduce the toxicity of the effluents. The correlation between experimental and modeling results, using artificial neural network (ANN) method, was investigated in this research. The results of the constructed ANN model are measured by the correlation of experimental and model results during coagulation–flocculation and oxidation stages. The validation of the elaborated model through the error calculation (MSE) and the correlation coefficient (R) confirm the reliability of ANN method.Originality/valueEventually, the establishment of ANN model for performance prediction of wastewater parameters is investigated due to different measurements of physical effluent outputs, such as: pH, turbidity, TSS, DS, COD, fat, TSS, S2- and Cr. This study uses predictive modeling, a machine learning technique to tackle the problem of accurately predicting the behavior of unseen configuration.

Optimized Use of Ferric Chloride and Sesbania Seed Gum (SSG) as Sustainable Coagulant Aid for Turbidity Reduction in Drinking Water Treatment

The growing global concern with environmental issues has raised the interest in the research into natural biopolymers as a coagulant aid in order to reduce the use of inorganic coagulants. This paper investigated the feasibility of sesbania seed gum (SSG) as a plant-based coagulant aid and ferric chloride as a coagulant in drinking water treatment. Acid extraction method marked the highest and most promising extraction yield at 20.8%, as compared to other extraction methods. Further, the SSG extracted carried a weak negative charge of −3.02 mV, which is classified as a near neutral coagulant aid. Hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups, which aid in coagulation–flocculation, were found in the SSG. These physiochemical analyses results evinced good characteristics of SSG as a coagulant aid. On the other hand, response surface methodology (RSM) with three-factor Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to evaluate and optimize the reaction condition of the coagulation–flocculation process in drinking water treatment. A quadratic polynomial model was fitted to the data with a high value of R2 (0.9901). Model validation experiments revealed the good correspondence between actual and predicted values. In drinking water treatment, a promising 98.3% turbidity reduction was achieved with 10.2 mg/L of FeCl3 and 4.52 mg/L of SSG. Therefore, SSG exhibited potential as a coagulant aid in drinking water treatment.

Desain Gambar Teknis IPA Kapasitas 20 Liter/Detik

Meeting the need for clean water is very necessary, especially in remote areas, or areas that are difficult to get water that is suitable for consumption. Clean water treatment, in order to meet the needs of customers where the installed capacity is often used in rural areas or small cities, namely WTP 20 L / sec. To plan a 20 L / sec IPA it is necessary to calculate first, which is usually prepared by the government through the Indonesian National Standard, its function after calculating so that an IPA 20 L / sec unit is obtained, and can determine the budget plan. This study aims to make a picture of the operating units of the IPA capacity of 20 L / sec with the calculation standard of SNI SNI 7507-concerning Complementary Building Specifications for Water Treatment Installation Units, and SNI 19-6774-2002 for planning procedures for water treatment installation package units. Includes calculation of intake, pre-sedimentation facilities, coagulation treatment processes, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration, disinfectants and reservoirs, so that later they can be applied especially in rural areas or small cities in order to obtain clean water that is suitable for consumption.

Experimental study of unsafe drinking water treatment with Moringa oleifera oilcake by coagulation flocculation and filtration

Experimental study of unsafe drinking water treatment with Moringa oleifera oilcake by coagulation flocculation and filtration

Experimental study of unsafe drinking water treatment with Moringa oleifera oilcake by coagulation flocculation and filtration

Experimental study of unsafe drinking water treatment with Moringa oleifera oilcake by coagulation flocculation and filtration

Hybrid coagulation-flocculation and anaerobic-aerobic biological treatment for industrial textile wastewater: pilot case study

Color is one of the main problems in wastewater and many techniques can be applied to remove it. In the present work, a pilot plant scale investigation was carried out to optimize treatment efficiency in order to reduce the amount of residual adsorbed dye that will be found in the waste sludge. For degradation of textile wastewater (TWW), coagulation–flocculation experiments were performed in a jar test apparatus using FeCl3, Fe(SO4), Al2(SO4)3 and Cu(SO4) as a coagulant agent and three bacteria (Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Bacillus sp. and filamentous bacteria) by means of biodegradation, coagulation–flocculation process and their combination. The color, COD and phenol removal were 81.82%, 76.17% and 35.69% respectively. UV–vis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis confirmed the biodegradability of the TWW by post and pre-treatment of the developed bacterial consortium. The textile wastewater phytotoxicity assessment on Sorghum bicolor and Triticum aestivum showed 80% and 60% reduction after post-treatment textile wastewater.

The Influence of COD Fraction Forms and Molecules Size on Hydrolysis Process Developed by Comparative OUR Studies in Activated Sludge Modelling.

The activated sludge models (ASMs) commonly used by the International Water Association (IWA) task group are based on chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionations. However, the proper evaluation of COD fractions, which is crucial for modelling and especially oxygen uptake rate (OUR) predictions, is still under debate. The biodegradation of particulate COD is initiated by the hydrolysis process, which is an integral part of an ASM. This concept has remained in use for over 30 years. The aim of this study was to verify an alternative, more complex, modified (Activated Sludge Model No 2d) ASM2d for modelling the OUR variations and novel procedure for the estimation of a particulate COD fraction through the implementation of the GPS-X software (Hydromantis Environmental Software Solutions, Inc., Hamilton, ON, Canada) in advanced computer simulations. In comparison to the original ASM2d, the modified model more accurately predicted the OUR behavior of real settled wastewater (SWW) samples and SWW after coagulation–flocculation (C–F). The mean absolute relative deviations (MARDs) in OUR were 11.3–29.5% and 18.9–45.8% (original ASM2d) vs. 9.7–15.8% and 11.8–30.3% (modified ASM2d) for the SWW and the C–F samples, respectively. Moreover, the impact of the COD fraction forms and molecules size on the hydrolysis process rate was developed by integrated OUR batch tests in activated sludge modelling.

Treatment of hot-dip galvanization by coagulation-flocculation, adsorption and by new hybrid process coagulation-flocculation/adsorption using lime-(chitosan-epichlorohydrin)/activated carbon based on dates stones

In this work, we conducted a study that is to bleach wastewater loaded with ions, while using and optimizing the process of hybridized treatment of liquid effluents by of coagulation-flocculation/adsorption (CF-ADS). According to the separate optimization of flocculation processes (optimum dose of the flocculant (chitosan cross-linked by epichlorohydrin (chitosan-ECH))) and adsorption (activated carbon based on dates stones), we combined the two methods in order to increase performance fading exploited wastewater. The results of the rate of elimination separated by the methods of coagulation-flocculation, adsorption and are respectively of the order of 88.17% and 96.17% for the zinc and of the order of 83.68% and 95.4% for copper. While the results of the bleaching obtained by the hybrid method CF-ADS have shown that the bleaching rate was calculated as around 99.14% for zinc and of the order of 96.8%,for the copper, obviously very interesting with respect to the coagulation-flocculation(CF) and adsorption(ADS) used separately.

Optimizing Clarification Process of Coconut Desiccant Wastewater Using Moringa oleifera as a Natural Coagulant

The coconut desiccant industry produces wastewater with high concentrations of suspended solids and turbidity, resulting in negative impacts to the environment if discharged without adequate treatment. The wastewater produced requires appropriate flocculant and coagulant compounds for treatment via the clarification process. Commercial coagulants raise many environmental concerns pertaining to the release of toxic metal residues and traces of chloride and sulphate ions in the treated water. The use of eco-friendly coagulants as an alternative for commercial coagulants in wastewater treatment is on the rise. Several factors that influence clarification performance during treatment includes coagulant dosage, flocculant dosage, and mixing rate of coagulation–flocculation process. The aim of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of using a natural coagulant, Moringa oleifera extract in the removal of suspended solids and turbidity from the coconut desiccant industry wastewater. The Response Surface Methodology approach was used to optimize the concentration of coagulant and flocculant dosed along with mixing rate. The results were measured as maximum percentage removal of suspended solids and turbidity. Coconut desiccant wastewater was collected over a period of five days. Moringa extract was produced via dilution of fat free Moringa seed powder with salt solution at a fixed ratio. The percentage removal of both suspended solids and turbidity was in the range of 85.4–95.1% and 85.2 to 94.8% respectively, based on multiple jar tests conducted. The model generated for optimization is a quadratic model. The optimization produced an optimum point of treatment, which is 12.00 mg/L of Moringa extract as coagulant, 12.660 ml/L of anionic polymer as flocculant and a mixing rate of 90 revolutions per minute, resulting in 93.997% and 93.735% removal of suspended solids and turbidity, respectively, proving a successful treatment of coconut desiccant wastewater.