CO2 Neutrality Research Articles

The Warming papers: the scientific foundation for the climate change forecast

Preface. Part I Climate Physics. 1 The Effect. On the Temperatures of the Terrestrial Sphere and Interplanetary Space (Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1824)). 2 Wagging the Dog. On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Physical Connexion of Radiation, Absorption, and Conduction (John Tyndall (1861)). 3 By the Light of the Silvery Moon. On the Influence of Carbonic Acid in the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground (Svante Arrhenius (1896)). 4 Radiative Transfer. The Influence of the 15 m Carbon-dioxide Band on the Atmospheric Infra-red Cooling Rate (G. N. Plass (1956)). 5 The Balance of Energy. Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity (Syukuro Manabe and Richard T. Wetherald (1967)). The Effect of Solar Radiation Variations on the Climate of the Earth (M. I. Budyko (1968)). A Global Climatic Model Based on the Energy Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System (William D. Sellers (1968)). 6 The Birth of the General Circulation Climate Model. The Effects of Doubling the CO2Concentration on the Climate of a General Circulation Model (Syukuro Manabe and Richard T. Wetherald (1975)). Climate Sensitivity: Analysis of Feedback Mechanisms (J. Hansen, A. Lacis, D. Rind, G. Russell, P. Stone, I. Fung, R. Ruedy, and J. Lerner (1984)). 7 Aerosols. Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Gases and Sulphate Aerosols (J. F. B. Mitchell, T. C. Johns, J. M. Gregory and S. F. B. Tett (1995)). 8 Ocean Heat Uptake and Committed Warming. Earth's Energy Imbalance: Confirmation and Implications (James Hansen, Larissa Nazarenko, Reto Ruedy, Makiko Sato, Josh Willis, Anthony Del Genio, Dorothy Koch, Andrew Lacis, Ken Lo, Surabi Menon, Tica Novakov, Judith Perlwitz, Gary Russell, Gavin A. Schmidt and Nicholas Tausnev (2005)). 9 Taking Earth's Temperature. Global Temperature Variations Between 1861 and 1984 (P. D. Jones, T. M. L. Wigley and P. B. Wright (1986)). Contribution of Stratospheric Cooling to Satellite-Inferred Troposphoric Temperature Trends (Qiang Fu, Celeste M. Johanson, Stephen G. Warren and Dian J. Seidel (2004)). Northern Hemisphere Temperatures During the Past Millennium: Inferences, Uncertainties, and Limitations (Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (1999)). 10 Ice Sheets and Sea Level. Surface Melt-Induced Acceleration of Greenland Ice-Sheet Flow (H. Jay Zwally, Waleed Abdalati, Tom Herring, Kristine Larson, Jack Saba and Konrad Steffen (2002)). 11 The Public Statement. Man-Made Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect (J. S. Sawyer (1972)). Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scientific Assessment (Jule G. Charney, Akio Arakawa, D. James Baker, Bert Bolin, Robert E. Dickinson, Richard M. Goody, Cecil E. Leith, Henry M. Stommel and Carl I. Wunsch (1979)). Part II The Carbon Cycle. 12 The Sky is Rising! The Artificial Production of Carbon Dioxide and its Influence on Temperature (G. S. Callendar (1938)). 13 Denial and Acceptance. Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between Atmosphere and Ocean and the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric CO2during the Past Decades (Roger Revelle and Hans E. Suess (1957)). Distribution of Matter in the Sea and Atmosphere: Changes in the Carbon Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere and Sea due to Fossil Fuel Combustion (Bert Bolin and Erik Eriksson (1958)). 14 Bookends. The Concentration and Isotopic Abundances of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere (Charles D. Keeling (1960)). Is Carbon Dioxide from Fossil Fuel Changing Man's Environment? (Charles D. Keeling (1970)). 15 One If by Land. Changes of Land Biota and Their Importance for the Carbon Cycle (Bert Bolin (1977)). Observational Constraints on the Global Atmospheric CO2 Budget (Pieter P. Tans, Inez Y. Fung and Taro Takahashi (1990)). Acceleration of Global Warming Due to Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks in a Coupled Climate Model (Peter M. Cox, Richard A. Betts, Chris D. Jones, Steven A. Spall and Ian J. Totterdell (2000)). 16 Two If by Sea. Neutralization of Fossil Fuel CO2 by Marine Calcium Carbonate (W. S. Broecker and T. Takahashi (1977)). Effects of Fuel and Forest Conservation on Future Levels of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (James C. G. Walker and James F. Kasting (1992)). Abrupt Deep-Sea Warming, Palaeoceanographic Changes and Benthic Extinctions at the End of the Palaeocene (J. P. Kennett and L. D. Stott (1991)). 17 On Ocean pH. Anthropogenic Carbon and Ocean pH (Ken Caldeira and Michael E. Wickett (2003)). Reduced Calcification of Marine Plankton in Response to Increased Atmospheric CO2 (Ulf Riebesell, Ingrid Zondervan, Bjorn Rost, Philippe D. Tortell, Richard E. Zeebe and Francois M. M. Morel (2000)). 18 Tiny Bubbles. Evidence From Polar Ice Cores for the Increase in Atmospheric CO2 in the Past Two Centuries (A. Neftel, E. Moor, H. Oeschger and B. Stauffer (1985)). Vostok Ice Core Provides 160,000-Year Record of Atmospheric CO2(J. M. Barnola, D. Raynaud, Y. S. Korotkevich and C. Lorius (1987)). Index.

PRINCIPLES OF CIRCULATING AND ZERO DISCHARGE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY FACILITIES

Lace of direct flow and complex multistage purification systems, it is suggested that local water supply be used, with ample opportunity to recycle waste into end product or secondary raw material, thus making it costeffective by minimizing material and energy expenditures. It is also argued that industrial wastewater recycling at local facilities (depending on process water requirements) ought to be based on a combination of mechanic and chemical purification methods: thin-layer setting, electroflotocoagulation, coalescent filtering, moving bed filtering, sorptions, membrane filtering (ultra-, nano- or hyperfiltering), ion exchange, pH-correction, CO2 neutralization etc.

Alkalinity conversion of bauxite refinery residues by neutralization

Red mud remains the largest environmental issue for the alumina industry due to its high pH (>13), fine-grained nature (>90% is <10 μm), elevated sodium concentration (>50 g/kg), and soluble alkalinity (≈30 g/kg as equivalent CaCO 3), which reduce the transport and reuse options of red mud. The neutralization of red mud provides potential reuse options because neutralization lowers pH, increases grain-size (e.g., coagulation), and precipitates or converts alkalinity. This paper investigates the geochemistry of 3 treatments of a red mud to affect neutralization and potentially convert materials from a waste material to a resource. This study investigates two commonly used neutralization techniques, a CO 2-neutralized red mud (CNRM), a Basecon™-neutralized red mud (Basecon™), and a more novel approach of a CO 2-neutralization followed by a Basecon™-neutralization (Hybrid) to understand the effects that these treatments have on neutralization process. Data indicate that the neutralization techniques form two distinct geochemical groups when discriminated on total alkalinity alone, that is treatments with, and treatments without alkalinity precipitation. However, each treatment has distinct alkalinity speciation (hydroxide-dominant or carbonate/bicarbonate dominant) and residual Ca, Mg and Al in the treatment solution. Similarly, solids produced differ in their reaction pH and ANC, and contrary pH and ANC, a contrary to other studies, Dawsonite was not seen to precipitate during any neutralization. However, despite this approximately 17 g/kg CO 2 was sequestered during CNRM and hybrid neutralizations and all treatments increased either the transport or reuse options of red mud in some way.

English

The bio-degradability issue of polymer composites is studied to focus more on the use of the natural fibers such as bagasse, coir, sisal, jute etc. This has resulted in creation of more awareness about the use of natural fibers based materials mainly composites. In past decade there have been many efforts to develop composites to replace non decaying materials based products. The abundant availability of natural fiber in India gives attention on the development of natural fiber composites primarily to explore value-added application avenues. Reinforcement with natural fiber in composites has recently gained attention due to low cost, easy availability, low density, acceptable specific properties, ease of separation, enhanced energy recovery, CO2 neutrality, bio-degradability and recyclable in nature. Isophthalic polyester resin are a broad class of resins specification is selected to impart desired properties and corrosion resistance. These resins can be used for moderate corrosion resistance applications to a temperature range around 180 ₒ F. Isophthalic resins exhibits good resistance to water, acid, weak bases and hydrocarbons such as gasoline and oil. Agricultural wastes can be used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for commercial use. Although glass and other synthetic fiber-reinforced plastics possess high specific strength, their fields of application are very limited because of their inherent higher cost of production. In this connection, an investigation has been carried out to make use of coir; a natural fiber abundantly available in India. This investigation discusses the use of coir fiber and its current status of research. Many references to the latest work on properties, processing and application have cited in this paper.

Enhanced Conversion of Cellulosic Process Residue into Middle Caloric Fuel Gas with Ca Impregnation in Fuel Drying

Process residues, such as coffee and tea grounds, bagasse, vinegar lees, etc., represent a kind of concentrated biomass resources rich in cellulose. They contain water usually of about 60 wt % and are easy to rot to cause serious pollution to groundwater and air. Conversion of them into energy can not only control their induced pollution but also develop their CO2 neutralization function. The present paper concerns the production of middle caloric producer gas from such cellulose-rich process biomass residues. The involved technical process consisted of fuel drying and in turn gasification of the dried fuel in a dual fluidized bed system. Using coffee grounds containing 65 wt % water as a model high water content process residue, the paper found that with fuel drying calcium hydrate (or oxide) can be well-impregnated onto fuel to remarkably increase the gasification reactivity of the fuel and suppress tar evolution with producer gas. Thermal gravitational analysis clarified further that the increase in th...

CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Neutral Glass Manufacturing? – A Study of the Possibilities

The technological needs to achieve CO2 neutrality during glass manufacturing have been investigated by theoretical calculations on energy balances and experimental investigations on batch reactivity and fining efficiency. The concept is based on the assumption of utilization of woody bio fuel combustion directly over the batch blanket and glass melt bath for heating the glass furnace. Energy balance calculations were made for a “hot top”, 50 tonnes per day continuous furnace. Furthermore, elimination of the chemically bound CO2 in the glass batch has been considered by investigating the possible substitution of the batch carbonates by other compounds not bearing chemically bound CO2. Compounds not emitting oxides of carbon, nitrogen or sulphur were considered as candidate batch components. Studies on the effect of batch melting and fining indicate a beneficial effect on energy efficiency and melting rate when using carbonate substitutes. It is concluded that the combustion concept is theoretically fully possible for glass tank application. The substitution of batch carbonates by non carbon compounds is questionable from an environmental point view since the alternatives are expected to be synthesized by routes emitting CO2.

Development and Practical Application of Undepletable Energy Resource

This study aims for a sustainable development of local community and the value creation contributing to the global environmental conservation by developing a sustainable circulatory energy system. It is important for Kochi prefecture, where 84% of the land is forest, to have the point of view that considering forest resources not only for the lumber use but also as a valuable energy resource, and it could be a new possibility to break through the current situation for Kochi. Since Japanese cedar and cypress trees planted after the War have not been taken care of, it is possible that not only their property value does not increase but also they could cause the devastation of mountainous area. Utilization of wood-based energy managed within their growth level is an effective method to maintain neutralization of CO2 and has recently been recognized as an important circulatory energy. We have been taking economical, environmental, and social approaches to develop the circulatory wood-based energy system. In this report, we explain a survey on greenhouse farmers, development of the effective combustion appliance, assessment of the tree properness for fuel, evaluation of the process and calculation of the cost, and finally states direction of the future study.

99/00025 Dynamics of fossil fuel CO 2 neutralization by marine CaCO 3

99/00025 Dynamics of fossil fuel CO 2 neutralization by marine CaCO 3

Thermoplastic and biodegradable polymers of cellulose

Polymers which are biodegradable currently achieve high interest in materials science since they offer reductions of landfill space during waste management as well as new end-user benefits in various fields of applications. Among these materials, those from renewable resources such as polysaccharides additionally offer CO 2-neutrality, partial independence from petrochemistry-based products and the exploitation of natures synthesis capabilities via photosynthesis. Cellulose, being a constituent of wood, is regenerated in much larger quantities than starch by natural photosynthesis from CO 2 and water. The very substantial, but so far little exploited category of cellulose-based materials, which has lead to some of the very first industrial polymer-products such as celluloid and cellophane still offers numerous new possibilities for polymeric materials. Basically two main groups of cellulose-materials can be distinguished: regenerated celluloses are suitable only for fibre and film production from conventional and new processes. Secondly, thermoplastically processable cellulose derivatives such as esters can be used for extrusion and moulding. Based on general considerations on the correlation between biodegradability and molecular structure, cellulose derivatives allow both thermoplastic processing and post-consumer waste management via biological decomposition. Ways to realise this demanding new mix of properties considering biodegradability, thermoplastic behaviour and material-properties as well as possible synthetic strategies and their realisation are presented.

Multiple timescales for neutralization of fossil fuel CO2

The long term abiological sinks for anthropogenic CO2 will be dissolution in the oceans and chemical neutralization by reaction with carbonates and basic igneous rocks. We use a detailed ocean/sediment carbon cycle model to simulate the response of the carbonate cycle in the ocean to a range of anthropogenic CO2 release scenarios. CaCO3 will play only a secondary role in buffering the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere because CaCO3 reaction uptake capacity and kinetics are limited by the dynamics of the ocean carbon cycle. Dissolution into ocean water sequesters 70–80% of the CO2 release on a time scale of several hundred years. Chemical neutralization of CO2 by reaction with CaCO3 on the sea floor accounts for another 9–15% decrease in the atmospheric concentration on a time scale of 5.5–6.8 kyr. Reaction with CaCO3 on land accounts for another 3–8%, with a time scale of 8.2 kyr. The final equilibrium with CaCO3 leaves 7.5–8% of the CO2 release remaining in the atmosphere. The carbonate chemistry of the oceans in contact with CaCO3 will act to buffer atmospheric CO2 at this higher concentration until the entire fossil fuel CO2 release is consumed by weathering of basic igneous rocks on a time scale of 200 kyr.

From waste to raw material—the route from biomass to wood ash for cadmium and other heavy metals

Energetic utilization of biomass is considered an environmentally safe way of providing energy, especially for process heat and district- heating purposes. The main advantage of energy from biomass is the CO 2-neutrality of this energy-production process. However, this process produces a solid by-products, namely ash, that has to be considered. This ash contains nutrients like calcium, potassium and phosphorus that should be recycled to forest or agricultural soils, thus closing not only the carbon cycle but also the fluxes of mineral materials caused by these technologies. The problem is, however, that besides nutrients, the ash also contains heavy metals. Cadmium poses a special risk to the use of wood ash in agriculture. It pollutes a large fraction of the ash generated in a biomass combustion plant, namely the cyclone fly-ash and, to an even higher degree, the filter fly-ash or (where flue gas condensation is installed) the condensation sludge. A medium-term solution to the recycling of solid residues from biomass combustion is blending cyclone fly-ash and bottom ash and using the mixture in agriculture. Although a large part of nutrients might be recycled in this manner, care has to be taken of the relatively high amount of cadmium in this material. A new technology currently under development takes advantage of the different temperatures in a biomass combustion plant. This technology enables concentration of cadmium (and other volatile heavy metals) in a very small portion of the whole ash flux from a plant and the concentrations of environmentally relevant substances in the remainder of the ash is kept low. In this manner, wood ash from the process industry or district heating systems might be transformed from waste to raw material for agricultural use.

Thermodynamics of aqueous carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide: heat capacities, volumes, and the temperature dependence of ionization

A flow microcalorimeter and vibrating tube densimeter were used at 25 °C to obtain apparent molar heat capacities and volumes of aqueous NaHCO3, KHCO3, NaHSO3, and KHSO3, from 0.1 to 1.0 mol kg−1, aqueous CO2 from 0.01 to 0.10 mol kg−1 and aqueous SO2 from 0.045 to 2.0 mol kg−1. The contribution of "chemical relaxation" (changes in equilibrium state and enthalpy due to change in temperature) to the experimental heat capacities of aqueous SO2 required special attention, leading to the derivation of a new equation for calculating this effect. Standard state values for the heat capacities and volumes of aqueous CO2, SO2, HCO3−, and HSO3− were obtained from the apparent molar properties by extrapolation to infinite dilution. Combining these results with other thermodynamic data from the literature gave estimates of log K1b the equilibrium constant for the first neutralization of CO2 and SO2, at high temperatures. The results for CO2 reproduce very accurate literature values to within 0.2 at 200 °C. The expression for the reaction [Formula: see text] log K1b = 22.771 + 2776.0/T–8.058 log T, is consistent with the sparse and limited experimental data.

Direct comparison of the loss of load transfer to ?E? and ?S? glass fibres manufactured by drawing into different environments

Accelerated water uptake tests have been used to compare the onsets of destruction of the ability to transfer shear stress at fibre/matrix interfaces in epoxy matrix glass reinforced plastic (GRP) manufactured with each of four different fibres. The ability to transfer shear stress has been monitored directly by measurement of stress birefringence through and adjacent to individual fibres. Full theoretical and practical details of the experimental method are given. “S” glass fibres, drawn into an atmosphere of ammonia in an attempt to promote the deposition of primary amines and/or secondary amines, rapidly lose their ability to receive shear stress from the matrix. This is attributed to neutralization of CO2 by NH3 within interfacial pockets of dissolved water, and the associated generation of osmotic pressure. Commercial samples of “S” and “E” glass fibres and “E” glass fibres drawn into an atmosphere of ammonia, all survive much larger water uptakes although, in the case of both kinds of “E” glass fibre, immersion in boiling water eventually gives rise to interfacial pressure pockets. These pressure pockets are also attributed to osmosis, with the role of dissolved solutes tentatively ascribed to the modifying agents present in “E” glass formulations.