Coaching Behavior Scale Research Articles

Can personal values moderate players’ affective states?

AbstractBased on self-determination theory and Schwartz’s refined theory of basic individual values, the aim of the study was to examine whether adolescents’ personal values might be moderating the relationship between coaches’ perceptions of interpersonal styles, and the affect they experience in relation to their basketball practice. A sample of 233 Spanish male basketball players between 13 and 14 years of age (M = 13.97, SD = 0.18) who were participating in a national competition were assessed. The Spanish versions of the Sport Climate Questionnaire (SCQ), the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale (CCBS), the Portrait Values Questionnaire-Revised (PVQ-R) and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) were used to measure the variables of interest. Results reveal that for players who prioritize self-enhancement values, perceiving their coach as autonomy-supportive significantly reduces their negative affect. Moreover, prioritizing self-transcendence values neutralizes the positive effect of a controlling style on negative affect. This study highlights the relevance of identifying personal values in order to enhance positive affective states. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance for coaches to work using more autonomy-supportive strategies and avoid working with the use of controlling behaviors to promote positive affect and to prevent negative affect in order to avoid possible dropout from the sport.

Psychometric properties of the controlling coach behaviors scale for Japanese athletes

Two studies examined the validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale (CCBS). The CCBS is a multidimensional self-report measure designed to evaluate sports coaches’ controlling interpersonal style from the perspective of self-determination theory (SDT). It comprises 15 items measuring the controlling use of rewards, negative conditional regard, intimidation, and excessive personal control on a seven-point Likert scale. The study 1 sample comprised 526 university student-athletes (Mage = 19.59 years, SD = ±0.94, 364 females) who completed the Japanese CCBS, which was developed through back-translation. Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for the tenability of the hypothesized factor structure of the Japanese CCBS (CFI=.927; NNFI=.909; RMSEA=.079). Moreover, the results supported the invariance of the scale across sex, sport types, and competitive levels. The subscale internal consistency and discriminant validity scores were all acceptable. Test-retest reliability evidence was obtained in Study 2 (N=108), suggesting a positive and significant intraclass correlation between the pre-test and the post-test CCBS (ICC range: .65–.87). These findings support the Japanese CCBS as a valid and reliable measure for use in research which will enhance our understanding of coaches’ controlling interpersonal styles in sports.

Nicotine dependence affects cardiopulmonary endurance and physical activity in college students in Henan, China.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of smoking on physical activity level, emotional status, and cardiopulmonary endurance in healthy young Chinese college students in order to develop future nicotine dependence management solutions. This survey-based study was conducted in college students aged 19-26 years who were currently smoking. Cardio-respiratory endurance was assessed by estimating VO2max. Participants were given a questionnaire containing five factors from the Cigarette Dependence Scale-5 (CDS-5), also assessed were variables for physical activity level, using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), and emotional status. The sports training behavior was assessed using the Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport (CBS-S). A total of 400 participants were randomly selected and included in the study. All of them were current smokers. The highest percentage of participants had a score of 4 on the CDS-5 (n=93, 23.2%), scored 3-5 on each module of sports training, and experienced negative emotions, particularly depression (n=172; 43.0%) and anger (n=162; 40.5%). VO2max levels were significantly lower in participants with high nicotine dependence (CDS-5 score 4-5), and they correlated negatively with CDS-5 scores (r= -0.883, p<0.001). Nicotine dependence scores were negatively correlated with physical activity levels (r= -0.830, p<0.001), and high nicotine dependence scores were independently related to low physical activity (adjusted odds ratio, AOR=14.66; 95% CI: 4.98-43.19 , p <0.001). Tobacco smoking has a negative impact on emotional status. It also reduces cardiopulmonary endurance by reducing VO2max levels and negatively affects physical activity. Accordingly, it is critical to implement effective tobacco prevention programs for college students, such as a smoking warning system and physical exercise training, as well as to educate them on how to quit smoking.

Perception of Athletes in the Coaching Behavior and Leadership Style of Metro Manila Coaches

Coaching behavior pertains to the demeanor and values exhibited by a coach while leadership is a virtue that acts as a source of motivation or exemplar for the majority. The purpose of this study was to see the athlete’s perception of their coaches about coaching behavior and leadership style. It also sought to answer if there is a significant difference between coaching behavior and leadership style. The study is quantitative in nature. A snowball technique was used to choose its sample from the population. The instrument used in this study was a standard questionnaire, The Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport by Jean Côté and The Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS) by Chelladurai, P., &amp; Saleh, S. D. The research sample consists of 30 student-athletes from Metro Manila schools and universities. The study employed Weighted Mean, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to answer the statement of the problem. The study confirms that in coaching behavior, coaches “always’ show commendable behavior about physical training and conditioning, and technical skills. On leadership style, coaches “always” used training behavior and rewarding behavior as a way to lead the team. The study also reveals that there is no significant difference between coaching behavior and leadership style.

A Case Study Analysis of the Coach–Athlete Dyad in Different Age Grade Nonelite Rugby Union Teams

The coach–athlete dyad is complex where both parties can often have contrasting perceptions of each other. The purpose of this research was to examine coaching behaviors and perceptions of the coach–athlete relationship across different age grades of rugby football union. Coaches (n = 5) and athletes (n = 78) from three separate rugby union teams (Child, Adolescent, and Adult) had their training sessions (n = 3) analyzed using the Coach Analysis and Intervention System. Athlete perceptions of their coaches’ behaviors were measured via the Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport, while coach perceptions of their relationship with their athletes were measured using the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire. Prescriptive coaching styles were observed in all coaches as Coach Analysis and Intervention System results showed high levels of explicit behaviors: “instruction,” “direct management,” and “feedback.” All coaches utilized similar time proportions within sessions for Coach Analysis and Intervention System “Practice,” “Playing,” and “Management” states, respectively. Questionnaire results revealed positive perceptions between coaches and athletes for all teams. Despite positive bidirectional relationships, the prescriptive coaching style displayed by all coaches may not align to best coaching practice. Development of a coach’s behaviors, training content, and perceptions through coach education has the potential to enhance their athletes’ sporting experience, athletic development, and sport-specific competencies.

The role of special program in sports in the athletic activities and performance of student-athletes in physical education

The role of sports in education has been very evident across various educational institutions. Based on the previously conducted studies, it has been recognized as a builder of solid intellect for students. However, only a few investigations were found concerning the role of SPS in the development of student-athletes’ athletic activities and performance in Physical education in a local setting here in the Philippines; hence, the conduct of the study regarding this matter is highly recommended. In connection to this, the present study aims to determine the role of the Special Program in Sports (SPS) in the athletic activities and performance of student-athletes in physical education. This study utilized a self-made questionnaire where inputs were taken from the related literature and studies reviewed and adapted to the Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport (CBS-S). Moreover, part of the questionnaire dealt with the coaching commitment and physical development of student-athletes involving the 4Cs (caring, character, competence, and connection). Descriptive and regression analyses were utilized to interpret data gathered from the respondents. The results have shown that the level of SPS was found to be very high in terms of instructor/coach, sports event, sports facilities, and training schedule. Also, the level of athletic activities was reported as high concerning training performance, regular sports participation, and health status, and very high in regards to theoretical knowledge, athletic potential, focus and discipline, resiliency and humility, and harmony and unity. SPS has been found to have no significant effect on the athletic activities and performance of student-athletes. Recommendations for the improvement of coaches and student-athletes, and future research to support the findings of this study are presented.

Examining the psychometric properties of the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale in Chinese Elite Athletes.

Coaching style is key to athletes' performance and mental well-being. However, few attempts have examined the effects of coaching style on athletes in a Chinese cultural context. Based on previous literature and 23 expert interviews (11 with athletes and 12 with coaches), we rebuilt a 16-items on the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale. In study 1, 130 provincial team athletes completed a 16-items questionnaire on controlling coach behaviors. The questionnaire items were then screened using exploratory factor analysis and transformed into a formal scale. In study 2, another 560 provincial athletes completed several measures related to coaching style, motivation, subjective vitality, and burnout, and systematic tests were carried out to validate the scale. Study 3 examined the test-retest reliability of the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale over a 2-week interval. Finally, the present study yielded a nine-item Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale with three dimensions (controlling use of reward, negative conditional regard, and excessive personal control). It suggests that cultural differences played an important role in the communication between athletes and coaches. The new Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale shows good validity and can be used in future research.

ANTRENÖRÜN KİŞİLERARASI DAVRANIŞLARININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

The aim of this study was to test the validity and reliability of Turkish version of Tripartite Measure of Interpersonal Behaviors-Coach (TMIB-C) which was developed by Bhavsar et al. (2019). The scale measures athletes' perception of coaches' need-supportive, need-thwarting and need-indifferent behaviors. Two hundred twenty-five male and 125 females, a total of 350 (Mage=18.74±4.35) athletes participated in the study. Personal information form, Tripartite Measure of Interpersonal Behaviors-Coach along with positive and negative behavior sub-dimensions of Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport were administered to the participants. Data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis in AMOS 20. Pearson correlation coefficients among the variables and average variance extracted (AVE) values were calculated for convergent and discriminant validity. Reliability was tested by Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability coefficients. Model fit indices reached the acceptable level with deletion of the items 9 and 10 which had low factor loadings (χ2/df=453.372/165=2.75; RMSEA=.07, NFI=.90; NNFI=.92, CFI=.93, AGFI=.85; SRMR=.046). “Need thwarting” and “need indifference” behaviors negatively correlated with positive coaching behaviors (p&amp;lt;.05, discriminant validity), whereas these behaviors positively correlated with negative coaching behaviors (p&amp;lt;.05, convergent validity). While “need supporting behavior” positively correlated with positive coaching behaviors (p&amp;lt;.05, convergent validity), it negatively correlated with negative coaching behaviors (p&amp;lt;.05, discriminant validity). AVE values were between .51 and .56. Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability coefficients were between .86 and .91. The findings suggest that, Turkish version of Tripartite Measure of Interpersonal Behaviors-Coach can be used to measure athletes’ perception of coaches’ interpersonal behaviors.

Perceived Coaches’ Attributes and Level of Fitness Skills Performance Among Student-Athletes

Good engagement of sports towards education enables the students to balance academic learning and sports skill acquisition. This study sought to find the relevance of perceived coaches’ attributes on the result of evaluation to the performance of student-athletes to produce successful athletes and coaches. It utilized descriptive-correlational research design to determine the significant relationship between attributes of school coaches and sports fitness skill performance of N=162 student-athletes. Instruments used were standardized Coaching Behavior Scale for Sports CBS-S and Standardized Sports Performance Physical Fitness Skill Test. The results disclosed that the sports fitness performance of the student-athletes according to cardiovascular endurance, agility, muscular strength, and flexibility were on highest level; power, reaction-time, and speed were on high level; balance was on average level; muscular endurance and coordination were on low level. It is concluded that the behavior of a coach may determine his competency in designing effective training, hence influence excellent achievement among athletes. Thus, an active engagement of sports towards education enables the students to balance academic learning and sports skill acquisition.

Psychometric Properties of the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale for Japanese Athletes

Psychometric Properties of the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale for Japanese Athletes

GENDER AND TYPE OF SPORTS DIFFERENCE ON PERCEIVED COACHES' BEHAVIOR DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL TERRITORY SPORTS COUNCIL SUKMA 2021 ATHLETES

The coach's actual conduct is thought to be influenced directly by his or her personal characteristics, such as age, gender, appearance, skill, and experience, as well as the demands of the situation. However, the coach's behavior set by both the organisational structure and the environment, and include factors including sport, team size or level, role variability, and playing conditions. This study aims to investigate on the different of perceived coaches’ behaviour in terms of gender and type of sports among athletes in Federal Territory Sports Council, Sukan Malaysia (SUKMA) 2021 contingent. The research design of the study is quantitative research design. Total number of 468 samples was randomly selected from Federal Territory Sports Council, Sukan, Sukan Malaysia (SUKMA) 2021 contingent. The instrumentation used in this study is questionnaire which is Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport. The statistical analysis used is Independent t-test. The results showed significance result in the factor of negative personal rapport between gender and significance result showed in the technical skills between types of sports. In conclusion, depending on the pandemic scenario, all genders have a good view of coaches' actions, except for a negative personal rapport. Different types of sports exhibited similar perceptions of coaching behavior, except for technical skills, where individual athletes reported higher positive feedback than team athletes.

THE EFFECTS OF COACHING BEHAVIOR ON THE EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE OF ATHLETE’S

This study was arranged to explore the Effects of coaching behavior upon athlete performance. There were 156 Athletes selected for a sample through non-probability convenient sampling technique and used survey research design. A Coaching Behavior Scale for the sport, (CBS-S, Mallet, 2006) was administered to collect data and data was analyzed using SPSS-17. The result of the study indicated that coaching behavior affect athlete performance with all dimensions of the coaching behavior scale is significantly. This study concluded that athlete increase performance physical training and training 46.4%, mental preparation 53.6%, technical skills 54.5% and goal setting 44.6% with positive coaching behaviors. Keep in sight the result of this study, it is consigned those higher authorities may focus or promote supportive climate to coach to enhance the athlete performance. The study provides the significant information in facilitating the decision making about the effective behavior of the Athletes.

The Mediating Role of Coaching Behavior in The Effects of Intrinsic Motivation on Work Addiction Among Nurses

Backround: Nursing holds a critical place in the health care system. The work performance of nurses has an impact on patient safety and the quality of clinical care. To improve work performance, nurses should be assisted by their senior managers and leaders who use coaching behavior as a strategy tool in the management to guide employees to realize their full potential and maximize it. &#x0D; Aim: This study aims to investigate whether coaching behavior has a mediating role in the effects of intrinsic motivation on work addiction among nurses. &#x0D; Design: This research study utilized a cross sectionl survey design. Methods: A total of 269 nurses who were working at Ankara Education and Research Hospital were included in the study. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20 for Windows. &#x0D; Funding:The mean work addiction total score was 3,26±0,72; the mean coaching behavior scale score was 2,89±1,02 and the mean intrinsic motivation scale score was 3,86±0,78 for the participants. Work addiction showed a positive linear correlation with coaching behavior and intrinsic motivation (r=0,243, r=0,148, respectively, p

Coaches’ controlling interpersonal style and frustration of basic psychological needs in adolescent judokas

The aim of the study was to analyse the relationships established between the different factors that make up coaches’ controlling interpersonal style and frustration of basic psychological needs, as well as to identify the differences that may exist in terms of gender and training hours, and whether the latter may trigger these variables in adolescent judokas. A socio-demographic questionnaire, the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale (CCBS) (Bartholomew, Ntoumanis & Thogersen-Ntoumani, 2010), in its Spanish version (Castillo et al., 2014), was administered, as well as the Psychological Need Thwarting Scale (PNTS) (Bartholomew, Ntoumanis, Ryan & Thogersen-Ntoumani, 2011), also in its Spanish version (Sicilia, Ferriz & Saenz-Alvarez, 2013). The sample comprised 86 adolescent judokas, who had a federation licence and participated in regional competitions (M = 14.13; SD = 1.38). Descriptive and correlation analyses of all variables were performed. The Mann-Whitney U-test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were carried out, respectively, to analyse the differences in gender and training hours. The results showed a positive and significant correlation between all study variables. In addition, significant differences were found between genders in the control variable of use of rewards, and in the frustration variable of the basic psychological need of competence, depending on the judokas’ training hours. These results suggest that controlling interpersonal styles influence the frustration of basic psychological needs of adolescent judokas, according to their gender or training hours.

The impact of patient safety culture and the leader coaching behaviour of nurses on the intention to report errors: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundThere is growing interest in examining the factors affecting the reporting of errors by nurses. However, little research has been conducted into the effects of perceived patient safety culture and leader coaching of nurses on the intention to report errors.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 256 nurses in the emergency departments of 18 public and private hospitals in Tabriz, northwest Iran. Participants completed the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC), Coaching Behavior Scale and Intention to Report Errors’ questionnaires and the data was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis.ResultsOverall, 43% of nurses had an intention to report errors; 50% of respondents reported that their nursing managers demonstrated high levels of coaching. With regard to patient safety culture, areas of strength and weakness were “teamwork within units” (PRR = 66.8%) and “non-punitive response errors” (PRR = 19.7%). Regression analysis findings highlighted a significant association between an intention to report errors and patient safety culture (B = 0.2, CI 95%: 0.1 to 0.3, P < 0.05), leader coaching behavior (B = 0.2, CI 95%: 0.1 to 0.3, P < 0.01) and nurses’ educational status (B = 0.8, 95% CI: − 0.1 to 1.6, P < 0.05).ConclusionsFurther research is needed to assess how interventions addressing patient safety culture and leader coaching behaviours might increase the intention to report errors.

Relationships between Controlling Interpersonal Coaching Style, Basic Psychological Need Thwarting, and Burnout, in Adolescent Soccer Players.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationships between a controlling interpersonal style, psychological need thwarting and burnout in adolescent soccer players and to test a structural equation model to analyze whether (a) a controlling interpersonal style is a predictor of psychological need thwarting and whether (b) psychological need thwarting is a predictor of burnout. A total of 103 male soccer players between the ages of 12 and 17 participated in the research (M = 14.91; SD = 5.56). The Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale, the Psychological Need Thwarting Scale, and the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire were used to evaluate the variables under study. The analyses revealed significant relationships between a controlling interpersonal style, psychological need thwarting and burnout. Furthermore, the proposed structural equations model, using the partial least squares (PLS) method, showed that a controlling style is a positive predictor of basic psychological need thwarting and that the latter is a predictor of burnout, as well as revealing an indirect relationship between a controlling style and burnout. This indirect effect of the controlling style variable on burnout can be enhanced (or attenuated) by the basic psychological need thwarting variable, which acts as a modulator.

The Dark Side of the Self-Determination Theory and Its Influence on the Emotional and Cognitive Processes of Students in Physical Education.

Amongst the main objectives of physical education (PE) classes is the consolidation of healthy lifestyle habits in young people and adolescents. Nonetheless, these classes can also provide the basis from which adverse experiences are generated which affect students’ perceptions of these classes. Previously conducted studies have focused on motivational processes and not on emotional processes, nor on the way in which students learn. The objective of the present study was to explore the dark side of the self-determination theory, its influence on emotional intelligence and the meta-cognitive strategies of students. Methodology: A total of 1602 young people undertaking secondary education participated, with self-reported ages between 13 and 19 years. The following questionnaires were utilized: Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale, Frustration of Psychological Needs in PE classes Scale, Emotional Intelligence in PE Scale and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. A structural equation model was developed which explained causal associations between the study variables. Results: Psychological control positively predicted each one of the sub-factors of frustration of psychological needs. Frustration of psychological needs negatively predicted emotional intelligence. Finally, emotional intelligence positively predicted meta-cognitive thinking. Conclusions: The influence and importance of the teaching style adopted by teachers is indicated, in addition to the effect of students’ psychological experiences on emotions and learning strategies.

Validity and reliability of the Persian version of Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale (CCBS)

هدف: هدف از پژوهش حاضرتعیین روایی و پایایی پرسش‌نامه رفتار کنترلی مربی در جامعه ایران بود.روش‎‌ها: روش پژوهش زمینه‌یابی و نمونه پژوهش284 ورزشکار رشته های مختلف ورزشی بودند که به شیوه در دسترس انتخاب شدند و پرسش‌نامه را که به روش ترجمه-بازترجمه توسط متخصصان روان شناسی ورزشی آماده شده بود تکمیل کردند. جهت تعیین ویژگی های روان سنجی ابزار از نرم افزارهای SPSS و Amos نسخه 24 استفاده شد.نتایج: نتایج تحلیل عاملی نشان داد ساختار چهار عامل، از جهت تفکیک سؤالها و انطباق بـا مبـانی مناسب است. همچنین نتایج تحلیل عاملی تأییدی نشان داد الگوی چهار عاملی سازة رفتار کنترلی مربی شامل پاداش، تهدید، کنترل شخصی بیش از اندازه و ملاحظات مشروط منفی دارای برازندگی مناسبی است. (96/0= CFI، 91/0 =NFI، 94/0 = RMSEA، 053/0= IFI، 96/0 = ,NNFI 072/1=CMIN/DF). ضریب همسانی درونی (آلفای کرونباخ) برای کل پرسشنامه 918/0 و برای مولفه ها بین731/0 تا 897/0 بدست آمد و در مجموع از پایایی قابل قبولی برخوردار است.نتیجه‌گیری: نسخه فارسی پرسش‌نامه رفتار کنترلی مربی می تواند به عنوان ابزاری پایا و روا برای مطالعه و ارزیابی رفتار کنترلی مربیان در حوزه ورزش به کار برده شود.

Estilo de interacción del entrenador, clima motivacional percibido y satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas en futbolistas jóvenes

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el clima motivacional percibido a través de las relaciones existentes entre el estilo de interacción del entrenador (apoyo a la autonomía o estilo controlador) con los constructos de la Teoría de las Metas de Logro (ego o tarea) y el grado de satisfacción con las necesidades psicológicas básicas en una muestra de jóvenes deportistas. Participaron 125 futbolistas de la provincia de Málaga (España), con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 18 años (M= 16.66, DT= 1.13). Para recoger la información se utilizó la Escala de Estilo Controlador del Entrenador (CCBS), el Cuestionario de Percepción de Soporte de la Autonomía en el Proceso de Entrenamiento (ASCQ), el Cuestionario de Clima Motivacional Percibido en el Deporte (PMCSQ-2) y Escala de Medición de la Satisfacción de las Necesidades Psicológicas en el Ejercicio (PNSE). Los análisis efectuados pusieron de manifiesto relaciones negativas entre la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y el estilo controlador, pero positivas con el apoyo a la autonomía. Además, destaca las relaciones positivas entre el estilo controlador y la percepción del clima motivacional orientado al ego, siendo positivas con el clima orientado a la tarea.

The effect of coaching behaviors on tennis players and swimmers

Purpose . The purpose of the current research is to investigate tennis players and swimmers’ perceived coaching behaviors for sport with sport age. Material/Methods : A cross-sectional survey method was applied to tennis players and swimmers (Buyukozturk et al., 2012). Participants (nfemales=175; nmales=187) were selected from different tennis (n=122) and swimming (n=240) clubs in Canakkale, Istanbul and Hatay provinces. For data collection, a translated Turkish version (Yapar et al., 2014) of the Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport (CBS-S) (Côté et al., 1999) was used. The CBS-S includes 47 items and 7 sub-dimensions. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistics. The CBS-S sub-dimensions were evaluated with the sport age of tennis players and swimmers (p&lt;.05). Results: According to the One-Way ANOVA, sport age was statistically significant in the sub-divisions of physical training and condition, technical skills, mental preparation, goal setting, competition strategies and personal rapport among tennis players (p&lt;.05). Among swimmers, sport age was significant for only negative personal rapport (p&lt;.05). Conclusions: Tennis players and swimmers’ perceived Coaching Behavior for Sport scores were evaluated as high. Sport age was significant for the Coaching Behavior for Sport sub-dimensions among tennis players.