CO2 Fluid Research Articles

Identification of CO2 using multiple formation properties based on nuclear logging

The use of carbon dioxide to enhance oil and gas recovery (CO2-EOR) plays an important role in carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). CO2 monitoring is of great significance for understanding CO2 migration mechanisms, leakage pathways, and storage effect, and it is help for optimizing the performance of CO2-EOR and risk assessment. Moreover, oil and gas fields involving CO2 also need to monitor and identify CO2 layers to support decisions on oil and gas exploration and development. The purpose of this study is to use nuclear logging methods to distinguish CO2 from other fluids, including hydrocarbon gases, and to monitor and identify CO2. Based on the differences in the formation properties of CO2 and other fluids, a slope method is proposed. The slopes related to different formation properties are calculated by the Monte Carlo method. The sensitivity of various slopes in distinguishing CO2 from hydrocarbon gases (hereinafter referred to as “sensitivity”) is analyzed. The cross-plot of slopes with high sensitivity is used to identify CO2 from other fluids. The effects of various environmental factors on the cross-plot and the applicability of the cross-plot method are analyzed. The results indicate that the positions of CO2 points in the cross-plot are greatly different from the positions of water, oil, and CH4, and the cross-plot can effectively identify CO2 from other fluids. Lithology and shale content have little effect on the performance of the cross-plot in identifying CO2 from other fluids. Comparatively, gas density and water saturation have greater impacts on such performance. The results of interpretation of field data obtained with the new method are basically consistent with the sample results, indicating that the new method is effective. This method can provide strong support for making decision on the exploration and development of oil and gas fields and has promising prospects for application in CO2 monitoring in CO2-EOR.

Phase transition and fluid backflow during the non-injection period in the Ordos CCS project, China

CO2 phase transition and fluid interaction in the wellbore-reservoir system after shut-in are two critical phenomena, which are crucial to predicting the long-term fate of CO2 in a deep saline aquifer storage project. In this study, a wellbore-reservoir coupled numerical model is developed based on the Shenhua Ordos Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project in China. This model can cope with the CO2 phase transition and is designed to investigate fluid behavior during the non-injection period. The simulation results show that the liquid-phase CO2 above a depth of ∼300 m within the wellbore will transit to the gas phase during the non-injection period. The changes in the pressure and temperature associated with the phase transition are too small to be a safety hazard. Moreover, the injected CO2 will flow back to the wellbore and even flow into the top injection layer with the maximum permeability during the non-injection period; for a sufficiently long non-injection period, the formation water will also flow back. This process may redistribute the injected CO2 in the multi-layered reservoir. The parameter sensitivity analysis indicates that the permeability distribution of the reservoir has the most profound effect on the reservoir backflow process. These results provide an in-depth understanding of the fluid behavior within the wellbore-reservoir system after shut-in and offer theoretical guidelines for similar CCS project operations.

Hierarchical Organization of Single Crystal Polymorphs of Azobenzene Chromophore in Anisotropic Media Subjected to Local Thermal Gradients upon Cold Spraying.

The present article entails the emergence of diverse crystal polymorphs following thermal quenching into various coexistence regions of binary azobenzene chromophore (ACh)/diacrylate (DA) solution and of azobenzene/nematic liquid crystal (E7) mixture. Development of various crystal topologies encompassing rhomboidal and hexagonal shapes can be witnessed in a manner dependent on thermal quenched depths into the crystal + liquid coexistence region of ACh/DA system. Upon spraying with compressed carbon dioxide (CO2 ) fluid, the local temperature gradient is generated resulting in spherulitic morphology showing discrete lamellae undergoing twisting locally in some regions and branched dendrites or seaweeds in another. When ACh/E7 blend is sprayed using compressed CO2 fluid, hierarchical organization of various discrete faceted single crystals including needle, rectangular, rhombus, and truncated hexagonal crystals radiating from the spherulite core can be discerned in a brighter region (off cross-polarization) polarized optical microscopy (POM) and nematic disclination in a darker cross-polarized region. Of particular interest is that the observed faceted single-crystal polymorphs in ACh/E7 may be contrasted to the lamellar twisting and branching observed in the ACh/DA system and plausible mechanisms of polymer spherulitic growth are discussed.

CO2 Fluid Flow Patterns near Major Deep Faults: Geochemical and 3D Seismic Data from the Ying-Qiong Basin of the South China Sea

CO2 and hydrocarbon fluids typically migrate from deeper layers into the shallow crust via large deep faults. Consequently, CO2, hydrocarbon, and water reservoirs tend to occur in traps near deep and large faults. In this study, we use structural and stratigraphic data to identify and predict CO2 and hydrocarbon gas reservoirs near major deep faults. In order to investigate how CO2 accumulates in the major deep faults of the Ying-Qiong Basin (YQB), we quantify the carbon footprint of this area by analyzing the No. 1 fault, the No. 2 fault, and the adjacent gas reservoirs. Using 3D seismic data and geochemical data, we determine how the fault structure affects the ambient CO2 enrichment on a given fault. Our results indicate that the LD10 and BD19 gas reservoirs have high inorganic CO2 contents, while the HK29 gas reservoir has a low organic CO2 content. Based on our analyses, we conclude that the gas source, fault activity, and fault structure control the CO2 accumulation in subsurface layers. While mantle-derived volcanic inorganic CO2 disperses upward along the main fault when a given fault is independent (i.e., it lacks secondary faults), the absence of additional vertical migration channels largely prevents the CO2 from travelling upward through thick mudstone cap rocks and collecting in shallow traps. These shallow traps are typically filled by shallow organic CO2 sources. However, parallel forward fault-step structures, such as secondary faults, can transport gas that is produced at deeper sources (such as CO2 generated by basement limestone) to shallower depths. If the hanging wall of a deep fault has many branching secondary faults, then these intersecting faults act as conduits that enable mantle-derived CO2 to travel vertically into shallow layers.

A pre-injection assessment of CO2 and H2S mineralization reactions at the Nesjavellir (Iceland) geothermal storage site

The injection of water dissolved CO2 and H2S into basalts into the Nesjavellir geothermal system (Iceland) is to begin in 2022. This study is a pre-injection investigation assessing the likely response of the fluid-rock system to the gas charged water injection. The target aquifer has a temperature of < 200 °C at the injection well, but the temperature increases to ∼300 °C towards the center of the geothermal field where the production wells are located. The aquifer has current in-situ pH values of 6.7–7.7 and CO2 and H2S concentrations of 30.1–1079 and 60.4–505 ppm, respectively. These pre-injection aquifer fluids are saturated with respect to numerous sulfide minerals but undersaturated with respect to the major carbonate minerals. The fluid during the anticipated pilot carbon and sulfur charged water injection is expected to have a temperature of ∼84 °C, a pH of ∼4.9 and dissolved CO2 and H2S concentrations of 1223 and 480 ppm, respectively. Geochemical modelling confirms that the injection of CO2 and H2S charged fluids will dissolve the altered basaltic host rock near the injection well followed by the precipitation of secondary minerals including sulfides and carbonates further from the well. Calculations suggest about 70% and 100%, respectively, of this injected CO2 and H2S will be mineralized between the injection and production wells. The increasing of the CO2 and H2S content of the injection fluid will increase mineralization efficiency if the increased acidity of this fluid increases the mass of basalt dissolution in the subsurface. Carbon, sulfur and helium isotope systematics and abundances imply that large part of CO2 and H2S emitted from the Nesjavellir powerplant, as well as those released from the geothermal fluids naturally originate from magmatic sources. Mass balance considerations suggest that the currently planned dissolved gas injection into the Nesjavellir system will negligibly affect the CO2 and H2S budget of the aquifer. However, efforts to maximize the mineralization efficiency when upscaling this carbon storage system should be made to limit possible increase in reservoir fluid CO2 concentration.

Experimental study of spontaneous imbibition and CO2 huff and puff in shale oil reservoirs with NMR

The shale oil in the Jimsar sag, Junggar Basin, NW China is developed by horizontal wells and volume fracturing, and has the characteristics of a high initial production rate followed by a rapid decline and a low oil recovery factor. Therefore, it is necessary to find effective methods for enhancing shale oil recovery rates. The shale formations in the Jimsar sag, Junggar Basin are classified into three different types: types I, Ⅱ and Ⅲ. Fracturing fluid imbibition, surfactant imbibition and CO2 huff and puff experiments were conducted to evaluate the EOR potential of different types of shale formations. The oil distribution inside the shale core samples with time before, during and after the experiments is monitored using low-field NMR. The experimental results show that the CO2 huff and puff method had the highest ultimate oil recovery rate, followed by the surfactant imbibition method; the fracturing liquid imbibition method preformed without the addition of a surfactant had the lowest oil recovery rate. Surfactants improved the oil recovery of spontaneous imbibition by approximately 18% more in the type Ⅱ and Ⅲ shale formations compared to that of the fracturing liquid imbibition method. Field applications also demonstrated that adding a surfactant into the fracturing liquid significantly improved the oil production in type Ⅱ and Ⅲ oil formations relative to the common slick water fracturing liquid without an added surfactant.

Binary mixture phase equilibria for the vinyl laurate, vinyl methacrylate and vinyl propionate under high pressure carbon dioxide

The experimental phase equilibrium data of binary mixtures of vinyl laurate, vinyl methacrylate, and vinyl propionate in supercritical CO2 fluid is reported at high pressure starting from 3.92 MPa to 23.55 MPa and temperature varying from 313.2 K to 393.2 K with a static-type high pressure apparatus. It is observed that the solubility of binary mixtures considered in present study increases with temperature at constant pressure. Furthermore, at constant pressure, the critical point of the mixtures moves higher as temperature increases. Besides, the type I phase curve is exhibited by all the binary mixtures considered.The experimental bubble pressure data is correlated with Ghoderao-Dalvi-Narayan (GDN) and Peng-Robinson (PR) equations of state by the using Van der Waals single fluid mixing rules with two adaptable interaction factors. The pressure-composition (P-x) isotherms are obtained for the binary systems (carbon dioxide + vinyl laurate), (carbon dioxide + vinyl methacrylate), and (carbon dioxide + vinyl propionate) at several temperatures varying from 313.2 K to 393.2 K. A good fit to the experimental data is obtained with GDN equation of state performing better than PR equation of state.

Obtaining Colombian propolis extracts using modern methods: A determination of its antioxidant capacity and the identification of its bioactive compounds

In order to determine the most efficient method to extract bioactive compounds from Colombian propolis, a comparison was made between Soxhlet extraction (SE) and modern extraction methods. A higher yield was obtained by SE (76.55%), followed by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) (73.84%), and finally extraction by supercritical CO2 fluid (SCCO2E) (1.32%). The highest amount of total polyphenols expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of propolis (mg GAE)/gP) was obtained with the use of MAE (81.78), followed by SE (80.19) and SCCO2E (68.99). The highest flavonoid content expressed in mg of quercetin equivalents per gram of propolis (mg QE/gP) (60.11), was obtained using SCCO2E and 15% ethanol as adjuvant. The antioxidant capacity was higher for the extracts obtained with SCCO2E followed by MAE and SE. Finally, by means of HPLC-DAD, the bioactive flavonoids in the extracts obtained by supercritical CO2 were identified.

Long-Lasting Boiling-Wells: Geochemical Windows into the Tectonic Activity of the Maodong Fault (China)

The Maodong Fault (China) was mainly active during the Late Pleistocene. However, in the past century, numerous destructive earthquakes have occurred along the fault zone, indicating its continuing activity. Therefore, refined monitoring of the tectonic activity along the fault is required. Boiling-Wells located in the Maodong Fault Zone were selected for this purpose. The parameters, including the rare earth elements (REE) and gas components, such as CO2, Rn, and Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC), in the wells were analyzed. By combining field observations with the analytical data, we constrained the relationships between the anomalies of the hydrochemical composition and the gas composition in the Boiling-Wells and the Maodong Fault: (1) CO2 and TVOC in the Boiling-Wells originated from Cenozoic magmatism and associated intrusive rocks. High concentrations of Rn are closely linked to tectonic activities of the Maodong Fault. CO2, TVOC, and Rn are all transported to the Boiling-Wells along the Maodong Fault, with CO2 acting as a carrier gas for Rn. (2) REE in the Boiling-Wells was mainly sourced from CO2 fluids that originated from deep-seated Cenozoic magmas and intrusive rocks. The concentrations of the REE and their distribution patterns were controlled by the input of CO2 fluids and by epigenetic processes. (3) The abnormally high contents of Ca2+, HCO3−, Pb2+, and Al3+ in the Boiling-Wells are attributed to the migration of externally-derived (deep) CO2 fluids through the Maodong Fault. (4) The anomalies of the gaseous (Rn, CO2, and TVOC) and hydrochemical components (Ca2+, HCO3−, Pb2+, Al3+, ∑REE, and REE patterns) in the Boiling-Wells are closely related to the tectonic activity of the Maodong Fault. Therefore, the long-lasting Boiling-Wells provide an excellent geochemical window into the evolution of the Maodong Fault. Our study documents that the contents and variations of specific hydrochemical and gaseous components of Boiling-Wells are well-suited geochemical tracers to identify and characterize the tectonic activity of the Maodong Fault. This method is also applicable for the monitoring of tectonic activities of major faults zones with comparable preconditions worldwide.

Formation and Evolution of the Corrosion Scales on Super 13Cr Stainless Steel in a Formate Completion Fluid With Aggressive Substances

The formation and evolution of the corrosion scales on the super 13Cr stainless steel (SS) surface after exposure in a formate completion fluid with the presence of various aggressive substances was investigated. The results indicate that the formation of Fe3O4 covered the surface of super 13Cr SS as the inner layer accompanied with outer scattered FeS. The corrosion rate was below 0.07 mm/year after 120 h of exposure in the formate fluid at 180°C under N2 environments; the presence of aggressive substances such as sulfide and CO2 in the formate fluid promoted the proceeding of anodic dissolution in the early period, and the ingress of CO2 progressively increased the general corrosion rate to 1.7 mm/year. For CO2-containing conditions, the formation of FeCr2O4 and Cr(OH)3 was detected in the inner corrosion product layers, and the precipitation of “sheet”-shaped iron carbonate (FeCO3) was detected as the outer layer. The accumulation rate of corrosion products increases by two orders of magnitude with the ingress of CO2, corresponding to thicker corrosion products, but the dissolution rate is still three orders of magnitude higher than when CO2 was absent.

Mechanical Properties of Shale After CO2 and CO2-Based Fluids Imbibition: Experimental and Modeling Study

Mechanical Properties of Shale After CO2 and CO2-Based Fluids Imbibition: Experimental and Modeling Study

Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil Using Response Surface Methodological Approach and Its Antioxidant Activity.

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed oil is an edible vegetable oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids. In this study, the supercritical CO2 fluid extraction method was employed to obtain the maximum yield of moringa seed oil. The effects of temperature, time, and pressure, three characteristics of extractions, on the extraction rate of Moringa seed oil were investigated by single factor test and response surface methodological approach. The optimal process conditions of supercritical CO2 fluid extraction of moringa seed oil were determined as extraction temperature of 45°C, extraction time of 2.5 h, extraction pressure of 50 MPa, and CO2 flow rate of 240 L/h, resulting in a maximum yield of 38.54%. Composition analysis shows that the extracted moringa seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, eicosanoic acid, etc. Furthermore, we found that Moringa seed oil exerted potent antioxidant activities on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, and its efficacy was comparable to commercial peanut oil and tea oil. Overall, this novel extraction method of moringa seed oil may increase its potential value and application in the food and nutraceutical industries.

Numerical simulation on heat transfer of supercritical carbon dioxide in helical coiled channels under one-side heating

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical CO2 heated in helical coiled channel under one-side condition are conducted in this work. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data under different conditions and results show good consistency.The effects of pressure, mass flux, heat flux, gravity level, flow direction, buoyant force, and flow thermal acceleration on temperature and heat transfer coefficient are analyzed. Results show that appropriate matching of the heat flux and mass flux generates high heat transfer coefficient with CO2 fluid staying near pseudo-critical state until the outlet of the channel. Semicircular heating mode reinforces the centrifugal effect and creates crescent-shaped flow pattern with large velocity gradient. The flow instability in both radial and longitude direction induced by the large velocity gradient is quantified by the turbulent kinetic energy and contributes to the heat transfer enhancement.

Fluid Inclusion and Titanite U-Pb Age Constraints on the Yuanjiang Ruby Mineralization in the Ailao Shan-Red River Metamorphic Belt, Southwest China

ABSTRACT The Yuanjiang marble-hosted ruby deposit lies in the central segment of the Ailao Shan metamorphic massif of the Ailao Shan-Red River metamorphic belt. The mineralizing fluid and age were characterized by detailed petrography, Raman spectroscopy, microthermometry, and in situ titanite laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry dating. Some fluid inclusions in the corundum show an interesting morphology with a diaspore crystal fully separating the whole inclusion into two smaller inclusions. This morphological feature can be explained by morphological ripening and subsequent reactions between the trapped H2O and the host corundum during the cooling of the inclusion. Fluid inclusions in the ruby belong to the system CO2–H2S–COS–S8–H2S2–CH4–AlO(OH) with various daughter minerals, including diaspore, gibbsite, and native sulfur (S8). The observed seven-component fluid inclusion composition can be explained by two steps: (1) original fluid inclusion capture during deposit formation with compositions including CO2, H2S, COS, CH4, S8, and H2S2, and (2) post-entrapment fluid inclusion modification, such as diaspore and gibbsite. The presence of hydrous minerals in fluid inclusions strongly supports the idea that water was once present in the initial fluids. In the Yuanjiang deposit, petrographic evidence shows that titanite formed simultaneously with ruby, and U-Pb dating of titanite allows us to conclude that the ruby mineralization formed at 23.4 ± 0.3 Ma, in other words during the Himalayan orogeny.

ON CO2 SEQUESTRATION: CHANGES IN CO2 ENTRY PRESSURE AND ADSORPTION CAPACITY BY HEAT

Geological sequestration of CO2 requires a deep permeable geological formation where captured CO2 can be stored and an overlying impermeable caprock that prevents buoyant CO2 from leaking upward to the surface. Shale formations are good seals due to their abundancy and typically ultralow permeability. Shale's excellent sealing ability makes it a good caprock formation. The correct evaluation of the CO2 sequestration ability of shale caprocks, also referred to as sealing capacity, must be conducted under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions representative of in situ conditions. The CO2 sequestration quality of shale caprocks, sealing capacity, is usually evaluated through measurements of CO2 capillary entry pressure into shale caprocks. In this work, CO2 capillary entry pressure in different shales under a wide range of temperatures (298-428 K) is measured using an incremental pressure transmission methodology. The impact of temperature on the physicochemical and petrophysical properties of shale is addressed, and their indirect effect on CO2 capillary entry pressure is analyzed. Furthermore, the influence of temperature on interfacial tension between CO2 and shale's pore fluid and contact angle is examined. Also, the effect of temperature on CO2 sorption on clay sites is analyzed. The experimental outcome exhibited that capillary entry pressure increases steadily and appreciably for shales (A and B) up to a certain temperature (around 358.15 K), after which the behavior of capillary entry pressure of CO2 for both shales changes markedly. For shale (A), the increase in measured capillary entry pressure for temperatures above 358.15 K slows down significantly, ranging between 841 and 851 psi compared to its measured value of 835 psi at 358.15 K. As for shale (B), the reaction is completely different, where measured capillary entry pressures of CO2 for temperatures above 358.15 K decreased noticeably as measured capillary entry pressures dropped from 534 psi at 358.15 K to 473 psi at 428.15 K. Results show that temperature has a profound impact on CO2 capillary entry pressure when interacting with shales through the alteration of shale's physicochemical and petrophysical properties. Data suggests that pore throat size could be altered by heat through a phenomenon called pore dilation. It was also clearly shown that higher temperature causes higher interfacial tension, which indeed causes higher capillary entry pressures when CO2 interacts with shale. Moreover, results indicate that high temperature could energize active swelling clays and invoke a transition of inactive clays to active swelling clays. High temperature causes clay swelling and may produce hydrational and expansive stresses in shale, especially when confined, which could induce fissures and microfractures. The creation of fissures and microfractures could enhance shale's average pore radii and permeability, thus reducing the capillary entry pressure. In addition, results suggest that the adsorption capacity of CO2 on clay sites decreases with increasing temperature and that the presence of smectite clay greatly enhances the swelling potential of shale upon exposure to CO2.

Study of CO2 injection in a depleted oil reservoir using geomechanically coupled and non-coupled simulation models

This study seeks to understand CO2 injection into a depleted reservoir through multiphase fluid flow and geomechanical modeling simulations using field data. A comparison of the one-way geomechanically coupled and non-coupled models is presented. Results suggest that computed fluid pressure response and CO2 distribution in the reservoir are significantly influenced by reservoir geomechanical properties. The non-coupled model shows <50% of CO2 penetration distance and laterally shallower reservoir pressure changes compared to the coupled model after 53 days of injection. However, in the non-coupled model, CO2 concentration is significantly higher at short distances from the injection well compared to the coupled model. This reservoir behavior was attributed to the alteration in relative permeabilities caused by changes in geomechanical properties in the coupled model. Therefore, upon the availability of computing resources, one should use more computationally intensive but accurate models involving two-way-coupling. Finally, accurate determination of engineering properties and proper geological characterization is desirable for meaningful prediction models.

Modification of Li-Rich Layer-Structured Cathode Materials by Supercritical Co2 Fluid

Modification of Li-Rich Layer-Structured Cathode Materials by Supercritical Co2 Fluid

THERMOBAROGEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION AND ASSESSMENT CRITERIA OF GOLD MINERALIZATION OF THE BALKA SHYROKA DEPOSIT (MIDDLE DNIEPER REGION)

A scheme of the staging and thermobaric regime of the formation of the Balka Shyroka deposit gold mineralization (Middle Dnieper megablock of the Ukrainian Shield) was constructed, and the sequence and thermobaric intervals of ore formation were determined. Mineral paragenesises are combined into four mineral associations that form a series of mineral complexes: pre-productive magnetite-quartz, productive polysulphide, which includes two productive gold-bearing associations (arsenopyrite-pyrite-quartz with gold and gold-sulphosalt) and post-productive carbonate (quartz-calcite mineral association). Gold-producing associations were formed in a rather narrow range of temperature and pressure changes of the ore-forming environment specific to its composition and aggregate-density state. This affected the phase typomorphism of the respective families of fluid inclusions. Carbon dioxide-water inclusions with different phase ratios are common: Г—РСО2—РН2О, РСО2—Г—РН2О, РСО2—РН2О, Г—РСО2. The most optimal temperature for homogenization of gas-liquid inclusions (according to the first type) is 210-290 °С. In minerals, there are families of two-phase and one-phase CO2 fluid inclusions with wide variations in its density (from 0.65 to 0.87 g/cm3) and homogenization into the liquid phase. These typomorphic features are thermobarogeochemical search criteria and evaluation signs of gold mineralization. Equally important is the definition of the paleotemperature gradient and the spatial extrapolation of its change with depth, which makes it possible to calculate the vertical extent of mineralization, the level of its erosional section, and the depth of thinning out.

U-Pb age and ore mineralization of dike lamprophires of the Roсa Islands (Wilhelm Archipelago, West Antarctica)

The dike of lamprophyres of the Roсa Islands chemically correspond to the basic rocks of the calc-alkaline series with high magnesian #mg 0.56. They have an increased content of Y (41.6 ppm) and Yb (11.5 ppm), which indicates the absence of garnet in the magmatic source. Rare earth elements are weakly differentiated — (La/Yb)N = 3.64). A deep negative European anomaly is distinguished — Eu/Eu*=0.36, which is probably due to the fractionation of plagioclase in the crustal magmatic source. Polymetallic mineralization for copper (445 g/t), zinc (207 g/t), lead (123 g/t) and tungsten (28.7 g/t) was found. Zircon from lamprophyres is represented by two types of crystals. The first type – transparent yellowish-pink individuals with a pyramidal-prismatic habit. In terms of quantity, it dominates; the second type is the formation of a flat outline. Dimensions are usually 0.3—0.7 mm along the L4 axis. Crystals of the first type were selected for geochronological research. It was found that the lamprophyre zircon contains very little lead, and a significant part of it is the lead isotope 204Pb. For this reason, age values for uranium-lead ratios of 238U/206Pb are more reliable. It was determined that the uranium-lead age of zircon from lamprophyres is within 50—60 Ma. Primary melt inclusions and less often mineral inclusions were found in zircon crystals. The former can sometimes occupy up to 30% of the crystal volume. Among the mineral inclusions, potassium feldspar, albite and potassium-sodium feldspar, apatite, and quartz were diagnosed. One primary inclusion of CO2 fluid was detected, the remaining inclusions are represented by primary crystallized melt inclusions. Rooting of the lamprophyre dyke is probably associated with the stress stresses experienced by the granodiorite plutons as a result of later tectonic movements.

Development of a technology for obtaining a polyphenolic biologically active additive from grape pomace for a wide range of applications

The research work considers the development of a technology for processing secondary raw materials of winemaking, which, due to preliminary preparation, passes into the category of enriched high-quality environmentally friendly grape raw materials. This study is carried out with the aim of obtaining concentrated high-quality polyphenolic biologically active extracts that can be used as a functional raw biomaterial for a wide range of products: healthy/sports nutrition, medical and preventive cosmetics, alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks, and other types of special functional additives. The novelty of the development lies in the fact that at the initial stage, the enrichment of raw materials with target polyphenolic compounds is carried out using effective supercritical fluid CO2 extraction, followed by the use of the obtained AGP** extracts in the form of a finished product - a phytopreparation with inherent functional properties.