Coagulant Dosage Research Articles

Use of Paci and Alum to Reduce Tss Levels in People's Rubber Soaking Liquid Waste

The coagulants used are PACl and alum because, in addition to their low price, PACl and alum are also proven to reduce turbidity and TSS levels in wastewater. This study aimed to determine the effect of PACl and alum on reducing TSS levels in people's rubber bath waste. This type of research is classified as an actual experiment, utilizing a pretest and posttest design with a control group. Integrated sampling was the sampling technique used in this study. Statistical analysis is performed using the normality test, and if the data is normally distributed, it is continued with the one-way ANOVA test. The normality test results showed average distributed TSS level data. They continued the Anova test (p = 0.005 < ɑ = 0.05), which found a difference between PACl and alum coagulant in reducing TSS levels in people's rubber immersion liquid waste. A PACl dose of 1200 mg/L lowered TSS levels by 46%. While the alum dose of 3000 mg/LL has not been able to reduce TSS levels, The variation in the dose of PACl and alum coagulants should be reduced again to be optimal for reducing TSS levels in liquid waste. To meet the quality standards of rubber immersion waste by reducing TSS levels, liquid waste with acidic or alkaline properties needs a neutralization process by adding lime.

Effect of adding biochar from prickly pear skin to aluminium sulphate to improve the coagulation-flocculation process during the elimination of humic substances present in the Laghrous drainage canal Water, Zab El-gharbi region (SE Algeria)

The objective of this research is to enhance the elimination of humic substances found in agricultural drainage water using a two-fold approach: coagulation-flocculation using aluminum sulfate both separately and in combination with powdered activated carbon made from prickly pear skin. To attain our goal, laboratory jar test were conducted on synthetic solutions. Several reaction parameters were examined, including the impact of changing coagulant dosage, impact of temperature, and adjusting pH levels. The results obtained demonstrated that the flocculation process is more effective in reducing compounds with higher molecular masses. Compared to a 49% removal rate with aluminum sulfate alone, the addition of an adjuvant powdered activated carbon made from the skin of prickly pears greatly improved the elimination process, resulting in removal rates of 92%, 84%, and 79% for powdered activated carbon masses of 0.50 g/L, 0.20 g/L, and 0.10 g/L, respectively. Throughout this investigation, we will showcase the outcomes derived from the tests performed on synthetic solutions containing model organic compounds (commercial products) dissolved in distilled water, alongside the analysis of agricultural drainage waters. The study investigates the influence of various reaction parameters on the removal efficiency of humic substances through coagulation-flocculation using aluminum sulfate. The results show also that in the presence or in the absence of powdered activated carbon derived from the skin of prickly pear, the coagulation is more eficient at low pH (5 to 6). In addition, we have show that simple coagulation flocculation remove only 66% of Chemical oxygen demand (COD) of initial value and the presence of powdered activated carbon (40 mg.L-1) increases efficiency up to 82%. To enhance this process, the addition of a water additive is considered to improve treatment efficiency.

Chemical oxygen demand removal from wet coffee processing wastewater using indigenous natural coagulants: Optimization through response surface methodology

This study was carried out to examine the possibility of treating the wastewater from coffee processing using a number of natural coagulants, both alone and in combination, and also the central composite design (CCD) was used for process optimization. To examine and study the potential treatment of chosen natural coagulants for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in the wastewater from coffee processing, a coagulation-flocculation process experiment was carried out. The numerical and experimental optimization system's optimum conditions and outcomes were investigated. A series of batch experiment have been performed for analyzing and optimizing of the coagulation flocculation processes. Based on the experimental analysis, it was found that utilizing a blend of three coagulants—Acanthus sennii C., Moringa stenopetala B., and Aloe vera L., yielded optimal results as a natural coagulant. Under these conditions, the ideal parameters for coagulant dosage, pH level, mixing speed, and mixing time were determined to be 1.25 gL−1, 7, 80 rpm, and 30 min, respectively, in the experimental work. In comparison, the numerical values for these parameters were coagulant dosage-0.750 gL−1, pH-8.76, mixing speed-80.73 rpm, and mixing time-19.23 min, respectively. The COD removal effectiveness under optimal responses from experimental and numerical was about 98.24% and 98.41%, respectively. Even though all coagulants are ideal, it was discovered that employing a mixed kind of coagulant produced better results than using a single type.

Remediation of waste water through natural coagulants such as lemon and banana peel

Water is not only necessary for survival, but it also adds significantly to the quality of our lives. The rapid increase in population, economic expansion, and industrialization in developing nations has led to an unexpected need for water in cities. The capacity for water uses and wastewater generation in residential sectors has significantly risen during the past few decades. Wastewater treatment is an essential procedure in the sanitation system. Reusing resources and adhering to environmental regulations require efficient treatment and pollution management of municipal wastewater resources. The most preferred method for treating wastewater among the many options currently available is the coagulation and flocculation processes. People widely use this treatment due to its low energy consumption, reliability, affordability, and ease of use. This study evaluated the use of banana and lemon peels as coagulants in water treatment using coagulation-flocculation procedures as a potential substitute for alum. We determined the pH and coagulant dose for both banana and lemon peel combinations. The results of this experiment show that lemon peel works well as a coagulant to absorb biological oxygen demand. It has been discovered that the dehydration procedure works better with peels from bananas and lemons. The ideal duration of contact between lemon and banana peels is 90 minutes. For peels of bananas and lemons, the optimal particle size is 300μm, and the ideal dosage of adsorbent is 0.3g.

The impact of secondary operating temperature on in-line coagulation/flocculation and fouling of membranes used in tertiary treatment

In-line coagulation/flocculation is a promising approach for fouling mitigation for membranes of tertiary treatment of wastewaters. However, the potential to minimize membrane fouling under low temperatures by optimizing coagulant dose...

Penentuan Kebutuhan Poli Aluminium Klorida pada Proses Penjernihan Air di Unit Water Treatment PT. XYZ Kuala Tanjung

A Water Treatment Unit (WTU) is a station that works on the processing and conditioning of raw water to meet the desired water quality. Water purification at PT. XYZ Kuala Tanjung uses raw water sourced from surface water or rivers. The river water used still contains solid substances and organic matter that render the water unsuitable for industrial use. Both suspended and colloidal solid substances can cause turbidity. Turbidity caused by solid substances can be addressed using coagulation techniques. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimal concentration and dosage of coagulant to clarify water in the WTU. The coagulant used is polyaluminum chloride (PAC). The research method is based on experiments using jar tests and stoichiometric calculations. The determination of the optimal coagulant is measured based on turbidity parameters. Experiments are conducted with varying concentrations of PAC ranging from 25-65 ppm, and the smallest turbidity value obtained is 1.21 NTU at a PAC concentration of 65 ppm, with a PAC requirement of 202.6679 kg/day. The higher the PAC concentration, the clearer the resulting water, but the daily requirement for PAC also increases.

The use of central composite design (CCD) to optimize and model the coagulation-flocculation process using a natural coagulant: Application in jar test and semi-industrial scale

Currently, the field of water treatment represents a very important area for researchers due to developing reliable processes for the recycling and reuse of water. Plant-based coagulants used in treatment processes are cost-effective and environmentally friendly. In this study, the use of bio-coagulants based on Aloe vera was proposed for the treatment of the wastewater. The response surface method based on the central composite design was applied to optimize the considered parameters in the coagulation flocculation process. All experiments were conducted in laboratory and semi-industrial scale using a raw water with an initial turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) of 204NTU and 240 mg/L, respectively. This study was carried out in two parts: (1) optimization and modeling of the coagulation flocculation process. Two parameters were considered, which are the pH and the coagulant dosage. The results obtained show that the R2 were 97.93 % and 98.95 %, with removal percentage efficiency of 99.13 % and 94.0 % for turbidity and TSS, respectively. (2) The jar test optimization results were applied on a pilot of coagulation flocculation and sedimentation, with a flow rate of 150 L/h. The obtained result showed that the removal percentage efficiency were respectively 98.45 % and 92.29 % for turbidity and TSS.

Environmentally Safe Method for Conditioning and Dewatering Sewage Sludge Using Iron Coagulant, Cellulose and Perlite

A reasonable strategy for the development of sludge conditioning methods prior to dewatering appears to be the use of substances that allow the safe management of dewatered sludge. It is also justified to use mineral or organic conditioners instead of synthetic chemicals, e.g., polyelectrolytes, or to try to use other substances, e.g., waste. The properties of iron coagulant (PIX 113) combined with perlite and cellulose can be an environmentally safe method of sludge conditioning. The tests were carried out in accordance with European standards on the efficiency of mechanical dewatering of sewage sludge. The most advantageous method of sludge conditioning was the dosing of the iron coagulant PIX 113. The use of at least a coagulant dose of 0.40 g/g DS enabled the achievement of minimum sludge dewatering parameters, i.e., specific resistance of filtration (SRF) < 5.0 E12 m/kg and final hydration of filtration cake (FH) < 80%. The use of cellulose and perlite as stand-alone conditioners or in combination with PIX 113 resulted in a deterioration of the sludge dewaterability and the quality of the filtrate. It is assumed that the further development of environmentally friendly conditioning methods requires the use of easy-to-use, non-toxic and biodegradable substances. It is important to select conditioners which, in practically acceptable doses, can improve the conditioning effect or show a synergistic effect in combination with previously used conditioners.

Optimizing coagulant dosage using deep learning models with large-scale data

Water treatment plants are facing challenges that necessitate transition to automated processes using advanced technologies. This study introduces a novel approach to optimize coagulant dosage in water treatment processes by employing a deep learning model. The study utilized minute-by-minute data monitored in real time over a span of five years, marking the first attempt in drinking water process modeling to leverage such a comprehensive dataset. The deep learning model integrates a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (Conv1D) and gated recurrent unit (GRU) to effectively extract features and model complex time-series data. Initially, the model predicted coagulant dosage and sedimentation basin turbidity, validated against a physicochemical model. Subsequently, the model optimized coagulant dosage in two ways: 1) maintaining sedimentation basin turbidity below the 1.0 NTU guideline, and 2) analyzing changes in sedimentation basin turbidity resulting from reduced coagulant dosage (5–20%). The findings of the study highlight the effectiveness of the deep learning model in optimizing coagulant dosage with substantial reductions in coagulant dosage (approximately 22% reduction and 21 million KRW/year). The results demonstrate the potential of deep learning models in enhancing the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of water treatment processes, ultimately facilitating process automation.

Utilization of Angsana Leaves (Pterocarpus indicus Willd) as a Natural Coagulant for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment

This research aims to prepare natural coagulants from Angsana leaves (Pterocarpus indicus willd) for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) treatment, especially reducing main variables such as TSS, COD, and pH. The amounts of 100 mesh Angsana powder (5, 10, 15, and 20 grams) were extracted using NaCl solvent with concentrations of 0.25 M and 0.5 M, respectively. The extract (200 mL) were added to 500 mL of POME and stirred (180 rpm) for 30 minutes. The concentrations of TSS, COD, and pH in POME were analyzed. Results showed that the coagulation-flocculation process using Angsana leaves powder was able to reduce COD by 55.79% at a coagulant dose of 5 g/L with 0.25 M NaCl solvent and TSS by 99.75% at a dose of 20 g/L with 0.25 M NaCl solvent. However, treatment using Angsana leaves extract was not able to reduce COD to the predetermined quality standard limits while the TSS value met the quality standard. Therefore, POME treatment still requires further processing.

Synthesis of polyaluminum chloride: Optimization of process parameters, characterization and performance investigation for water treatment

The present work was aimed to synthesis of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) using calcium oxide as a basification agent and optimization of process parameters on the yield of medium polymer species in PAC. The synthesis parameters were concentration of aluminum chloride hexahydrate (0.4 to 0.8 M), basicity ratio (2.0 to 2.4), reaction temperature (60 to 80 °C) and time (180 to 360 min). The performance of PΑC for water treatment was also investigated. The monomeric, medium polymeric and colloidal species of PAC were determined by Ferron test method. The PAC samples were characterized using various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transformer infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS). The turbidity and natural organic matter (NOM) of water samples were also determined using turbidimeter and UV–vis methods, respectively. The optimum yield of medium polymeric (Alb) content in PΑC species was predicted to 74.6 %, and the verification experiment result was 73.5 % at 0.5 M, 2.2, 75 °C and 273 min. The performance of PAC for water treatment revealed that the removals efficiencies of turbidity and NOM were reached to 98 % (pH = 7.2) and 86 % (pH = 6.8), respectively, at coagulant dose of 15 mg L−1 as Al. The residual aluminum concentration in the treated water was <0.2 mg L−1 which confirmed that the PAC could be used to treat drinking water.

Coagulation Enhanced with Adsorption and Ozonation Processes in Surface Water Treatment

The requirements for water intended for domestic and economic purposes prompt the search for new solutions in surface water treatment technologies. In this study, the enhancement of coagulation processes by connections with adsorption and/or ozonation for surface water treatment was studied. The possibility of a reduction in natural organic matter (NOM) content in modified surface water was analysed regarding changes in colour, turbidity, oxidisability (OXI), total and dissolved organic carbon (TOC, DOC) and absorbance at 254 nm (UV254). Additionally, the changes in copper and zinc ion content during the modified surface water treatments studied were analysed for initial metal concentrations of 0.5 or 1.0 mg/L. Studies of modified surface water were carried out with doses of medium-basicity PAX coagulant (C2) 5 mg/L and PAC 100 mg/L. During the coagulation process, the colour decreased by 86–90%, turbidity by 85–90%, OXI by 65–77%, TOC by 65–76% and UV254 absorbance by 73–84%. The enhancement of coagulation with adsorption and/or ozonation resulted in an increased efficiency of colour and turbidity removal by 2 and 4%, respectively. The highest increase in efficiencies of OXI, TOC, DOC and UV254 removal, by 12, 12, 11 and 11%, was observed for the connection of ozonation with coagulation and adsorption. The efficiency of metal ion removal from modified water observed for the single coagulation process was 58 and 55% for copper and 46 and 43% for zinc, respectively, for initial concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L. The intensification of coagulation with ozonation and adsorption resulted in metal removal on the level of 66 and 62% for copper and 62 and 54% for zinc.

Pengolahan Air Limbah dengan Metode Koagulasi Flokulasi pada Industri Kimia

Utilities are one of the supporting processes in a factory, consisting of units providing water, steam, electricity, fuel procurement, compressed air, and wastewater treatment. Wastewater from industrial processes contains: toxic pollutants, organic and inorganic materials, also other industrial materials are toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic, so treatment is needed to overcome this. Wastewater treatment can use coagulation and flocculation methods. Coagulation is the process of adding chemicals to the water that causes the separation of particles to destabilize the particles and allow them to adhere to other particles (to remove) in the following process. Factors that can affect the success of the coagulation process include the type of coagulant used, coagulant dose, moving process, and pH. Meanwhile, flocculation removes water turbidity by collecting small particles into larger particles with the addition of chemical flocculants. The flocculants are divided into two, perikinetic flocculation and optokinetic flocculation. This article aims to determine the effectiveness of wastewater treatment in the chemical industry using the coagulation-flocculation method. The coagulation-flocculation process can reduce pollution of the aquatic environment so as not to aggravate cases of environmental pollution.

Reinforcement learning-based DSS for coagulant and disinfectant dosage selection on drinking water treatment plants

Abstract The treatments to be applied for water purification must be dynamically adaptable to the raw water conditions. Currently, treatments are applied based on standards that are not optimized for the circumstances of each drinking water treatment plant (DWTP), neither for critical events. This paper presents a methodology for the creation of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) decision support system (DSS), encompassing the principal steps of the drinking water treatment processes (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection), based on reinforcement learning techniques, that provides suggestions about the most efficient treatments (coagulant and chlorine dosages) for various raw water conditions, including critical events such as heavy rain and saline intrusions. Together with the model, a retraining strategy is included so the DSS adapts itself to the specific circumstances of each different DWTP. The model has been developed and validated in a DWTP replica. Furthermore, the model has been provided to a real DWTP to obtain feedback from experienced staff. The results and evaluation of the model are promising as a first approach on a DSS for drinking water treatments suggestion, although future versions might require more water quality parameters to characterize the raw water.

Synergistic enhancement of coal slurry water sedimentation and dehydration process using PDMDAAC/PAM

Currently, most coal processing plants use a single pharmaceutical system with large dosage and poor sedimentation effect, resulting in poor subsequent dehydration effect. In this study, poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (PDMDAAC) as coagulant, and polyacrylamide (PAM) as flocculant, were used for synergistic enhancement of the coal slurry water sedimentation and dehydration process. The best pharmaceutical system was determined by integrating the evaluation indexes in the sedimentation and dehydration process. The mechanism of synergistic enhancement of coal slurry water sedimentation and dehydration process using PDMDAAC/PAM was revealed by analyzing zeta potential, SEM, XPS and FTIR spectroscopy results. Moreover, the Box–Behnken response surface methodology was used to determine the order of significance of coagulant dosage (Cc), flocculant dosage (Cm), and coal slurry water concentration (Cs) on the combined sedimentation and dehydration indexes, and Cm > Cs > Cc. Further, the correlation models between the combined sedimentation and dehydration indexes and each factor were established, the pharmaceutical system was further optimized, and model accuracy was verified. The optimal dosage of PDMDAAC10040 was 2.96 mg/L, and that of PAM2610 was 2.31 mg/L. Then, the industrial trials were conducted at the Tara Trench coal processing plant. Interestingly, after replacing the chemical regime, the efficiency of the thickener and filter press has been significantly improved, resulting in a 33.33% reduction in cost. This research can provide significant theoretical guidance and technical support for industrial applications.

Toxinological profile and histopathological alterations induced by Bothrocophias campbelli venom from Colombia

Snakebite envenomings most frequently reported in Colombia are caused by snakes of the genera Bothrops, Bothriechis, Bothrocophias, and Porthidium. Their venoms induce local and systemic pathophysiological effects, sometimes leading to permanent sequelae such as reduced mobility of the limbs, amputations, besides the risk of death. The genus Bothrocophias includes nine species, among which B. campbelli has a distribution restricted to the department of Nariño in Colombia. In this work we determined the toxinological profile its venom, by performing assays for the lethal, hemorrhagic, edematogenic, and myotoxic activities in mouse models, as well as for in vitro coagulant activity on human plasma. The lethal toxicity of the venom was 142.7 µg venom/mouse (111.4–179.8 µg/mouse; 6.6–10.6 µg/g body weight) by intraperitoneal route. Its hemorrhagic activity (minimum hemorrhagic dose: 12.7 ± 2.3 µg) is generally weaker compared to other South American vipers, but edematogenic (minimum edematogenic dose 1.0 ± 0.3 µg), and myotoxic (minimum myotoxic dose 3.9 ± 2.5 µg) activities are very potent. Histopathological examination of the injected mouse gastrocnemius muscle showed prominent disorganization of the myofibrils, myonecrosis, and an intense inflammatory leukocyte infiltrate. In vitro, the minimal coagulant dose was 12.3 ± 0.5 µg. Overall, this toxinological profile would predict that the clinical picture of envenomings by B. campbelli might be characterized by moderate disturbances in the coagulation cascade, mild local hemorrhage, and, conversely, severe myonecrosis and edema, which could potentially lead to compartment syndrome and gangrene.

Parametric study of coagulant recovery from water treatment sludge towards water circular economy.

This study aims to recover the used coagulants from two water treatment plants via acidification technique. The water treatment sludge (WTS) was acidified with sulfuric acid (H2SO-4) at variable normalities (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 N). The surface morphology and functionalities of both recovered coagulants were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The performance of recovered coagulants was tested for turbidity removal in surface water treatment at different coagulant dosages and pH. It was found that the optimum normality of H2SO4 for recovered alum was 1.5 N, where 66% turbidity removal was recorded. The recovered PAC treated with 1.0 N H2SO4 indicated high turbidity removal percentage, which was 50.5%. The turbidity removal increased with increasing coagulant dosage. More than 80% turbidity removal was achieved with 40 mg/L dosage of recovered alum and recovered PAC. Maximum removal (85%) was observed with 50 mg/L dosage of recovered alum. For commercial coagulant, the turbidity removal was higher, with a difference of up to 6% in favor of recovered alum. The potential reuse of coagulants can be explored in order to reduce the operating costs and promotes the reduction of WTS disposal.

Integration of Copperas and &lt;i&gt;Moringa oleifera&lt;/i&gt; Seeds as Hybrid Coagulant for Turbidity and Ammonia Removal from Aquaculture Wastewater

The rapid development of the aquaculture industry has contributed to the high amount of nutrients in wastewater that subsequently led to eutrophication and deterioration of water quality. Aquaculture wastewater consists of uneaten fish feed, fecal and other excretion or residue of chemicals used. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of hybrid coagulants of Moringa oleifera (MO) and copperas for aquaculture wastewater treatment. In this present study, different formulations of MO and copperas were explored in the coagulation treatment of aquaculture wastewater using a jar test experiment. The FTIR and SEM analysis are used to determine the morphology and surface of MO. This study focuses on the effect of coagulant aids formulation, coagulant dosage, the effect of initial pH and coagulation time on turbidity and ammonia removal in the coagulation of aquaculture wastewater. The finding shows that the highest removal of turbidity and ammonia was obtained with the use of 80% MO and 20% copperas at the condition of initial pH of 6 at 20 min of coagulation time, with the highest percentage removal of 66% and 91%, respectively. The coagulation isotherm of hybrid coagulant 80:20 is well described with the Freundlich isotherm model which describes the surface heterogeneity.

Machine Learning Techniques in Dosing Coagulants and Biopolymers for Treating Leachate Generated in Landfills

The leachate discharges generated in sanitary landfills contain many pollutants that are harmful to the environment; treatments are scarce and should be carried out better. The use of coagulation–flocculation processes has been one of the most widely used, but due to the complexity of the characterization of the leachate, the dosing strategy of coagulants and biopolymers needs to be clarified. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the doses of coagulants and biopolymers suitable for coagulation–flocculation processes in the treatment of leachates using computational models of machine learning techniques such as artificial neural networks (ANNs); these allow for decreasing the operations of the tests of jars in the laboratory, optimizing resources. Through laboratory experimentation, there are real results of the effectiveness of applying biopolymers in leachate treatments at different concentration levels. The laboratory results were taken as input variables for the algorithms used; after the validation and calibration process, we proceeded to estimate predicted data with the computational model, obtaining predictions of optimal doses for treatment with high statistical adjustment indicators. It is verified that the applied coagulation–flocculation treatments reduce the turbidity values in the leachate and contaminants associated with suspended solids. In this way, the jar tests are optimized so that the operational costs decrease without affecting the results of adequate dosing.

Enhancing the removal efficiency of microplastics in drinking water treatment

Microplastics (MPs) have been commonly detected in aquatic environments, however, the effectiveness of most drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in removing MPs is limited. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of modified starch and traditional coagulants (PAC + PAM) in removing MPs through coagulation, followed by the application of biochar filtration for further removal of MPs present in the effluent from the coagulation process. The removal efficiency of MPs by modified starch / PAC + PAM was >80 %. Moreover, the incorporation of modified starch demonstrated a reduction in PAC coagulant dosage requirements. The main mechanism of modified starch was electrical neutralization, while the combination of modified starch with PAC + PAM effectively could utilize electric neutralization, adsorption bridge, and net sweep mechanisms. The MPs present in the coagulation effluent could be effectively eliminated by biochar, exhibiting a removal efficiency surpassing 90 %. And the coagulation-filtration process exhibited an exceptional efficacy in removing MPs, with removal efficiency reaching as high as 97 %.