Cosurfactant Ratio Research Articles

(Invited) Establishing Thermodynamically-Stable Surfactant Structures Around Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes

The high surface area of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) dictates that the interface with their surroundings is important in determining their properties or functionality. For example, the interface of SWCNTs with their surroundings is important to their application in polymer composites, devices, drug delivery, bioimaging and biosensing. Understanding and ultimately controlling these surface layers is important because of its influence on reactivity, adsorption of pollutants, and interaction with biological materials. SWCNT interfaces are often altered with surfactants to improve their dispersion in aqueous suspensions. While the surfactant surrounding the nanotube provides many benefits, the inability to alter or control this interface often limits the performance or functionality of the nanotube. A lack of information on the effect of the surrounding environment on SWCNT properties further complicates the development of processes to control these interfaces. Our group has focused on characterizing and controlling SWCNT interfaces. The ability to reorganize the surfactant structure surrounding SWCNTs is achieved through both chemical and mechanical manipulations. The goal is to learn how to control these structures around SWCNTs to influence their interaction with biological materials and other surfaces. For example, the surfactant orientation on the SWCNT surface plays an important role in their separation by nearly any method. Using our understanding of the surfactant structure surrounding SWCNTs, we have achieved high-fidelity separations based on selective desorption with a single elution profile in a single hydrogel-packed column. The selective desorption of a wide range of single-chirality (n,m) fractions only occurs once a specific ratio of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/sodium deoxycholate (DOC) co-surfactant solution is used. High-purity fractions of small diameter nanotubes are obtained at this ratio even with long elution times, different total co-surfactant concentrations, and moderate temperature changes. The elution of only one (n,m) type at a specific co-surfactant ratio while other types are exposed to more surfactant suggests that each (n,m) type forms a thermodynamically-stable surfactant structure in the co-surfactant solution. These thermodynamic equilibrium states result in entropy-driven desorption at specific co-surfactant ratios, enabling high-fidelity separations of a single (n,m) type in a single column. Although the differences between the co-surfactant ratios needed to separate two (n,m) species can sometimes be very small, the separation can be improved at higher co-surfactant concentrations at the same ratio. The elution order is nearly identical to the order of separation in the aqueous two-phase extraction, suggesting that the same processes are occurring regardless of the method used to separate the SWCNTs. The structure of the surfactant or other molecules around the SWCNTs is also shown to have important implications in toxicology and drug delivery.

Influence of water concentrations on the phase transformation of a model surfactant/co-surfactant/water system

The influence of water concentrations on phase transformations of a surfactant/co-surfactant/water system is investigated by using all atom molecular dynamics simulations. At higher water concentrations, where surfactant (behenyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, BTMAC) to co-surfactant (stearyl alcohol, SA) ratio is fixed, BTMAC and SA self-assemble into spherical micelles, which transform into strongly interdigitated one dimensional rippled lamellar phases upon decreasing water concentrations. Fragmentation or fusions of spherical micelles of different sizes are evident from the radial distribution functions at different temperatures. However, at lower water concentrations rippled lamellar phase transforms into an LβI phase upon heating. Our simulations reveal that the concentrations of water can influence available space around the head groups which couple with critical thickness to accommodate the packing fraction required for respective phases. This directs towards obtaining a controlling factor to design desired phases important for industrial and medical applications in the future.

Preparation and characterization of blended cloves/cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsions

Blended cloves/cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsions were prepared using Tween 80 and ethanol as surfactant and cosurfactant respectively. The preparation process was optimized via a pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The nanoemulsion showed a steady state with an average particle size of 8.69 nm under the surfactant to cosurfactant ratio (Km) of 3:1 and oil to the mixed surfactant/cosurfactant ratio of 1:9. The nanoemulsion was stable after centrifuging at 10,000 rpm for 20 min, stored at 60 °C for 1 month, or even heated at 80 °C for 30 min, respectively. Compared with the non-nanoemulsion counterparts, the nanoemulsion showed higher antimicrobial activity against four tested microorganisms of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus, even at far lower concentrations. Furthermore, the addition of the cloves/cinnamon nanoemulsion in a model food of mushroom sauce did not alter its major flavor, except offered some attractive fragrant flavors. This research suggested that the blended cloves/cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsions have the potential to be developed as a natural antimicrobial agent in food industry.

Synthesis of iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles and its application for fluoride removal from water

Iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles were synthesized from natural clay to remove fluoride from aqueous medium. Natural clay was leached in acid solution to obtain iron precursor consist of ferrous and ferric ions to prepare the iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles. The various process parameters like pH, iron concentration in the precursor, surfactant co-surfactant ratio and critical micelle concentration of surface active agent were optimized to obtain smaller sizes nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and BET surface area analyzer. Nanoparticles of average diameters of 6–20nm were revealed through TEM analyses. The specific surface area and total pore volume of the nanoparticles sample obtained under optimized process conditions were 312m2/g and 0.2mL/g, respectively. Experimental data were fitted the Freundlich adsorption isotherm more satisfactorily compared to the Langmuir isotherm. The pseudo second order kinetic model was shown better fit to the experimental data compared to first order kinetic model. Thus, the rate controlling factors involved in the adsorption process may be both fluoride concentration and adsorbent’s active sites concentration. Batch adsorption isotherm study reveals that with an initial fluoride concentration of 100mg/L and adsorbent dosing 0.2g/L, the adsorption of fluoride was observed 111.1±4.32mg/g within the 45min of agitation time at pH ∼7.5.

Enhanced lycopene extraction from tomato industrial waste using microemulsion technique: Optimization of enzymatic and ultrasound pre-treatments

Abstract Microemulsion technique (MET) is a green scalable method allowing selective extraction of components of biological interest. This report deals with application of MET using natural surfactant, saponin, for lycopene extraction from industrial waste of tomato paste plants where the effects of ultrasound and enzyme treatments, surfactant:lycopene and surfactant:co-surfactant ratios as well as waste powder particle size on extraction efficiency were examined. Based on the results, a multi-step extraction scheme including ultrasound pre-treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and then microemulsion extraction of tomato waste was led to an extended separation of the lycopene with minor surfactant use (mass ratio of saponin to lycopene 20:1). Under the optimized conditions, the efficiency showed an increase of just over 100% compared to initial experiment outcome. MET using saponin along with mild pre-treatments can be a simple, rapid, green and low-priced technique for lycopene extraction from tomato industrial waste and possibly other vegetable sources. Significance of the research data presented towards potential industrial applications Saponin is a renewable natural glycoside distributed in a wide variety of plants, low-priced to produce, stable over a wide range of pH values (from 2 to 11), already recognized as safe for use in foods and drinks by the FDA and therefore promising for its large scale industrial use in extracting applications as an appropriate alternative for synthetic surfactants. On the whole, simplicity and low energy requirements of the microemulsion technique as well as the low price of commercial saponin compared to biosurfactants and synthetic surfactants, make microemulsion technique a very promising technique to be scaled up.

Microemulsion based Transdermal Gels of Isradipine to Enhance Bioavailability: In vitro and In vivo Evaluation

Aim: The main objective of the current investigation was to develop and evaluate the microemulsion based transdermal gel for isradipine, poorly water soluble and low bioavailable drug. Materials and Methods: Saturation solubility studies of the drug were conducted in various solvents and oils. Oleic acid, Tween 80 and Transcutol P were selected as oil phase, surfactant and cosurfactants, respectively, as the drug was having highest solubility in these solvents. The pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed using water titration method by varying surfactant to the co-surfactant (Smix) ratio as 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1, and 3:1. Microemulsion formulations ratios were selected from the constructed pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. Results and Discussion: Microemulsion prepared with oil to Smix ratio of 1:9 (F9) was found to be stable with the globule size of 50.4 ± 3.54, and has more % of drug diffusion of 88.4 ± 1.9% within 6 h and has been selected for the preparation of microemulsion based gel (MEBG) using carbopol 934 as gelling agent. The prepared gel has shown 96.74 ± 2.8% drug releases in 8 h which was higher than control gel. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies conducted in rabbits revealed that the bioavailability of MEBG was increased 5.4 times compared to oral suspension. Conclusion: This demonstrates avoidance of first pass metabolism and oral degradation and indicates the effective management of plasma profile of isradipine when it is administered as MEBG through transdermal route.

Selective Desorption of Multiple High-Purity SWCNT Fractions from Hydrogels through Co-Surfactant Modulation

The post-synthetic separation of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has been studied with great interest in the past decade. While high-fidelity separations of SWCNTs by their (n,m) type have been demonstrated, a simple, high-throughput method is still desired. Our previous work has highlighted the importance of surfactant structure along SWCNT sidewalls in the separation mechanism. Here we report the selective desorption of a wide range of single-chirality (n,m) fractions in a single hydrogel-packed column. High-purity fractions of (n,m) nanotubes are obtained with high yield once a specific ratio of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/sodium deoxycholate (DOC) co-surfactant solution is used. The differences between the co-surfactant ratios needed to separate two (n,m) species can sometime be very small. The separation can be obtained under a wide variety of co-surfactant background concentrations. However, better separations are achieved at higher background concentrations.

(Invited) Formation of Thermodynamically-Stable Surfactant Structures Around Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Single-chirality single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have unique optoelectronic properties that can be utilized in specific applications, such as photovoltaics and biosensors. However, due to the large variety of SWCNTs and the difficulty of separation, the application of chiral SWCNTs is still limited. The post-synthesis separation of SWCNTs has been studied with great interest in the past decade. The most promising techniques include the selective adsorption of SWCNTs onto hydrogel stationary phases and aqueous two-phase extraction. In the selective adsorption onto hydrogels, the surfactant structure surrounding the SWCNTs has been shown to play an important role in the separation. While several researchers have successfully achieved separation of the semiconducting fractions by (n,m) type by manipulating the selective adsorption of the nanotubes, these processes often require multiple columns or experimental conditions that are difficult to control. However, the high-fidelity desorption of SWCNTs would provide a simpler approach that minimizes dilution and provides higher yields. Here we report that the desorption of a single-chirality (6,5) fraction in a hydrogel-packed column only occurs once a specific ratio co-surfactant solution is used. High-purity fractions of (6,5) nanotubes are obtained at this ratio even with long elution times, different total co-surfactant concentrations, and moderate temperature changes. The elution of only one (n,m) type at a specific co-surfactant ratio while other types are exposed to more surfactant suggests that each (n,m) type forms a thermodynamically-stable surfactant structure in the co-surfactant solution. These thermodynamic equilibrium states result in entropy-driven desorption at specific co-surfactant ratios, enabling high-fidelity separations of a single (n,m) type in a single column. Figure 1

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF ROSUVASTATIN SMEDDS FOR ENHANCING SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION RATE

The objective of present study was to improve solubility and dissolution rate of rosuvastatin by formulating it as a self micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS). The SMEDDS were prepared by using capmul McM and capryol 90 as oils Polaxomer 407 as surfactant and Transcutol hP and Soluphor P as co-surfactants. The liquid SMEDDS were then converted into free flowing powder by adsorbing onto solid carriers like magnesium aluminium silicate. The prepared SMEDDs were further evaluated for particle size, phase separation, droplet size, drug content and for in vitro drug release. From the results, it was observed that the SMEDDs were found to be stable. Among the prepared SMEDDS the formulations prepared with oil to co-surfactant ratios of 1:3 showed highest rates of dissolution. The FTIR and DSc analysis on optimised formulations revealed that there were no major interactions between drug and excipients.

Selective desorption of high-purity (6,5) SWCNTs from hydrogels through surfactant modulation.

Selective desorption of (6,5) single-wall carbon nanotubes from hydrogels only occurs at specific co-surfactant ratios. High-purity fractions are obtained at this ratio even with long elution times and different total co-surfactant concentrations. These results suggest that each (n,m) type forms a thermodynamically-stable surfactant structure in the co-surfactant solution, enabling high-fidelity separations in a single column.

Improved Antioxidant Capacity of Optimization of a Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Resveratrol

The use of nano-encapsulated resveratrol (RSV) in self-micro-emulsified drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) formulations was investigated. Self-emulsifying grading tests were used to establish the optimal ratio of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant. The optimized system was further investigated for the droplet size and zeta potential at the different medium pH values by a Malvern Zetasizer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity of the formulation were detected by DCFH-DA and a CCK-8 assays. The results showed that the nano-emulsion based on ethyl oleate, Tween-80, and PEG-400 (35:40:25, w/w/w) was the most stable formulation due to the small droplet size (approximately 50 nm) and high zeta potential in a neutral environment. Furthermore, this formulation also exhibited a greater antioxidant capacity with less toxicity than free RSV. Taken together, considering these results and the simple fabrication process, this formulation could be used to deliver nutritional food supplements in a stable, efficient, and safe manner.

Role of solid carriers in pharmaceutical performance of solid supersaturable SEDDS of celecoxib

Self emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) has been increasingly used for improving the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. SEDDS can be solidified by adsorbing them on different solid carriers. In the present study, the impact of properties of solid carrier on drug release profile from solid SEDDS was investigated. Celecoxib (CEL) loaded supersaturable SEDDS (S-SEDDS) was prepared and optimized by using optimal response surface design. Optimum composition of S-SEDDS corresponded to 10:45:45% v/v ratio of oil (Capryol 90), surfactant (Tween 20) and cosurfactant (Transcutol HP) with Soluplus (40mg) as precipitation inhibitor. Different grades of silicon dioxide were selected based on their properties like surface area, porosity and hydrophobicity–hydrophilicity, and used for preparation of solid S-SEDDS (SS-SEDDS) by adsorption method. All SS-SEDDS formulations in release studies, gave droplet size, PDI and zeta potential similar to S-SEDDS. The percent drug release after 120min from CEL powder, S-SEDDS and SS-SEDDS with Sylysia 350 fcp, Aerosil 300 Pharma, Aerosil 200 Pharma and Aerosil R 972 Pharma was found to be 0.58%, 100%, 38.44%, 9.63%, 2.53% and 5.99%, respectively. Drug release profiles were compared by using model independent methods. The differential drug release behavior of SS-SEDDS was attributed to the different physico–chemical properties of solid carriers. SS-SEDDS with Sylysia 350 fcp showed higher drug release and greater dissolution efficiency. Oral bioavailability study also demonstrated 2.34 fold increase in Cmax and 4.82 fold increase in AUC (0–24h) when compared with CEL powder. This study highlights the rational for selection of solid carriers in the formulation development of solid SEDDS.

Formulation and Evaluation of Fish Oil-based Rizatriptan Microemulsion for Intranasal Migraine Treatment

In the present study microemulsion based intranasal gel of rizatriptan using fish oil was prepared for treatment and management of migraine to sustain the drug release and improve the drug residence time in nasal cavity. Fish oil is reported to have antimigraine activity hence it has been used in the present formulation along with cremophore EL as surfactant and Transcutol P as co-surfactant. The pseudoternary phase diagram plotted with these components shown the microemulsion existence region in ratio of (1:9-9:1) surfactant and co-surfactant. The optimized micro-emulsion contained fish oil (45.29%), cremophore E/transcutol P (2:1) and was characterized for pH (6.3±0.02), viscosity (114 ± 3.00cp), % transmittance (99.5 ± 1.01), refractive index (1.335±0.01),). The prepared microemulsion gels were optimized and characterized for in-vitro studies, pH, drug content, rheological studies and stability study. The release of rizatriptan from micro-emulsion gel prepared from carbopol 934 (98.01%) was found to be higher and prolonged than plain gel. Thus, microemulsion based gel was able to prolong drug releaseand improve drug residence time in the nasal cavity.

Formulation, optimization and evaluation of microemulsion based gel of Butenafine Hydrochloride for topical delivery by using simplex lattice mixture design

The aim of the present investigation was to develop and evaluate Butenafine Hydrochloride loaded microemulsion based gel for treatment of fungal infection. Pseudo ternary phase diagrams were constructed for different microemulsion formulations composed of Capmul MCM as oil, Cremophor RH 40 as surfactant and Transcutol HP as co-surfactant. Composition of microemulsion system was optimized using simplex lattice mixture design including the concentration of oil, Surfactant co-surfactant ratio (Smix) and water (independent variables) and the % transmittance and globule size of microemulsion (response variables). The physicochemical properties of the optimized microemulsion were investigated. Microemulsion was incorporated into 1 % carbopol 934P gel and the ex vivo drug permeation of gel was also investigated. The results showed that the optimized microemulsion formulation was composed of Capmul MCM oil (5 %, w/w), Cremophor RH 40/Transcutol HP (43.333 %, w/w) and water (51.667 %, w/w). The mean globule diameter was 108.8 nm. The conclusion was that the release controlling ability of microemulsion containing gel formulation was significantly improved in comparison to commercial cream. Skin irritation study was also performed and it shows no irritation on rat skin after 24 h of application. Microbiological assay of Butenafine Hydrochloride was performed where it shows better zone of inhibition than marketed formulation.

Effects of absorbent materials on a self-emulsifying drug delivery system for a poorly water soluble drug

In order to compare the effects of a solid carrier on the formulation of a solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (s-SMEDDS), a liquid SMEDDS was prepared with simvastatin. The SMEDDS was optimized using polyoxyl 35 castor oil [Kolliphor® EL] as a surfactant (S), diethylene glycol monoethylether [Transcutol® P] as a co-surfactant (C), and prophyleneglycol monocaprylate [Capryol 90] as the oil phase (O). The microemulsion area at the surfactant to co-surfactant ratio (1:1) was evaluated, and the SMEDDS at an S and C/O ratio of 7:3 was selected. Four types of adsorbents with high specific areas were used: Aerosil® 200, Sylysia® 350, Neusilin® US2, Neusilin® UFL2. SEM, DSC, and PXRD results revealed rough-surfaced particles that represent the amorphous state of s-SMEDDS. The optimized formulation with Neusilin® UFL2 markedly improved drug release. The present study concluded that s-SMEDDS was effectively formulated via adsorption with solid carriers.

Effective incorporation of insulin in mucus permeating self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems

The development of a novel, mucus permeating SNEDDS formulation for oral insulin delivery containing a hydrophobic ion pair of insulin/dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (INS/DMPG) is presented. Three oil/surfactant/cosurfactant combinations and 27 weight ratios of oil, surfactant and cosurfactant for each combination were evaluated with the aid of ternary phase diagrams, for the incorporation of the protein/phospholipid complex. The developed formulation was characterized by an average droplet diameter of 30–45nm. Depending on the initial protein concentration, the loading of insulin in SNEDDS varied between 0.27 and 1.13wt%. The therapeutic protein was found to be efficiently protected from enzymatic degradation by intestinal enzymes (i.e., trypsin, α-chymotrypsin). The SNEDDS formulation exhibited increased mucus permeability and did not appear to be affected by ionic strength. The incorporation of INS/DMPG in SNEDDS prevented an initial burst release of insulin. INS/DMPG loaded SNEDDS were found to be non-cytotoxic up to a concentration of 2mg/ml. According to the reported results, the incorporation of the hydrophobic ion pair of INS/DMPG in SNEDDS could be regarded as a promising strategy for the oral delivery of insulin.

Development of self emulsifying drug delivery system of itraconazole for oral delivery: formulation and pharmacokinetic consideration

Poorly water-soluble drug, itraconazole (ITZ) offers a challenge in developing a drug product with adequate bioavailability. The potential for lipidic self-emulsifying drug delivery system to improve the oral bioavailability of ITZ was investigated in fasted rats. A series of ITZ SEDDS were prepared in three groups based on oil:S/CoS mixture ratios (1:9, 1:6 and 1:4) using Capryol 90 (oil), a mixture of Labrasol and Tween 20 (surfactants) and Transcutol P (co-surfactant). The multi-component delivery systems were optimized by evaluating their ability to self-emulsify when introduced in simulated gastric fluid, without pepsin, under gentle agitation and by determination of droplet size and visual observation. Three formulations (F5, F21 and F27), one from each group were selected based on droplet size and visual observation. The effect of oil and surfactants content on mean globule size of resulting emulsions was studied. It was clear that oil to surfactant and co-surfactant ratio has the main impact on the droplet size of the emulsion formed after dilution. However, the relation between droplet size and in vivo absorption of ITZ was futile. The order of AUC was 1:4 > 1:6 > 1.9 for oil:S/CoS mixture ratios. Following an oral administration of developed SEDDS and marketed capsule to rats, a 1.7, 2.0 and 2.33-fold increase in bioavailability was observed for F5, F21 and F27 respectively, compared with marketed capsule. The results from this study demonstrate the potential use of SEDDS to provide an effective way of improving oral absorption of lipophilic drugs.

Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System for Enhancing Bioavailability and Lymphatic Delivery of Tacrolimus.

A self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) containing tacrolimus has been developed to enhance the bioavailability and lymphatic delivery of tacrolimus. Solubility tests, combination tests, and phase diagrams were constructed for different sorts and ratios of oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants to identify optimal formulation. Optimized SEDDS was assessed for droplet size, zeta potential, stability in various media, and in vitro release. The tacrolimus-loaded SEDDS and commercial capsule (Prograf®) were orally administered (5 mg/kg) to rats. Whole blood, and mesenteric and axillary lymph node samples were taken and the concentrations of tacrolimus were measured to evaluate pharmacokinetic characteristics and the lymphatic delivery effects. The optimized SEDDS droplets were approximately 40 nm in size and stable enough to endure gastric pH environments. The release rate of tacrolimus from SEDDS was significantly higher than that from the commercial capsule. The bioavailability of tacrolimus in SEDDS after oral administration was significantly improved versus that of Prograf®. The lymphatic targeting efficiency of the prepared SEDDS formulation showed significantly greater than that of Prograf®. Our research indicates that prepared SEDDS can be an alternative to the conventional oral formulation of tacrolimus. Furthermore, SEDDS should be explored as a potential drug carrier for other lipophilic drugs.

Nanoemulsions as parenteral drug delivery systems for a new anticancer benzimidazole derivative: formulation and in-vitro evaluation

BackgroundRecently, much attention has been paid to the application of nanoemulsions (NEs) as drug delivery systems. Besides their high solubilization capacity, NEs are powerful carrier systems because of their thermodynamic stability, ease of preparation, and high absorption rates.AimThe present work focuses on the design of stable and dilutable NEs for intravenous administration of a potent antitumor benzimidazole derivative, a poorly water-soluble active ingredient.Materials and methodsNEs were formulated using ethanol as cosurfactant and Tween 20, Acconon MCF, and Labrasol as surfactants using the oil with maximum drug solubilization. Selected NEs were evaluated for droplet size, zeta potential, morphology, in-vitro release profile, and physical stability.ResultsThe results revealed the development of eight NEs composed of 10% oleic acid with an infinite dilution capacity. NE3, NE6, and NE8 having the highest surfactant to cosurfactant ratio (3: 1) showed the best drug solubilization capacity. The NE droplets appeared almost spherical, ranging from 28.21 to 153.00 nm, with narrow distribution and relatively high zeta potential. NEs demonstrated sustained release profiles, whereas increasing surfactant to cosurfactant ratio was accompanied by increased drug release. NEs showed excellent physical stability with no phase separation or change in particle size.ConclusionOur results suggest that NEs can be used as a promising intravenous delivery system.

Investigation of effect of non-ionic surfactant on preparation of griseofulvin non-aqueous nanoemulsion

Generally emulsions are water-in-oil or oil-in-water type, but emulsions may contain polar liquid as one of the phase. Non-aqueous emulsions are useful in many situations where presence of water is not desirable, and formulation of active ingredients which undergo hydrolysis or oxidation in the presence of water. The study was to design a stable non-aqueous nanoemulsion (NANE) using cosmetically approved ingredients as a vehicle for the water-sensitive active ingredients. Non-aqueous nanoemulsion was designed to increase the dermal penetration and permeation and study solubility and dermal bioavailability of griseofulvin. For better compliance, the NANEs will be incorporated in cosmetics or personal care products. A non-aqueous system was obtained with glycerin and olive oil stabilized by glycerol monosterate with co-surfactant. It was observed that emulsification behavior is completely unpredictable and conventional theories of emulsification and HLB system cannot be applied here. An optimized NANE was obtained through implementation of pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed using surfactant and co-surfactant ratio (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1) and nanoemulsion region was determined and further characterized for pH, rheology, globule size analysis, zeta potential and stability. Stability studies (agitation, centrifugation, freeze thaw cycle, accelerated stability) were carried out at 5, 25 and 40 °C. Cream was stable at 5 and 25. Results proved that NANE can be used as vehicle for the poorly water-soluble drug, suspension vehicles and oleogels.