Volume Of CO2 Emissions Research Articles

Analysis of garbage volume and the amount of CO2 emission based on the consumption expenditures of households considering fuzzy group

In this study, the total volume of garbage per year is estimated by the possibilistic regression analysis using the consumption expenditures of households as the independent variables. At the same time, the fuzzy quantification theory I is used to estimate which expenditures affect the total volume of CO2 emissions due to garbage. In Nagano city, the garbage collection system have changed over the years. Therefore, numeric value between 0 and 1 were assigned to the garbage collection systems and used as the fuzzy measure. The fuzzy partial correlation coefficients between the total amount of CO2 emissions and expenditures show that the groups of goods such as vegetables or confectioneries affect the amount of CO2 emissions, while household goods such as furniture do not have much of an effect.

抄紙工程でのインバーター導入による省エネルギー

Mitsubishi Paper Mills have been paying an extensive effort to reduce the burden to the environment respecting its own Environmental Charter instituted in 1993. Mitsubishi Paper Mills' Target for the reduction of CO2 emission is to achieve the 20% reduction from the emission volume in 1999 until 2005. As the CO2 emission volume of Hachinohe Mill constitute 70% of the total emission by Mitsubishi Paper Mills, reduction of CO2 emission in Hachinohe Mill is of the highest priority.Aiming the continuous reduction of energy consumption, Hachinohe Mill started the investment for the “Measures to reduce purchase energy per unit production” in year 2000.This paper reports the results of our first step investment to reduce about 1, 000 kW electricity consumption mainly by an introduction of 80 units inverters to the papermaking process.Results of the introduction of the generator using the steam from the accumulator of digester as the second step investment and the other activity regarding the energy saving are also reported.

Gas exchange in wind spiders (Arachnida, Solphugidae): Independent evolution of convergent control strategies in solphugids and insects

Solphugids are aberrant, archaic, tracheate arachnids that diverged from the other arthropod clades hundreds of millions of years ago. Their tracheal system is completely independently derived from that of insects. We investigated the dynamic gas exchange characteristics of two solphugid species (Eremorhax titania and Eremobates sp.) from the Mojave Desert (Zzyzx, California). The solphugids utilized a discontinuous gas exchange cycle (DGC) almost identical to that of insects, comprising a closed-spiracle or C phase followed by a largely, or entirely, diffusive phase characterized by tissue-level O2 uptake but very low CO2 emission (functionally equivalent to the insect fluttering-spiracle or F phase) and finally an open-spiracle or O phase during which accumulated CO2 escaped. O phase CO2 emission volume was independent of temperature and metabolic rate (MR), comprising 20 μl g−1 body mass. DGC frequency increased with body temperature (and thus MR), and decreased with body mass, as predicted by the solphugids' sub-unity mass scaling exponent of MR on body mass. The two species did not differ significantly in any of the above relations. Both direct and indirect evidence suggest that the F phase hypoxic initiation and hypercapnic termination triggers are very similar in solphugids and insects. Highly convergent gas exchange strategies, together with associated control systems, have therefore evolved in two otherwise spectacularly divergent arthropod taxa.

Ventilation in Namib Desert Tenebrionid Beetles: Mass Scaling and Evidence of a Novel Quantized Flutter-Phase

The mass scaling of discontinuous ventilation (DV) phenomena in adult motionless insects is currently unknown. I present DV phenomena from 10 species of Namib Desert tenebrionid beetles; four from the dune-sea habitat, five from the river-bed habitat and one from the gravel plain habitat, which is characterized by very low and patchy resource availability. This species differed from the others in many respects. However, all species exhibited a previously undescribed, convective and quantized F phase ventilation (ISP, or intermittent serial pulsation, phase). For dune-sea and river-bed habitat species, all DV characteristics except DV frequency (V phase CO2 emission volume and rate, total and per-burst ISP phase CO2 emission volume, and total rate) scaled tightly with body mass with a scaling exponent close to 1.0 (typical r2>0.95-0.98), as did overall rate of CO2 production and hence metabolic rate (MR). Consequently these parameters were independent of body mass when expressed on a mass-specific basis, explaining the independence of body mass and DV frequency. These findings are compatible with published DV data in other species and orders of insects, suggesting that these scaling phenomena may be widespread. The gravel plain species (Epiphysa arenicola) had an MR of 38%, V phase CO2 volume of 41% and V phase CO2 emission rate of 23% of those predicted on the basis of its body mass, and it emitted a greater proportion of CO2 during its ISP phase (47% vs 24% of total CO2 output per DV cycle in the other species). It is suggested that these discrepancies are respiratory and ventilatory adaptations to scarce and patchy energy and water availability.