CO2 Trapping Research Articles

Pore-scale study of capillary and dissolution trapping of CO2 in saline aquifers

Employing two-phase flow and species mass transfer simulations in natural rock samples, we establish a pore-scale description of CO2 migration pattern and its residual and dissolution trapping mechanisms in saline aquifers. Our results imply that wettability and fine-scale heterogeneity are key factors controlling the sweep efficiency of CO2 during the injection period. Furthermore, we elucidate how fractional-wettability controls the CO2 entrapment pattern and spatial distribution of residual CO2 ganglia during the post-injection period. It is found that the accumulation of CO2 ganglia and, as a result, their residual trapping, increases when the rock sample contains a larger portion of CO2-wet regions. We further characterize the physics of CO2 dissolution trapping occurring during the injection stage. Our study captures the underlying details of fine-scale characteristics that govern the dissolution behavior, such as the pore-scale distribution of species concentration, the evolution of phase distribution, CO2-brine interfacial area, and total mass of dissolved CO2 in brine. Finally, CO2 dissolution is quantified under different wettability conditions.

Integration of sub- meter scale lithological heterogeneity in reservoir models for an improved quantification of CO2 trapping capacities

Sub-meter scale lithological heterogeneity in the form of sedimentary structures such as cross, planar and massive beddings is known to enhance carbon mineral trapping. However, this understanding is largely qualitative. Quantitative estimates of trapping capacities at this scale are limited by the availability of high-resolution field data. Additionally, such heterogeneity is typically not accounted for in conventional reservoir models due to computational restriction posed by the grid size resolution. As a result, the impact of sub-meter scale lithological heterogeneity on carbon trapping capacities is typically not accounted for in dynamic flow and reactive transport simulations at the reservoir scale. The present study aims to quantify the impact of intraformational baffles on carbon mineralization for a range of rock types. A series of 2-D multiphase reactive transport simulations were set-up to model the geochemical processes occurring at the interface of a baffle and a reservoir rock for a period of 1000 years. The study shows that the presence of baffles with certain rock properties within the reservoir rock can enhance or reduce carbon mineral trapping capacity relative to homogeneous reservoir rocks depending on clay and carbonate mineral content in baffles. Further, a new workflow is developed to build a 2D high-resolution reservoir model of the Paaratte Formation, Otway Basin while overcoming the technical challenges associated with sub-meter scale discretization of geological models.

Molecular mechanisms by which tetrahydrofuran affects CO2 hydrate Growth: Implications for carbon storage

Gas hydrates have attracted significant fundamental and applied interests due to their important role in various technological and environmental processes. More recently, gas hydrates have shown potential applications for greenhouse gas capture and storage. To facilitate the latter application, introducing chemical additives into clathrate hydrates could help to enhance hydrate formation/growth rates, provided the gas storage capacity is not reduced. Employing equilibrium molecular dynamics, we study the impact of tetrahydrofuran (THF) on the kinetics of carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrate growth/dissociation and on the CO2 storage capacity of hydrates. Our simulations reproduce experimental data for CO2 and CO2 + THF hydrates at selected operating conditions. The simulated results confirm that THF in stoichiometric concentration does reduce CO2 storage capacity. This is not only due to the shortage of CO2 trapping in sII hydrate 512 cages, but also because of the favored THF occupancy in hydrate cages due to preferential THF − water hydrogen bonds. An analysis of the dynamical properties for CO2 and THF at the hydrate-liquid interface reveals that THF can expedite CO2 diffusion yielding a shift in the conditions conducive to CO2 hydrate growth and stability to lower pressures and higher temperatures compared to systems without THF. These simulation results augment literature experimental observations, as they provide needed insights into the molecular mechanisms that can be adjusted to achieve optimal CO2 storage in hydrates.

CO2 geological sequestration in multiscale heterogeneous aquifers: Effects of heterogeneity, connectivity, impurity, and hysteresis

Fundamental understanding of processes controlling geological carbon sequestration (GCS) requires flow and transport modeling in well-characterized aquifer sedimentary deposits. We use three-dimensional, heterogeneous models based on new field studies which incorporate the most important aspects of multiscale architecture in fluvial aquifers. In addition, we use the associated facies-dependent constitutive relations for both relative permeability and capillary pressure curves and their hysteresis. The novelty of this work is to evaluate how CO2 fate and transport is controlled by (1) the spatial organization, volume proportions, and connectivity of sedimentary facies types, (2) facies-dependent constitutive relations and their hysteretic behavior, and (3) presence and/or absence of dissolved components such as methane (CH4) in brine. Model results suggest that the amounts of snap-off and solubility trapping are enhanced by increasing the volume proportion and degree of connectivity of high-permeability facies types. Results also demonstrate that ignoring relative permeability hysteresis leads to underestimation of snap-off trapping and overestimation of solubility trapping. In contrast, neglecting capillary pressure hysteresis (i.e., non-hysteretic Pc) results in overestimation of snap-off trapping and underestimation of solubility trapping. If capillary pressure is totally neglected (i.e., Pc = 0), the amount of trapped CO2 by snap-off and dissolution are, respectively, overestimated and underestimated. Competitive CO2 and CH4 dissolution in brine results in exsolution of CH4 from the aqueous phase into the gaseous phase. Facies connectivity and constitutive relations are also critical for the transport of exsolved CH4. However, disregarding dissolved CH4 leads to overestimation of CO2 trapping capacities.

Are Amines the Holy Grail for Facilitating CO2 Reduction?

AbstractThe selective and efficient reduction of carbon dioxide represents a key solution to producing non‐fossil‐fuel‐based feedstocks for the chemical industry, while alleviating the increasing atmospheric concentration of this greenhouse gas. A variety of catalytic methods for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) have been developed, including hydrogenations and electrochemical or photochemical reductions. For many of the most significant breakthroughs reported in the last decade, we realized that amines or closely related functional groups play a critical role for such transformations, and in several cases, are directly associated with the catalyst as a pendant group. Amines play multiple roles, such as CO2 trapping agents, proton shuttles, electron donors, or facilitators of CO2 reductions through formamide derivatives. In this Viewpoint, we compile some of these recent findings, and discuss their significance in a broader context in an attempt to provide guidelines for the design of new catalysts with enhanced activity and selectivity.

Are Amines the Holy Grail for Facilitating CO2 Reduction?

The selective and efficient reduction of carbon dioxide represents a key solution to producing non-fossil-fuel-based feedstocks for the chemical industry, while alleviating the increasing atmospheric concentration of this greenhouse gas. A variety of catalytic methods for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) have been developed, including hydrogenations and electrochemical or photochemical reductions. For many of the most significant breakthroughs reported in the last decade, we realized that amines or closely related functional groups play a critical role for such transformations, and in several cases, are directly associated with the catalyst as a pendant group. Amines play multiple roles, such as CO2 trapping agents, proton shuttles, electron donors, or facilitators of CO2 reductions through formamide derivatives. In this Viewpoint, we compile some of these recent findings, and discuss their significance in a broader context in an attempt to provide guidelines for the design of new catalysts with enhanced activity and selectivity.

MUF-16: A Robust Metal-Organic Framework for Pre- and Post-Combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture.

One of the most critical environmental issues of our age is the escalating release of CO2 into the atmosphere. Separation technologies with low energy footprints may be an effective way to capture CO2 and prevent its accumulation. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can meet separation challenges due to their tailored structures and tunable pore surfaces. However, obstacles to their deployment can include the energy consumed by regeneration, a lack of long-term structural stability, and their production on large scales. Herein, we report on MUF-16 ([Co(Haip)2], H2aip = 5-aminoisophthalic acid), a hydrogen-bonded water-stable microporous material that combines high CO2 adsorption with a low affinity for other gases. MUF-16 is built up from inexpensive starting reagents in a scalable process. It can be easily regenerated at room temperature by purging with inert gas, and it maintains its performance over multiple adsorption/desorption cycles. MUF-16 features one-dimensional channels that trap CO2 guest molecules by a raft of attractive electrostatic interactions and size complementarity. It rejects H2 and N2 molecules around room temperature. This was verified by simulated and experimental breakthrough separation measurements on CO2/N2 and CO2/H2 mixtures. MUF-16 can be pelletized by coating with polymeric poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) to render it compatible with large-scale applications.

Unstable Density‐Driven Convection of CO2 in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Porous Media With Implications for Deep Saline Aquifers

AbstractDensity‐driven convection mixing has been identified to enhance CO2 trapping in deep saline aquifers storage. In this study, the dynamics of fingering instability and associated mass transfer caused by convection mixing between the movements of miscible analogue fluid pairs are investigated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two kinds of homogeneous porous media and six kinds of heterogeneous porous media with varying permeability permutations were used at ambient pressure and temperature. In homogeneous porous media, the detail analyses on the data of fingering pattern, finger number and distribution identify that the large finger sizes and high sinking velocities can be developed when the permeability up to 3.3 × 10−11 m2. In heterogeneous porous media, the sand layer first touched by downward fingers plays a dominant role in finger evolution, channeling and fingering convection mechanisms were found among these cases. Moreover, the dissolution rate characterized by Sherwood number (Shm) (enhance or inhibit fluid mixing, depending on the layout of the sand layer) was found to be independent of the local convection dissolution, such as vortex flow and finger splitting at the sand boundary with mutation permeability (enhanced fluid mixing, promoting CO2 dissolution in carbon storage). Finally, the total CO2 dissolution rate Shm in all cases was compared, Shm are at a range of 970–5,079 in homogeneous porous media, while are 190–688 in heterogeneous porous media.

Carbon dioxide capture by new DBU‐based DES: The relationship between ionicity and absorptive capacity

Abstract1,8‐Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU)/imine, DBU/imide DESs were designed and synthesized as CO2 trapping agents. Toward this end, the optimal absorption temperature and the maximum absorption capacity were determined. It was found that ionicity is a key factor to affect the absorption capacity of CO2. Combined with the ionicity calculation, a new CO2 capture mechanism has been proposed. HBD in DES can be divided into two parts. One can undergo proton transfer, obeying anion 2:1 absorption, whereas the other, without proton transfer, is amine 1:1 absorption. The degree of proton transfer in DES determines the ionicity and affects the absorption performance. The DFT calculation results confirmed this mechanism by micro perspective. DBU/2‐Pyrrolidinone and DBU/Oxazolidinone were proved to be good CO2 trapping agents with high absorption capacity, being 1.064 mol CO2/mol DES and 0.827 mol CO2/mol DES, respectively, and excellent recyclability when the mole ratio of HBA:HBD is 2:1.

Core-scale investigation of the effect of heterogeneity on the dynamics of residual and dissolution trapping of carbon dioxide

Geologic heterogeneity, which commonly exists in target reservoirs for CO2 sequestration, has a significant effect on CO2 trapping. In this study, we performed Darcy-scale multiphase flow experiments on a heterogeneous rock with in-situ imaging techniques to obtain X-ray images of CO2 saturation during both drainage and imbibition. Residual trapping was assessed using the initial-residual characteristic curve. The distribution of residual CO2 saturation widened as the initial saturation increased, implying that the capillary heterogeneity becomes increasingly important with higher initial CO2 saturation. During dissolution, we discovered new flow regimes in heterogeneous media and proposed a quantitative scaling relationship for their temporal evolution. The high-porosity layers showed a descending slope of ~0.4 during the early stage of dissolution, whereas it decreased by an order of magnitude (slope ~ 0.04) during the later stage. The high-capillarity layers, however, showed a single descending trend during dissolution. The highly time-resolved images of CO2 saturation provide a detailed understanding of the dynamic processes of both residual and dissolution trapping in heterogeneous media, which contributes to a wide range of applications, including environmental remediation, CO2 sequestration, and the enhancement of energy resources from hydrocarbon reservoirs.

Evaluation of Geo-Mechanical-Chemical Impacts of Co2 Injection to Depleted Oil Reservoirs

This paper presents a more holistic approach in evaluating the impacts of CO2 injection in CO2 sequestration operations in a depleted Morrow B sandstone of the Farnsworth Unit, Ochiltree County, Texas. The complex interactions between CO2 and the formation fluids (oil and brine) and the acidized brine interactions with formation rock when coupled with mechanical processes present an integrated and realistic effect of CO2 injection in the underground environment. In light of this, different coupled numerical simulation models were developed to investigate the various CO2 trapping mechanisms and the long-term fate of CO2 in a depleted Morrow B sandstone. The models include hydrodynamical model, coupled hydrodynamical-mechanical model, coupled hydrodynamical-chemical model, and coupled hydrodynamical-chemical-mechanical model. A WAG operation was carried out for 20 years after the history period and followed by a post-injection period of 1000 years to monitor and evaluate the effect of the injected CO2 on the underground environment. This work shows that geomechanics impacted the petrophysical properties of the reservoir and had significant impact on the injectivity of CO2. The chemical reactions had very little impact on the petrophysical properties of the reservoir. The different simulation scenarios resulted in variable amounts of storage within the partially depleted oil reservoir.

Superhydrophobic ceramic hollow fibre membranes for trapping carbon dioxide from natural gas via the membrane contactor system

The membrane contactor system is one of the most important technologies to trap CO2 from natural gas. To apply this technology, hollow fibre membranes with a superhydrophobic surface must be used, where membranes were prepared from kaolin clay through the phase inversion/sintering technique and modified by three types of fluoroalkylsilane (FAS) molecules (C6, C8, C10) at different immersion times (6, 24, 48,72 h) to capture CO2 from natural gas via contacting the gas-liquid system. The kaolin was chosen due to its abundant availability at an affordable price as well as the high amount of the hydroxyl (OH) group in the surface which easily reacts with FAS during the grafting process. Superhydrophobicity was distinguished by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), liquid entry pressure of water (LEPw) measurement, and contact angle (CA). The lowest pore size of the grafted membrane obtained for C8 was about 1.32 μm; it was considered the perfect target for high membrane resistance. The chosen superhydrophobic kaolin membrane was tested for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture via the membrane contactor system. With increasing time of immersion, the hydrophobicity phenomena rose gradually until superhydrophobicity property was obtained. Forty-eight hours was proven as sufficient time to obtain the desired superhydrophobicity property to avoid wetting pores of the membranes. Besides, the perfect type of FAS for separating CO2 was C8 based on the sufficient LEPw and contact angle. The reduction of pH was observed after testing the performance of using a membrane contactor to separate CO2 by using water as absorbent where pH value decreased from 6.6 to 4.3 within 1 h, which concludes the success of the gas-liquid system into removing CO2 from natural gas.

COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGY TO ANALYZE THE EFFECT OF MASS TRANSFER RATE ON ATTENUATION OF LEAKED CARBON DIOXIDE IN SHALLOW AQUIFERS

Exsolution and re-dissolution of CO2 gas within heterogeneous porous media are investigated using experimental data and mathematical modeling. In a set of bench-scale experiments, water saturated with CO2 under a given pressure is injected into a 2-D water-saturated porous media system, causing CO2 gas to exsolve and migrate upwards. A layer of fine sand mimicking a heterogeneity within a shallow aquifer is present in the tank to study accumulation and trapping of exsolved CO2. Then, clean water is injected into the system and the accumulated CO2 dissolves back into the flowing water. Simulated exsolution and dissolution mass transfer processes are studied using both nearequilibrium and kinetic approaches and compared to experimental data under conditions that do and do not include lateral background water flow. The mathematical model is based on the mixed hybrid finite element method that allows for accurate simulation of both advection- and diffusion- dominated processes.

Relative Permeability Hysteresis and Capillary Trapping during CO2 EOR and Sequestration

Residual or capillary trapping is an important mechanism of CO2 trapping in underground porous media. Recent experimental investigation has shown that relative permeability and capillary pressure are function of saturation changing direction or hysteresis phenomenon in addition to the saturation and hysteresis leads to irreversible change in relative permeability and capillary pressure curve. In this paper, an extended review was performed on the relative permeability hysteresis models. Moreover, an experimental investigation was conducted during CO2 injection as the non–wetting phase in carbonate rocks at pressure and temperature of 10.3 MPa and 60 ℃. In this study, the effects of absolute permeability of carbonate rock samples and CO2 injection strategy on hysteresis phenomenon in the CO2 residual trapping process were investigated. During first part of experiments, CO2 relative permeability was examined during CO2 injection and brine injection at constant rate of 0.2 cc/min as drainage and imbibition process for different absolute permeability of rock samples. During second part of experiments, CO2 trapping saturation was calculated during the continuous CO2 injection and CO2 Water Alternative Gas (WAG) injection. Results of first part of experiments showed that increasing of the absolute permeability leads to increasing initial and residual CO2 saturation at the end of drainage and imbibition process, respectively. Moreover, it was concluded that increasing rock permeability results in increasing of the hysteresis effect on the CO2 relative permeability. In the second part of experiments, results revealed that CO2 WAG injection strategy has higher CO2 residual saturation in compared to CO2 continuous injection at equal pore volume of injected CO2. The findings of this paper can be applied for investigating of CO2 sequestration projects in aquifers for improvements of CO2 residual trapping and studying the performance of capillary trapping as one of the main mechanisms of CO2 trapping.

Mortar-diatom composites for smart sensors and buildings

To address the challenge of appropriate cementitious materials that can support future optical fibre sensors with reduced strains for smart city infrastructure, reducing structural heterogeneity by integrating diatomous earth is proposed. A series of samples made up of commercial grade instant mortar and an increased percentage of diatomous earth are fabricated and characterised. Mindful of the growing importance of “in-the-field” measurements and diagnostics to wider construction technology evolution, hardness properties are measured using Mohs scratch test and portable field durometers; the latter was shown to be effective in post-plasticity assessment of these cement composites. Within experimental error low added concentrations improve cement hardness whilst making the cement more plastic. Structural colour is introduced by the diatoms and novel characterisation using a smartphone and polymer lens proposed and demonstrated. The implications for CO2 trapping and intelligent structural health monitoring (ISHM) for internet-of-things (IoT) in smart city infrastructure are discussed.

Enhanced E. coli Capturing Efficacy Over Magnetic Dextrin–Cobalt Sulfide Nanohybrid as a Promising Water Disinfection System

The aim of this research is synthesis of a promising bacterial elimination nanohybrid for water disinfection. Hence dextrin, a carbohydrate polymer composed of linear α-(1,4)-linked d-glucose, is used as an intermediate to prepare Fe3O4–dextrin–CoS nanohybrid. At the first step magnetic dextrin was prepared by one step ultrasound assisted route using Fe2+ as iron source and dextrin as capping agent. At the second step functional groups of dextrin was employed to trap Co2+ ions for decorating CoS at the biosorbent structure through refluxing route. The structure of the magnetic dextrin and nanohybrid was studied by XRD, EDX, FESEM, TGA and zeta potential measurement. EDX and TGA results confirmed that the CoS has been decorated with high density onto magnetite dextrin structure. The prepared nanohybrid has been employed to capture Escherichia coli as a sample pathogen from water solution. Effective parameters on bacterial elimination, i.e., pH, contact time, nanohybrid dosage and presence of anions have been studied. Results showed that at pH of 3.5, contact time of 15 min and nanohybrid dosage of 20 mg E. coli capturing efficacy was more than 99% which confirmed high efficiency of the nanosystem in bacteria elimination from water solution.

Effects of surface contamination on the interfacial properties of CO2/water/calcite systems.

Understanding the wetting properties of reservoir rocks can be of great benefit for advanced applications such as the effective trapping and geological storage of CO2. Despite their importance, not all mechanisms responsible for wetting mineral surfaces in subsurface environments are well understood. Factors such as temperature, pressure and salinity are often studied, achieving results with little unanimity; other possible factors are left somewhat unexplored. One such factor is the effect of contamination. In the present study, the effects of adding a non-aqueous organic contaminant, ethanol, on the CO2-water interfacial tension (IFT) and the CO2/water/calcite contact angle were investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Within the conditions studied, relatively small amounts of ethanol cause a significant decrease in the CO2-water IFTs, as well as a pronounced increase in the water-calcite-CO2 three phase contact angle. The latter result is due to the decrease of the IFT between CO2 and water and the strong adsorption of ethanol on the solid substrate. These findings could be helpful for explaining how impurities can affect experimental data and could lead to effective carbon sequestration strategies.

Storing CO2 in buried volcanoes

Australia contains rich natural gas resources, but many of Australia’s currently producing and undeveloped gas fields contain relatively high CO2 contents; if not captured and stored, the venting of co-produced CO2 could hinder efforts to meet Australia’s emission reduction targets. The most mature technology for isolating produced CO2 from the atmosphere is by containing it in deep sedimentary formations (e.g. saline aquifers or depleted oil and gas reservoirs). The effectiveness of this approach is dependent on factors such as reservoir capacity, the presence of low-permeability seals that physically impede vertical migration of injected CO2, the chemical reactivity of both reservoir and seal minerals, the risk for leakage, and a gas-entrapping structure. An alternative and attractive mechanism for permanent storage of CO2 is geochemical or mineral trapping, which involves long-term reactions of CO2 with host rocks and the formation of stable carbonate minerals that fill the porosity of the host rock reservoir. Natural mineral carbonation is most efficient in mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks, due to their high reactivity with CO2. Here we review the outcomes from a series of recent pilot projects in Iceland and the United States that have demonstrated high potential for rapid, permanent storage of CO2 in basalt reservoirs, and explore the practicalities of geochemical trapping of CO2 in deeply buried basaltic volcanoes and lava fields, which are found in many basins along the southern (e.g. Gippsland Basin) and northwestern (e.g. Browse Basin) Australian margins, often in close proximity to natural gas fields with high CO2 content.

The impacts of heterogeneity on CO2 capillary trapping within the Captain Sandstone - a core to field scale study.

To ensure storage security, it is vital we understand, and can effectively model, the physical and chemical trapping mechanisms for CO2 storage. A key trapping mechanism underpinning storage security and immobilising a significant proportion of the CO2 plume is capillary trapping. Capillary trapping is considered to be responsible for 90% of the storage capacity in saline aquifers in the US, the largest potential CO2 storage resource. The ability to model and predict capillary trapping over large spatial scales in complex geological systems is essential to minimise risks and evaluate capacity. This paper investigates the effect of natural rock heterogeneities on capillary trapping across spatial scales in the Captain D Sandstone, from the Goldeneye formation, North Sea. That is, how heterogeneities affect CO2 saturation and distribution within rock core samples, and how those effects manifest, as a pseudo residual trapping, when upscaled to the field. A comprehensive dataset of 48 core plugs over a 65m interval have been studied. The location has industrial application as a target injection site for the discontinued Peterhead CCS project, with the aim to store 10 Mt CO2 over 10 years. These results are also applicable to other storage sites of similar geology. We have carried out steady-state core flooding experiments using medical x-ray CT, providing a detailed characterisation of continuum multiphase flow properties, including residual trapping characteristics, over cm scales. The results show that individual core plugs exhibit a large range in apparent residual trapping at the centimetre scale which averages out over scales of 10s of cm’s or greater. The average Land trapping value at the deca-centimetre scale is 1.7, however, at the cm scale, it varies between 0.8 and 2.8, representing a very large variation in locally trapped CO2. Consequently, at the plug scale for large initial saturations, approaching 1, the apparent residual saturation may vary between 0.2 and 0.5, given the variations in Land trapping parameter. At lower initial saturations, the variations are not as great in absolute terms, but the relative variation is just as large. Continuum numerical models are constructed from observations of residual trapping in heterogeneous rock cores using characterisation methods developed by Jackson et al. (2018, 2020). The trapping stage of a CO2 injection and migration project is simulated over a 65m region, while retaining the impact of heterogeneities at the cm-scale. Results from these models indicate that great care should be taken when upscaling the Land trapping parameter for use in field simulations, to estimate the long-term trapping of CO2 by capillary heterogeneities. Through quantifying the proportion of trapping resulting from capillary heterogeneities, the implications of modelling the system with the average and maximum experimental Land trapping parameter are evaluated. Modelling the system with the maximum experimental core plug Land trapping parameter results in the proportion of trapping caused by capillary heterogeneities to approximately double compared to that obtained using the average experimental core plug Land trapping parameter.

Observations of the Impact of MM-Cm Scale Lamination on the Migration and Trapping of CO <sub>2</sub> in Reservoir Rocks

Small scale (mm-cm scale) capillary heterogeneity can result in capillary induced flows and trapping. This can have significant impact on the migration of the injected CO2. In this research, we have measured and characterized the impact of small scale lamination on multiphase-flow parameters and residual trapping of CO2 by combining experimental, numerical, and analytical methods. Experimental CO2/water core-flood tests were performed at reservoir conditions on a laminated reservoir rock core. A medical X-ray CT scanner was used for visualization. Effective drainage and imbibition relative permeability, effective drainage capillary pressure, and residually trapped CO2 were measured. The experimental results were used to obtain a model of the rock core using the method described in. The layers of the rock core are tilted and truncated at the inlet, outlet, and radial outer boundary of the core. To correct for this, the layers were shifted, such that the layers became parallel to the flow direction and extended in the lateral direction. The model of the rock core was used to simulate the drainage core-flood test for a range of flow-rates and flow-rate dependent effective relative permeability and capillary pressure were derived. In addition, simplified analytical models were used to obtain these drainage parameters, as well as capillary limit imbibition effective relative permeability and capillary pressure. The results indicate that simplified analytical models can give a good approximation of these effective multi-phase flow parameters. Furthermore, they show that to correctly derive effective multi-phase flow parameters for layered systems, the geology of the system has to be taken into account. Experimental measurements on rock cores with artificially truncated layers can lead to the incorrect inclusion of the impact small scale heterogeneity.