CO2 Emission Reduction Costs Research Articles

Comprehensive thermodynamic and economic analysis of an LNG cold energy recovery system using organic Rankine cycle and freezing-centrifugal desalination for power and water cogeneration

In this study, the LNG cold energy recovery combined with a freezing-centrifugal desalination system is proposed. The thermodynamic and economic analysis is also carried out of the proposed system. To verify the results of sea ice centrifugation process, experimental analysis of sea ice centrifugal desalination is presented based on different types of sea ice: slurry and solid, which are prepared by the method of suspension crystallization method and progressive freezing method, respectively. The experimental outcomes demonstrated that higher rotation speeds and longer centrifugal times enhanced the desalination rate but resulted in decreased freshwater yield in both slurry and solid ice. For the slurry sea ice, achieving a rotation speed of 5000 rpm and a centrifugal time exceeding 3.0 min resulted in melted water with a salinity level below 0.05%, satisfying the standards of drinking water. Moreover, the unit product cost, payback period, and unit cost of CO2 emission reduction for the proposed system are 0.49 $/t, 3.25 years and 18.92 kg/$, respectively. While the unit product cost, payback period, and unit cost of CO2 emission reduction for the conventional system are about 0.84 $/t, 4.80 years, and 15.66 kg/$, respectively. Hence, the proposed system shows higher economic and environmental performance.

Marginal Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction Cost and Influencing Factors in Chinese Industry Based on Bayes Bootstrap

Accurate measurement of the shadow price of carbon dioxide (CO2) is fundamental to the scientific assessment of the carbon emission reduction cost and the formulation and execution of China’s carbon emission mitigation policies. Underpinned by the directional distance function, this research uses a parametric linear programming method and a Bayes bootstrap estimation method to estimate the marginal CO2 emission reduction cost of the industrial sector in China and to quantify the related influencing factors. The results revealed that the marginal reduction cost of industrial CO2 is CNY 4565/ton. The marginal reduction cost of CO2 varies by industry, with the textile industry being the highest and the petroleum, coking and nuclear fuel processing industries the lowest. Meanwhile, an increasing number of industries are shifting to cleaner production. Furthermore, the marginal reduction cost of industrial CO2 has an “inverted U-shaped” relation with carbon intensity. Carbon emission reduction can be accomplished effectively if the carbon intensity is kept below the threshold value of 0.41 tons/CNY 10,000.

Research on technical route and economic calculation of solar assisted carbon capture system

This paper takes a 600MW supercritical unit as the research object, and studies the technical route and economic situation of solar photothermal system as the heat source of reboiler of carbon capture system. Taking Monoethanolamine (MEA) as the research object to analyse its desorption energy consumption characteristics, the calculation results show that the carbon capture and regeneration energy consumption of the system is 3.90Gj/t CO2, calculated by the CO2 absorption rate of 85%. Three technical routes of solar assisted carbon capture systems are proposed, and the main thermal economic indexes of the two methods, such as unit coal consumption and thermal efficiency, using the fifth stage extraction steam as an independent heat source and cooperating with the solar photothermal system, are calculated and compared respectively. Based on this, the influence of investment cost and collector area on CO2 emission reduction cost and coal consumption is analysed. The results show that after adding the solar thermal system, the coal consumption of the unit is reduced by 2.5g/(kw) compared with the pure steam extraction heating unit and the thermal efficiency is increased by 0.9%. The CO2 emission reduction cost has a positive correlation trend with the investment cost, and the unit coal consumption has a negative correlation trend with the increase of the collector area.

Scenario assessment of introducing carbon utilization and carbon removal technologies considering future technological transition based on renewable energy and direct air capture

Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies have the potential to significantly contribute to GHG reduction. Numerous studies have evaluated the CO2 reduction effects and economics of CCUs and CDRs; however, uncertainties in these evaluations due to various regional characterizations and future technological transitions are of high importance. In this study, four synthetic fuels (fuels produced from captured CO2 and H2), methanol, methane, gasoline, and diesel, were evaluated by life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic assessment (TEA). Five representative countries with different regional characteristics were selected for the study. A bottom-up integrated LCA/TEA approach was used, involving detailed process simulations to avoid uncertainties and to evaluate future technological transitions based on direct air capture (DAC) and renewable energy. The overarching objective of this study was to provide a transparent framework with a common dataset generation methodology to determine the countries that have the advantages/disadvantages in synthetic fuel production and sale, considering the local operational parameters and large-scale introduction of DAC/renewable energy. Such multiple synthetic fuel analyses across various jurisdictions have not been conducted in previous studies. The results showed that the highest and lowest CO2 reductions were achieved by diesel (average 6.33 kg-CO2·kg−1) and methanol (average 3.43 kg-CO2·kg−1), respectively, whereas the highest and lowest product costs were of gasoline (average 2.96 USD·kg−1) and methanol (average 0.82 USD·kg−1), respectively. The technological transition using DAC and renewable energy showed average CO2 emission reductions of 47% (methanol), 99% (methane), 545% (gasoline), and 621% (diesel). Moreover, in the future, the lowest CO2 emission reduction costs are expected in Germany for methanol and diesel, Australia for methane, and Canada for gasoline. These findings can contribute to improving international collaboration to promote CCU and CDR technologies.

Calculating heavy-duty vehicle CO2 emission reduction costs for Green Deal scenarios: Extension of the DIONE model

The transport sector is one of the highest greenhouse gas emitters in the EU. The JRC's DIONE model calculates the costs for road transport CO2 emission reduction, based on functions associating vehicle emission reduction with their costs (cost curves). This paper describes the development of cost curves for a wide range of additional powertrains and classes of trucks, busses and coaches, and trailers. The model extension is a basis for analyzing the socio-economic impacts of reducing CO2 emissions from heavy-duty vehicles.

Adopting Carbon Pricing Tools at the Local Level: A City Case Study in Portugal

Debates on carbon costs and carbon pricing to accelerate the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are emerging as cities develop local policies and programs to achieve carbon neutrality. This paper focuses on how cities formulate economic instruments and adopt carbon pricing experiments to support their climate objectives. Extensive literature is available on science-policymaking interface Integrated Assessment Models (IAM) and on the two mainstream approaches of carbon cost formulation—Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) and Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC). Although, the literature on how governments develop climate policy instruments, particularly towards a local carbon cost, is recent. We start by reviewing these essential concepts and tools for carbon cost formulation. We then critically review a set of local carbon pricing experiments, totaling fourteen international cities, and confirm a great demand for scientifically robust, verifiable, and transferable carbon cost methodologies at the local level. We thus propose an approach to assess the short-term technology cost of CO2 emission reduction in the mobility sector in Matosinhos municipality, Portugal. Our approach shows that a carbon cost methodology at the local level with robust, verifiable, and transferable results is possible. We advocate for a methodological advance to estimate versatile CO2 prices suitable for local conditions.

Method for rapid mineralization of CO2 with carbide slag in the constant-pressure and continuous-feed way and its reaction heat

Grouting filling materials into a goaf is a necessary step for goaf disaster prevention and control. This study is aimed at developing a process and method of rapid and low-cost CO2 mineralization with alkaline waste. The effects of various factors, including stirring speed, pressure, solid-liquid ratio and slurry entry speed, on mineralization degree and reaction heat extraction during the mineralization process in the constant-pressure and continuous-feed way were investigated through experiments and numerical simulations. Besides, costs in the whole mineralization process were analyzed. The following conclusions were drawn: The mineralization degree exceeds 80% in the constant-pressure and continuous-feed way, and the CO2 sequestration capacity of carbide slag reaches 0.47 g/g. In addition, the equation of the cost of CO2 emission reduction was established. This study offers a novel and low-cost carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology route that can accelerate the realization of peak CO2 emissions and carbon neutrality.

On the feasibility of cropland and forest area expansions required to achieve long-term temperature targets

Biomass-based negative emission technologies (NETs) such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and afforestation/reforestation (AR) are regarded as important options to achieve the 2 °C and 1.5 °C targets stipulated in the Paris agreement, but the feasibility of their large-scale deployments remains very uncertain. This study focused on the speed of expansions of land-use area related to the biomass-based NETs and assessed the feasibility of climate change mitigation scenarios to achieve the temperature targets. Our model analysis shows that expansions at unprecedented speeds are required for total cropland area (including energy cropland) in Sub-Saharan Africa and for planted forest area for carbon sink in many regions in the next decades, under the assumption of global least-cost measures for CO2 emission reduction. On the other hand, when the speed of the land-use expansions is limited as observed in the real world, the CO2 emission reduction costs become unrealistically high around the middle of this century, particularly in scenarios for the 1.5 °C target; relatively low-cost measures such as BECCS in Sub-Saharan Africa and AR in many regions are limited in deployment due to the limited speed of the land-use expansion, and yet energy systems must be transformed to nearly net-zero/negative CO2 emissions for the 2 °C/1.5 °C target, which necessitates using other mitigation technologies of much higher costs. These results may cause concern over the feasibility of achieving the temperature targets, especially for the 1.5 °C target, and point to technical and scenario design aspects that will need further research for biomass-based NETs and their allowable expansion speed.

Five-year technology selection optimization to achieve specific CO2 emission reduction targets

Long-term planning for replacement of fossil fuel energy technologies with renewables is of great importance for achieving GHG emission reduction targets. The current study is focused on developing a five-year mathematical model for finding the optimal sizing of renewable energy technologies for achieving certain CO2 emission reduction targets. A manufacturing industrial facility which uses CHP for electricity generation and natural gas for heating is considered as the base case in this work. Different renewable energy technologies are developed each year to achieve a 4.53% annual CO2 emission reduction target. The results of this study show that wind power is the most cost-effective technology for reducing emissions in the first and second year with a cost of 44 and 69 CAD per tonne of CO2, respectively. Hydrogen, on the other hand, is more cost-effective than wind power in reducing CO2 emissions from the third year on. The cost of CO2 emission reduction with hydrogen doesn't change drastically from the first year to the fifth year (107 and 130 CAD per tonne of CO2). Solar power is a more expensive technology than wind power for reducing CO2 emissions in all years due to lower capacity factor (in Ontario), more intermittency (requiring mores storage capacity), and higher investment cost. A hybrid wind/battery/hydrogen energy system has the lowest emission reduction cost over five years. The emission reduction cost of such hybrid system increases from 44 CAD per tonne of CO2 in the first year to 156 CAD per tonne of CO2 in the fifth year. The developed model can be used for long-term planning of energy systems for achieving GHG emission targets in a regions/country which has fossil fuel-based electricity and heat generation infrastructure.

Learning rates and cost reduction potential of indirect coal-to-liquid technology coupled with CO2 capture

Coal-to-liquids (CTL) and CO2 capture and storage (CCS) have attracted increasing attention in energy supply systems, but few empirical studies and industrial data are available regarding the learning rates and future cost curves. In this study, methods and equations for estimating the learning rates of indirect CTL technology coupled CO2 capture (CC) were introduced. Thermal efficiency was considered as the system efficiency and CO2 emission were obtained from Aspen Plus simulation. Economic parameters were estimated using a cost estimation model. The results showed that when the cumulative production of oil reaches 100 million tons, the oil cost for FT with CC may decrease by 5.9%–21.2%, whereas that for FT without CC may decrease by 6.3%–22.4%. CO2 emission reduction costs may decrease by approximately 8.9%–32.3%. FT with CC technology may not be economical compared with FT without CC for some time. The price of CO2 emissions in national ETS might be not enough to stimulate companies to adopt CCS. We also discussed the effects of the technological maturity and the overall performance improvements. Improvement of technological R&D was needed in some key technologies such as coal gasification and FT synthesis, as well as industrial demonstrations.

Economic research relating to a 200 MWe oxy‐fuel combustion power plant

AbstractOxy‐fuel combustion is one of the most promising technologies for large‐scale CO2 capture and storage in power plants. This flexible technology can be used in new power plants and in existing plant retrofits, with no technological barriers to its implementation. In this paper, economic research was conducted into a 200 MW power plant using oxy‐fuel combustion. The paper has important implications for the large‐scale application of oxy‐fuel combustion. Different combustion modes (conventional combustion, and oxy‐fuel combustion including dry and wet recycling) were considered. Several factors were taken into account, including the operation parameters of equipment and the parameters of the flue gas. The dynamic investment cost, the annual cost, the non‐taxable electricity price, energy consumption, and other data were obtained. It was concluded that, with a CO2 capture efficiency of 90%, the CO2 emission reduction cost of 200 MW under an oxy‐fuel combustion system is about 413 yuan/t. This research can provide accurate cost information for specific projects, and provide economic and cost references for other oxy‐fuel combustion projects. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Bioenergy futures in Sweden – Modeling integration scenarios for biofuel production

Use of bioenergy can contribute to greenhouse gas emission reductions and increased energy security. However, even though biomass is a renewable resource, the potential is limited, and efficient use of available biomass resources will become increasingly important. This paper aims to explore system interactions related to future bioenergy utilization and cost-efficient bioenergy technology choices under stringent CO2 constraints. In particular, the study investigates system effects linked to integration of advanced biofuel production with district heating and industry under different developments in the electricity sector and biomass supply system. The study is based on analysis with the MARKAL_Sweden model, which is a bottom-up, cost-optimization model covering the Swedish energy system. A time horizon to 2050 is applied. The results suggest that system integration of biofuel production has noteworthy effects on the overall system level, improves system cost-efficiency and influences parameters such as biomass price, marginal CO2 emission reduction costs and cost-efficient biofuel choices in the transport sector. In the long run and under stringent CO2 constraints, system integration of biofuel production has, however, low impact on total bioenergy use, which is largely decided by supply-related constraints, and on total transport biofuel use, which to large extent is driven by demand.

Abatement cost analysis in CO2 emission reduction costs regarding the supply-side policies for the Taiwan power sector

Because Taiwan is an island nation, it is difficult to obtain energy from external power suppliers; therefore, advance planning and scheduling of power development is crucial. This study uses a multi-objective planning method to minimize the cost of power generation and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by decreasing the dual objective of building the power supply scheduling model and the target year. This is conducted according to simulations of future carbon emission reduction policies for the scheduling of power supply situations. The results show that nuclear units will be able to reduce the power generation electricity costs and carbon dioxide emissions effectively; renewable energy has excellent potential to reduce emissions, and the cost of solar power technology with high fossil fuel prices will gradually enhance its cost competitiveness. Gas, although the cleanest fossil fuel, cannot be underestimated for its carbon dioxide emissions. As fossil fuel prices increase, gas will gradually experience a reduction in carbon reduction benefits; integrated gasification combined cycle with carbon capture and storage technology will replace part of the oil and gas power generation, and in addition to the reduction of carbon dioxide and costs, will achieve the goal.

Using a system dynamics model to assess the effects of capital subsidies and feed-in tariffs on solar PV installations

To achieve national CO2 emission reduction targets, the Taiwanese government is planning to adopt policies, such as feed-in tariffs (FITs) and capital subsidies, in order to attract the public as well as companies to invest in and use solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, a huge budget is necessary for the government to implement such policies. Therefore, it is important that it fully recognizes which policy, or combination of policies, promoting solar PV applications has the greatest economic benefit. This study uses the system dynamics approach to develop a simulation for assessing these promotion policies. Using this simulation system, policymakers can carry out cost/benefit analyses for different combinations of promotion policies, CO2 emission reduction goals, and budget limitations. In addition, the simulation scenarios include different FIT prices, subsidies, and upper limits of annual ROI (return of investment). The simulation period is from 2011 to 2030. We find that when adopting only FITs or capital subsidies with a fixed upper limit of ROI, increasing the FIT price or subsidy is a good approach. When the upper limit of ROI is fixed, the effect of different combinations of FIT prices and subsidies on the accumulation of solar PV applications is insignificant. Nevertheless, the promotion policy with the higher subsidy and lower initial FIT price has a lower average cost of CO2 emission reduction.

中国・インド諸地域を対象とした先進発電技術導入のエネルギーチェーン多層評価

Objective. In order to evaluate environmental loads, we studied the effects on energy efficiency and CO2, SO2 emissions in each advanced thermal power generation technologies in China and India using the energy chain life cycle assessment (LCA) model. Integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC), ultra super critical power plant (USC) and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) were chosen as new power generation technologies.Results and Discussion. NGCC with a natural gas pipeline for transport is most effective in reducing CO2, SO2 emissions. Advanced coal-fired technologies are advantageous in lowering the fueling cost. IGCC and USC are desirable for Shanxi which is the coal producing region. The cost of CO2 emission reduction that will be generated by NGCC amounts 102 USD/t-CO2 in Shanghai province, which is lower than the comparable cost of 492 USD/t-CO2 for the case of IGCC with coal transportation by truck.Conclusions. NGCC with pipeline transportation has a higher energy profit ratio (EPR), and NGCC with a natural gas pipeline for transport is most effective in reducing CO2 emission. From the results obtained by evaluating the energy cost, it was found that IGCC and USC are advantageous in lowering the fueling cost of coal. Meanwhile, the energy cost in natural gas-fired power generation depends on the fuel transport method. The fuel transport cost is high when LNG trucks are used over long distance: hence, developing natural gas pipelines would be most important.

CO 2-emission reduction costs for petroleum refineries in Sweden

Possibilities to reduce CO 2 emissions and related costs at Swedish petroleum refineries have been estimated. An evaluation of the direct impact on costs for emission-reducing measures due to the inclusion in the EU ETS is also made. Abatement measures possible to implement within the next 5–6 years at Shell refinery Gothenburg corresponding to a 8% reduction, and at Preemraff Lysekil corresponding to 22% of the estimated fossil CO 2 emissions in 2010 have been included. Many of the estimated abatement costs are negative, meaning cost savings for the companies if implemented. The cost estimates are strongly linked to the fuel prices. The inclusion of industries in the EU ETS increases the incentives for companies to implement CO 2 abatement measures.

High Efficiency Co-production of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) and Fischer−Tropsch (FT) Transportation Fuels from Biomass

The technical, economic, and ecological feasibility of the co-production of 50 PJ of Fischer−Tropsch (FT) transportation liquids per year and 150 PJ of synthetic natural gas (SNG) per year (i.e., 10% of the 2001 Dutch consumption) has been studied. (Note: PJ is the abbreviation for petajoule; hence, 1 PJ = 1015 J.) In the co-production concept, some of the SNG is produced by methanation of the FT off-gas, which already contains significant amounts of C1−C4 SNG compounds. The additional required SNG is produced by dedicated methanation of some of the gasification product gas. Co-production results in higher biomass-to-fuel efficiencies, lower biomass input requirements, and less-negative net present values (NPVs), compared to the case of complete separate production of both fuels. Co-production concepts that are based on pressurized oxygen-blown gasification result in the lowest CO2 emission reduction costs (∼100 Euro/tonne) and with a potential reduction to 55 Euro/tonne, considering CO2 sequestration. H...

Characteristics and economic evaluation of CO2‐capturing power generation systems using solar thermal energy and gasified coal

AbstractThis paper describes the evaluation results of CO2‐capturing power generation systems which use solar thermal energy and gasified coal as the input energy. The following two power generation systems have been proposed and evaluated from the characteristic and economic points of view: a CO2‐capturing hybrid power generation system (proposed system I), and a CO2‐capturing three‐stage heat‐utilizing power generation system (proposed system II). In evaluation, a conventional integrated coal‐gasification combined cycle power generation system (IGCC system) is adopted as the reference system. The proposed systems are assumed to be constructed in Albuquerque, U.S. and Osaka, Japan. The net coal‐to‐electricity efficiency has been estimated to be 51.0% for the proposed system I, and to be 40.1% for the proposed system II on higher heating value basis, whereas the efficiency of the conventional system is estimated to decrease from 43.7% to 32.7% when the CO2 generated is captured. Taking the IGCC system without CO2 capture as the reference system, the cost of CO2 emission reduction of the proposed systems I and II in Albuquerque are estimated to be 22,100–23,800 yen/t‐C and 21,800–23,000 yen/t‐C, respectively, and that in Osaka to be 37,000–38,700 yen/t‐C and 23,300–24,500 yen/t‐C, respectively. It has been shown that these are lower than the cost of CO2 emission reduction of the IGCC system with CO2 capture by 43,800–48,400 yen/t‐C. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(1): 1–13, 2002