Greenhouse Effect Of CO2 Research Articles

Effects of atmospheric composition on apparent activation energy of silicate weathering: I. Model formulation

We have developed a weathering model to comprehensively understand the determining factors of the apparent activation energy of silicate weathering in order to better estimate the silicate-weathering flux in the Precambrian. The model formulates the reaction rate of a mineral as a basis, then the elemental loss by summing the reaction rates of whole minerals, and finally the weathering flux from a given weathering profile by integrating the elemental losses along the depth of the profile. The rate expressions are formulated with physicochemical parameters relevant to weathering, including solution and atmospheric compositions. The apparent activation energies of silicate weathering are then represented by the temperature dependences of the physicochemical parameters based on the rate expressions. It was found that the interactions between individual mineral-reactions and the compositions of solution and atmosphere are necessarily accompanied by those of temperature-dependence counterparts. Indeed, the model calculates the apparent activation energy of silicate weathering as a function of the temperature dependence of atmospheric CO2(ΔHCO2′). The dependence of the apparent activation energy of silicate weathering on ΔHCO2′ may explain the empirical dependence of silicate weathering on the atmospheric composition. We further introduce a compensation law between the apparent activation energy and the pre-exponential factor to obtain the relationship between the silicate-weathering flux (FCO2), temperature and the apparent activation energy. The model calculation and the compensation law enable us to predict FCO2 as a function of temperature, once ΔHCO2′ is given. The validity of the model is supported by agreements between the model prediction and observations of the apparent activation energy and FCO2 in the modern weathering systems. The present weathering model will be useful for the estimation of FCO2 in the Precambrian, for which ΔHCO2′ can be deduced from the greenhouse effect of atmospheric CO2.

Improving water-alternating-CO<SUB align="right">2 flooding of heterogeneous, low permeability oil reservoirs using ensemble optimisation algorithm

Injecting CO2 into reservoir has been proven to be not only a feasible method for improving ultimate oil recovery, but also reducing CO2 emissions and greenhouse effects. In this paper, the advantages of optimisation algorithm and numerical simulation are combined to establish mathematics model of production optimisation of water-alternate-gas (WAG) flooding. Augmented Lagrange function (ALF) and logarithm transformation (LT) are applied to convert constrained problems into unconstrained ones. The ensemble optimisation algorithm (EOA) is used to solve the latter. Then, the optimisation technology of reservoir production is formed. The optimisation technology is applied in a low permeability oil reservoir to test its feasibility of improving oil production. The results indicate that the CO2 swept efficiency, miscible region and recovery, can be effectively improved by the optimisation technology which increases the economic benefit of the reservoir.

Some Methodological Issues in Climate Science

Although the science of the greenhouse effect of atmospheric CO2 is well established, all efforts to relate this phenomenon to fossil fuel emissions has failed because of deficiencies in the methodology used in the presentation of empirical evidence. Circular reasoning is used in the IPCC carbon budget to relate atmospheric CO2 to fossil fuel emissions as a way of dealing with insurmountable measurement problems. No evidence exists to relate changes in atmospheric CO2 or the rate of warming to fossil fuel emissions because correlations presented for these relationships are spurious. The UNFCCC holds annual COP meetings and calls for reductions in fossil fuel emissions to attenuate global warming without evidence that warming is related to emissions.

Bio-inspired cofacial Fe porphyrin dimers for efficient electrocatalytic CO2 to CO conversion: Overpotential tuning by substituents at the porphyrin rings.

Efficient reduction of CO2 into useful carbon resources particularly CO is an essential reaction for developing alternate sources of fuels and for reducing the greenhouse effect of CO2. The binuclear Ni, Fe−containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODHs) efficiently catalyzes the reduction of CO2 to CO. The location of Ni and Fe at proper positions allows their cooperation for CO2 to CO conversion through a push−pull mechanism. Bio−inspired from CODHs, we used several cofacial porphyrin dimers with different substituents as suitable ligands for holding two Fe ions with suitable Fe−Fe separation distance to efficiently and selectively promote CO2 to CO conversion with high turnover frequencies, TOFs. The substituents on the porphyrin rings greatly affect the catalysis process. By introducing electron-withdrawing/-donating groups, e.g. electron-withdrawing perfluorophenyl, at all meso positions of the porphyrin rings, the catalysis overpotential, η was minimized by ≈0.3 V compared to that obtained by introducing electron-donating mesityl groups. The Fe porphyrin dimers among reported catalysts are the most efficient ones for CO2 to CO conversion. Control experiments indicate that the high performance of the current CO2 to CO conversion catalysts is due to the presence of binuclear Fe centers at suitable Fe−Fe separation distance.

How increasing CO2 leads to an increased negative greenhouse effect in Antarctica

AbstractCO2 is the strongest anthropogenic forcing agent for climate change since preindustrial times. Like other greenhouse gases, CO2 absorbs terrestrial surface radiation and causes emission from the atmosphere to space. As the surface is generally warmer than the atmosphere, the total long‐wave emission to space is commonly less than the surface emission. However, this does not hold true for the high elevated areas of central Antarctica. For this region, the emission to space is higher than the surface emission; and the greenhouse effect of CO2 is around zero or even negative, which has not been discussed so far. We investigated this in detail and show that for central Antarctica an increase in CO2 concentration leads to an increased long‐wave energy loss to space, which cools the Earth‐atmosphere system. These findings for central Antarctica are in contrast to the general warming effect of increasing CO2.

Atmospheric CO2 and Surface Temperature: A Note

Deseasonalized and detrended correlation analysis of mean monthly atmospheric CO2 concentrations and mean monthly surface temperature anomalies in the sample period 1958-2015 shows a statistically significant correlation that peaks when surface temperature lags atmospheric CO2 by four months. The correlation falls monotonically when CO2 lags temperature. The results are consistent with the theoretical two-way causal relationship between these variables. The effect of surface temperature on atmospheric CO2 appears to be stronger and it operates at a greater lag than the greenhouse effect of atmospheric CO2 on surface temperature.

Model of Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) Emission from Motorcycle to the Manufactures, Engine Displacement, Service Life and Travel Speed

By the end of 2012 the population of motorcycle reached 77.7 million units with their average composition on the road reached 82%. The number of motorcycles produce CO2 emissions which have a negative impact on global warming. Global warming occurs because the greenhouse effect of CO2 in the atmosphere absorb heat energy and obstructed the heat from the atmosphere to the higher surface.The data collected in this research is the data of motorcycles fuel consumption. The method of data processing by converting the fuel consumption data to CO2 emissions using the equation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) AMS-III Methology. The purpose of this research is to create models of CO2 emissions on a motorcycle against several influential independent variables such as manufacture, service life, engine displacement (cc) and travel speed. Method analysis using correlation and regression analysis.Based on the regression analysis, the best combination that produces the lowest value of CO2 is a motorcycle with a combination of manufacture number 2, 5 years service life, engine displacement of 111-149 cc and travel speed of 60 km/h. Whereas from the the correlations analysis obtained the motorcycle of manufacture number 2 able to decrease up to 15% CO2 and motorcycles with engine displacement of 111-149 cc is able to reduce CO2 emission from 17% to 43%. While the service life of one year to six years resulting CO2 emissions which relatively similar with only difference of 15%. Furthermore, the travel speed of 60 km/h able to reduce CO2 emissions by up to 62%.

Potential evaluation of CO2 EOR and sequestration in Yanchang oilfield

CO2 storage in oil reservoirs is not only an effective method for reducing CO2 emissions and greenhouse effect, but also a superior choice by enhancing oil recovery economically. This option, which lowers CO2 sequestration cost by recovering incremental oil, is particularly attractive in mature oil fields, such as Yanchang oilfield in China where many oil pools are near depletion and where most of the needed infrastructure is already in place. Using screening criterion, MMP determination and capacity evaluation methods, the feasibility of CO2 flooding, potential CO2 EOR and CO2 storage capacity of twenty-seven reservoirs in Yanchang Oilfield were evaluated. Results show that of all the 27 reservoirs only 8 are suitable for implementing CO2 EOR and sequestration project with average CO2 storage coefficient of 0.185, demonstrated the CO2.sequestration potential in Yanchang oilfield is very limited.

Comparison of different methods for determining key parameters affecting CO2 storage capacity in oil reservoirs

Storing CO2 in oil reservoirs is not only an effective method for reducing CO2 emissions and greenhouse effects, but also a means to be more economical by enhancing oil recovery. The evaluation of CO2 storage capacity in oil reservoirs which is very important for the implementation of CO2 storage includes the evaluation of theoretical, effective, practical and matched storage capacities. Based on the volumetric balance theory, considering CO2 dissolved in remaining oil and water, sweep efficiency and displacement efficiency, this paper utilizes three methods to calculate theoretical and effective CO2 storage capacity in oil reservoirs, in which CO2 volumetric sweep efficiency, oil recovery factor and sequestration factor are key parameters. This work presents a reservoir numerical simulation method, an empirical formula method, and a stepwise regression method. The feasibility, superiority and limitations of the methods for calculating these three key parameters and storage capacities – including theoretical and actual CO2 storage capacities – were analyzed through simulated applications in three reservoirs of the Xinjiang Oilfield of China. The results indicated that the assessment results of stepwise regression has a high level of accuracy, and that this oilfield can provide a large storage capacity and is thereby worthy of further study.

Spatio-Temporal Data Fusion for Very Large Remote Sensing Datasets

Developing global maps of carbon dioxide (CO2) mole fraction (in units of parts per million) near the Earth’s surface can help identify locations where major amounts of CO2 are entering and exiting the atmosphere, thus providing valuable insights into the carbon cycle and mitigating the greenhouse effect of atmospheric CO2. Existing satellite remote sensing data do not provide measurements of the CO2 mole fraction near the surface. Japan’s Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) is sensitive to average CO2 over the entire column, and NASA’s Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) is sensitive to CO2 in the middle troposphere. One might expect that lower-atmospheric CO2 could be inferred by differencing GOSAT column-average and AIRS mid-tropospheric data. However, the two instruments have different footprints, measurement-error characteristics, and data coverages. In addition, the spatio-temporal domains are large, and the AIRS dataset is massive. In this article, we describe a spatio-temporal data-fusion (STDF) methodology based on reduced-dimensional Kalman smoothing. Our STDF is able to combine the complementary GOSAT and AIRS datasets to optimally estimate lower-atmospheric CO2 mole fraction over the whole globe. Further, it is designed for massive remote sensing datasets and accounts for differences in instrument footprint, measurement-error characteristics, and data coverages. This article has supplementary material online.

Thermal evolution of an early magma ocean in interaction with the atmosphere: conditions for the condensation of a water ocean

The thermal evolution of magma oceans produced by collision with giant impactors late in accretion is xpected to depend on the composition and structure of the atmosphere through the greenhouse effect of CO2 and H2O released from the magma during its crystallization. We developed a 1D parameterized convection model of a magma ocean coupled with a 1D radiative convective model of the atmosphere. We conducted a parametric study and described the influences of some important parameters such as the Sun-planet distance. Our results suggest that a steam atmosphere delays the end of the magma ocean phase by typically 1 Myr. Water vapor condenses to an ocean after 0.1 Myr, 1.5 Myr and 10 Myr for, respectively, Mars, Earth and Venus. This time would be virtually infinite for an Earth-sized planet located at less than 0.66 AU from the Sun. So there are conditions such as no water ocean is formed on Venus. Moreover, for Mars and Earth, water ocean formation time scales are shorter than typical time gaps between major impacts. This implies that successive water oceans may have developed during accretion, making easier the loss of their atmospheres by impact erosion.

Thermal evolution of an early magma ocean in interaction with the atmosphere

The thermal evolution of magma oceans produced by collision with giant impactors late in accretion is expected to depend on the composition and structure of the atmosphere through the greenhouse effect of CO2and H2O released from the magma during its crystallization. In order to constrain the various cooling timescales of the system, we developed a 1‐D parameterized convection model of a magma ocean coupled with a 1‐D radiative‐convective model of the atmosphere. We conducted a parametric study and described the influences of the initial volatile inventories, the initial depth of the magma ocean, and the Sun‐planet distance. Our results suggest that a steam atmosphere delays the end of the magma ocean phase by typically 1 Myr. Water vapor condenses to an ocean after 0.1, 1.5, and 10 Myr for, respectively, Mars, Earth, and Venus. This time would be virtually infinite for an Earth‐sized planet located at less than 0.66 AU from the Sun. Using a more accurate calculation of opacities, we show that Venus is much closer to this threshold distance than in previous models. So there are conditions such as no water ocean is formed on Venus. Moreover, for Mars and Earth, water ocean formation timescales are shorter than typical time gaps between major impacts. This implies that successive water oceans may have developed during accretion, making easier the loss of their atmospheres by impact erosion. On the other hand, Venus could have remained in the magma ocean stage for most of its accretion.

Checking numbers on CO2 forcing

Although I am no more a climate scientist than Robert Adair is, when I saw his letter (Physics Today, March 2012, page 8) nearly dismissing carbon dioxide’s role in global warming, I couldn’t help checking his numbers. Because of what I was taught as an astronomer who once studied planetary physics, I was struck by his paragraph comparing Earth’s surface mean energy transfer of 492 W/m2 to the present CO2 forcing of “only” 1.6 W/m2. What’s relevant, of course, is solely the effect of the differential heating represented by the extra 1.6 W/m2, not at all whether there is a much larger total number to compare it with. That comparison seems to be a misleading justification for Adair’s claim that “CO2 forcing leads directly to only a fraction of the 0.8 °C global temperature increase in the past century.”Just assume that the extra 1.6 W is distributed throughout a column of water a square meter in cross section and a mile deep (and that may overestimate the relevant Earth-average surface thermal inertia). You’ll find that the heating exceeds 0.7 °C per century, in nice agreement with the conclusions of “radical” climate scientists about the CO2 greenhouse effect.© 2012 American Institute of Physics.

CO2浓度和温度升高对噬藻体PP增殖的联合作用

Atmospheric CO2 has increased by 25% in the past 200 years and its concentration is predicted to double by 2100.Much of the research effort into the impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on algae has focused on marine algae and very little work has been conducted using freshwater algae or freshwater algal viruses.Furthermore,little is known about the combined impacts of future CO2 and temperature increases on the infectivity of algal viruses,although the two impacts are closely connected.In this study,Plectonema boryanum IU597 was grown under four different conditions:(1) 25°C+400μmol/mol CO2(control);(2) 29°C+400μmol/mol CO2(elevated temperature);(3) 25°C+800μmol/mol CO2(elevated CO2);(4) 29°C+800μmol/mol CO2(greenhouse effect).The cultures were incubated for one week,one month or three months before analysis.After incubation,the biomass of each culture was measured by the Chl a labeling method and by direct counting of cell numbers.The cell size was determined by microscopy measuring,the adsorption rate of cyanophage PP was determined using the centrifugation method,and the burst size and lytic cycle were affirmed by measuring the one-step growth curve.Results indicated that different culture conditions had no significant influence on the cell size of P.boryanum.However both the elevated CO2 and the greenhouse effect conditions could significantly promote the cell number and total Chl a concentration of P.boryanum.The elevated CO2 condition also decreased the Chl a content per cell by 31.35%—42.42% compared with the control condition.The latent period of cyanophage PP was about 260 minutes under control condition,while under the elevated CO2,elevated temperature,and greenhouse effect conditions,the time was brought forward to 200,170—200,and 140 minutes,respectively.The lytic cycle of cyanophage PP was about 380 minutes under the control condition,while in the elevated CO2,elevated temperature,and greenhouse effect conditions,the time was brought forward to 320—380,320,and 260—320 minutes,respectively.This indicated that elevated temperature and elevated CO2 conditions had a synergistic effect on the latent period and lytic cycle of cyanophage PP.The first hour′s adsorption rate of cyanophage PP was an average of 2.7% in the control condition,while under the elevated CO2,elevated temperature,and greenhouse effect conditions,adsorption rates were an average of 1.7%,4.8%,and 7.3%,respectively.This indicates that the elevated temperature and elevated CO2 conditions had a synergistic effect on absorption rates of cyanophage PP.The burst size of cyanophage PP was an average of 32 PFU/cell in the control condition,while in the elevated CO2,elevated temperature,and greenhouse effect conditions,the average burst size was 24,51,and 32 PFU/cell,respectively.This indicates that the combined effect of elevated temperature and elevated CO2 on burst size of cyanophage PP could be counteracted.These results not only suggest that the infectivity of cyanophage PP could be significantly promoted under the greenhouse effect conditions,but also imply that the combined effect of elevated CO2 and elevated temperature on the infectivity of algal viruses was complex and caution is needed when studying the overall responses of freshwater virus-mediated processes to global change.

MD179調査より得られた日本海東縁域海底表層堆積土の物理・力学的性質

Gas hydrates are attracting attention as a next-generation energy source. On the other hands, Methane gas contained in the natural gas hydrates has approximately 20 times the greenhouse effect of CO2. There are concerns that dissociation of methane gas from the gas hydrates distributed in submarine surface layers (shallow type gas hydrates) by rising ocean temperatures or by vaporization at recovery of the hydrates for energy may contribute to global warming, which in turn may raise the sea level and causing climatic instability. In addition, many gas-hydrate-bearing areas are distributed near the boundaries of tectonic plates, as shown in the figure. Gas hydrates in the surface layer of seafloor may dissociate when seismic activities cause seafloor landslides that in turn cause gas hydrate-bearing layers to fail. There have been concerns over the environmental effects of shallow type gas hydrates, but surveys for shallow type hydrates have been few.The purpose of this study is to understand the soil properties of the sea-bottom sediment obtained from the Eastern Margin of Japan Sea. The samples were collected from 5 regions (Umitaka Spur, Joetsu Ridge, Toyama Trough, West of Tsugaru and west of Okushiri Ridge), and the physical (soil density and water content) and mechanical (cone penetration ratio and vane shear strength) tests were performed by on-board used for the sea-bottom sediments.From the test results, it is found that the physical properties of the sediment samples obtained in these areas have no marked difference regardless of the locations or depth of sampling. However, the soil strength of sea-bottom sediments obtained gas hydrates was lower than those of other sediments. It would seem that this is because the effect of methane hydrates dissociation and vaporization of dissolved gas in the pore water at sampling.

A fishy tale: A missing part of the inorganic ocean carbon cycle

Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, are playing an important role in the rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Earth's atmosphere1. The oceans may store a large portion of CO2 that we are releasing into the atmosphere, with up to 40% already taken up by the oceans. Although this absorption helps to offset some of the greenhouse effect of atmospheric CO2, it also contributes to ocean acidification, or a fall in the pH of sea water. The historical global mean pH of oceanic sea water is about 8.2, and this has already declined by 0.1 pH units (a 30% increase in H+ concentration) and is predicted to reach pH ~7.7 by the end of the century if current rates of fossil fuel use continue, leading to an atmospheric CO2 level of 800 p.p.m.1,2. Even this extreme potential fall in pH would still leave seawater above the neutral point (pH 7.0), so technically it is more accurate to say that the ocean is becoming less alkaline, rather than truly acidic (i.e. below pH 7.0). However, the magnitude is perhaps less important than the speed of pH change which is occurring faster than at any time during the previous 20 million years. Over this time, the average ocean pH has probably never fallen below pH 8.02,3. It is only during the last decade that the importance of ocean acidification has come to the forefront of concerns for scientists1,2. Consequences of these changes in global CO2 production are predicted to include elevated global temperatures, rising sea levels, more unpredictable and extreme weather patterns, and shifts in ecosystems1. In order to more fully understand the implications of ocean acidification, teams of researchers, including fisheries scientists, physiologists, geologists, oceanographers, chemists and climate modellers, are working to refine current understanding of the ocean carbon cycle.

REPLY TO "COMMENT ON 'FALSIFICATION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CO2GREENHOUSE EFFECTS WITHIN THE FRAME OF PHYSICS' BY JOSHUA B. HALPERN, CHRISTOPHER M. COLOSE, CHRIS HO-STUART, JOEL D. SHORE, ARTHUR P. SMITH, JÖRG ZIMMERMANN"

It is shown that the notorious claim by Halpern et al. recently repeated in their comment that the method, logic, and conclusions of our "Falsification Of The CO2Greenhouse Effects Within The Frame Of Physics" would be in error has no foundation. Since Halpern et al. communicate our arguments incorrectly, their comment is scientifically vacuous. In particular, it is not true that we are "trying to apply the Clausius statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics to only one side of a heat transfer process rather than the entire process" and that we are "systematically ignoring most non-radiative heat flows applicable to Earth's surface and atmosphere". Rather, our falsification paper discusses the violation of fundamental physical and mathematical principles in 14 examples of common pseudo-derivations of fictitious greenhouse effects that are all based on simplistic pictures of radiative transfer and their obscure relation to thermodynamics, including but not limited to those descriptions (a) that define a "Perpetuum Mobile Of The 2nd Kind", (b) that rely on incorrectly calculated averages of global temperatures, (c) that refer to incorrectly normalized spectra of electromagnetic radiation. Halpern et al. completely missed an exceptional chance to formulate a scientifically well-founded antithesis. They do not even define a greenhouse effect that they wish to defend. We take the opportunity to clarify some misunderstandings, which are communicated in the current discussion on the non-measurable, i.e., physically non-existing influence of the trace gas CO2on the climates of the Earth.

Main methods for decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases formed in the production and processing of fossil fuels

The quantitative characteristics of methods proposed for decreasing the greenhouse effect of CO2, CH4, and NOx formed in the production and combustion of solid, liquid, and gas fuels are compared: change from the combustion of one type of fuel to another; the pumping of CO2 into aquatic environments, underground voids and lakes, and coal and gas-bearing (oil-bearing) beds; the chemisorption of CO2 by rocks; the combustion and utilization of coalmine and associated methane; and photosynthesis. Parameters were proposed for evaluating the relative efficiency of well-known methods for decreasing the anthropogenic green-house effect of these gases.

What is the Origin of the Wrong Perception that the Global Warming is Caused by the Ultraviolet Light Coming through the Ozone Hole?

Many students have a misconception that the ozone layer depletion causes the global warming by allowing more sun light to reach the earth through the hole. Media and literatures often introduce the global warming and the ozone depletion together as a representative environmental issue, and we believe this can cause students to believe that there is a causality relation between them. Also many students confuse that the green house effect of CO2 is the reason for the global warming. Our survey suggested that the neglect of the nature of science in science education was the reason.

Cement plant gaseous pollutant emission reduction technologies

A brief description of SOX, NOX and CO2 formation is presented, these being the main pollutants emitted in the cement industry gas stream Several technologies for reducing NOX, SOX and CO2 emissions in long wet kilns are introduced: primary measures preventing contaminant formation and secondary/tube end emission reduction measures. Strategies for preventing CO2 (greenhouse effect gas) formation are also addressed, such as fuel and raw material substitution and CO2 capture technologies which are still being developed.