Copy Film Research Articles

Enhancement of visibility of structures in marly chalk: modification of the Bushinsky oil technique

The outwardly monotonous appearance of white chalk is deceptive, yet the several techniques that have been applied to enhance visibility of hidden structures have all had limited success. A technique published by Bushinsky in 1947 produces excellent results with chalks containing a trace of clay minerals. Bushin­sky's technique involves incomplete impregnation of chalk samples with light machine oil, but still better results were obtained by lightly brushing oil onto smoothed surfaces of chalk. The heightened contrast of the structures thereby achieved can be still further increased photographically by use of high contrast line copy film. The results obtained are compared with those using fluorescence by ultraviolet radiation or by merely wetting the chalk. Both contrast and resolution are better with oil than with water or ultraviolet.

Preparation of metaphase chromosomes in cell cultures derived from an aquatic reptile

Cell cultures (GTS) of epithelioid nature derived from the skin of a green sea turtle,Chelonia mydas, were treated with colchicine at a final concentration of 0.5 μg/ml for 16 h. Mitotic cells were harvested by brief treatment with trypsin-Versene, subjected to hypotonic solution (1% sodium citrate) and fixed in (1∶3) acetic acid: methanol. Giemsa stained preparations were photographed on High Contrast Copy film under phase contrast optics using a bluegreen filter. The result was significant enhancement of the microchromosome portion of the complement morphologically characteristic of reptilian metaphase chromosomes. By this method it was determined that the GTS cell line retains the female diploid number of the Chelonia species.

Preparing Slides with Colored Backgrounds--Another Approach

Recently several papers have appeared in the Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America describing techniques for producing slides of tables or graphs with colored backgrounds using Diazo® film, high-contrast copy film, or color reversal film (Elder and Agee 1977, Hefetz 1977, Eaton 1978). This note describes still another quick simple method for producing attractive slides with white lettering on colored backgrounds using Ektachrome color slide film.

Survey of late-type and irregular southern galaxies on plates taken with the UK 1.2-m Schmidt telescope

view Abstract Citations (17) References (10) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Survey of late-type and irregular southern galaxies on plates taken with the UK 1.2-m Schmidt telescope. Corwin, H. G., Jr. ; de Vaucouleurs, A. ; de Vaucouleurs, G. Abstract This second installment of a survey of late-type southern galaxies is based on 141 UK Schmidt IIIa-J copy films and original plates. Morphological types, luminosity , and inner and outer diameters are given for 332 galaxies of type Scd (T =6) and later. Forty-four objects are from the Second Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (RC2), and of 288 the majority are previously uncatalogued galaxies, including many new dwarfs. Publication: The Astronomical Journal Pub Date: December 1978 DOI: 10.1086/112365 Bibcode: 1978AJ.....83.1566C Keywords: Astronomical Photography; Galaxies; Schmidt Telescopes; Tables (Data); Galactic Evolution; Luminosity; Morphology; Astronomy; Irregular Galaxies:Surveys; Late-Type Galaxies: Surveys full text sources ADS |

Nonlinear optical processing: effects of input medium and precompensation

The halftone screen process for obtaining nonlinear functions with coherent optical systems utilizes a preiprocessing step with an ideally hard-clipping binaryinput recording medium. This paper analyzes in detail the effects of using film or other media with finite gamma and saturation density. A mathematical model to predict the system performance for both one-step and two-step copying procedures is developed, and numerous computer results of parameter variation are given. It is found that nonlinear functions with threshold or jump characteristics are the most sensitive to the nonideal effects. A precompensation technique allowingnonideal copy film to be used with minimum degradation of the transfer characteristic is presented, and an algorithm for calculating compensated halftone cell shapes is given, with examples.

Nonlinear optical processing: analysis and synthesis

Coherent optical systems are of interest in image or data processing because of their ability to handle rapidly large bandwidth data in parallel. They have been restricted to performing linear operations such as Fourier transformation and convolution due to the inherent linear nature of an optical system at low power levels. In this paper, the combination of a nonlinear halftoning step followed by bandpass spatial filtering to yield a specific nonlinear intensity transfer function is explored. A general analysis of the problem assuming infinite copy film gamma and saturation density is made. A constructive algorithm for designing a halftone cell shape and selecting the diffraction order to yield very general types of nonmonotonic nonlinearities is presented. Numerous examples of the synthesis procedure are given. Experimental results with general halftone screens made on a plotting flatbed microdensitometer are presented. Logarithmic, exponential, and level slice characteristics are achieved with monotonic cells.

Line drawings on film: their preparation and use in teaching radiographic anatomy.

A technique for transferring line drawings to copy film is described. These line drawings on film are portable, effective teaching aids and can be used on a conventional viewbox, side by side with the appropriate radiographs. Special projection equipment is not needed, so the visual aids are more accessible and less expensive.

A method of copying X-ray films

Abstract A film-copying system using diazo-sensitised film developed to match the contrast requirements of medical radiography is reported. Processing is simple and rapid and can be carried out in daylight. Examples of copied radiographs are illustrated. Simple measurements of the contrast and resolution of copy film and radiographs are described and compared.

A display and storage system for radionuclide images.

The system of data processing and storage of scanning and camera images described in this report is one which we have used in our department for the past three years. This system has a number of unique advantages: (a) all original data are retained in the department; (b) scintillation camera and rectilinear scan images are viewed life-size in the same format: (c) file space is greatly reduced; (d) retrieval and analysis of data are facilitated; and (e) duplicate copies can be made quickly, easily, and cheaply. Scintillation camera oscilloscope images are recorded directly on 35 mm film, using a single-lens reflex camera (Fig. 1). Only the amount of film needed for one patient is loaded into the camera, so that the results are available before the patient leaves the department. We have selected 35 mm film that can be processed within ninety seconds. Kodak High Contrast Copy Film is used for brain scans. For dynamic studies, when higher film speed or a wider gray scale is needed, Kodak RAR 2498 is used. Rectilinear scans (14 X 17-inch), radiographs, and written reports are photographed on Type X-R 35-mm film with a semi-automatic camera distributed by Micro X-Ray Recorder, Inc., and exposed film is sent to that firm for processing. The 35-mm images from the scintillation or micro-film camera are mounted in standard aperture cards (Fig. 2), which are 80-column tabulating cards with the aperture located between columns 52 and 77. The aperture is covered with two thin layers of clear polyester film to form a pocket, which holds the film securely and protects it from scratches during sorting by hand or by an IBM card sorter. Brunsting (2) was the first to utilize aperture cards for radiograph storage, and Freedman recently reported their use in nuclear medicine (3). At first, the patient's identification number is written on the card; later, the card is key-punched with the patient's identification number as well as the type and results of the study. For viewing the 35-mm images mounted in aperture cards, the magnification factor of the viewer is the same as the reduction factor of the camera. Thus, the image is projected life-size onto a translucent screen, and measurements can be made directly on the screen without correction factors. To facilitate comparison of one view with another, all images from a patient's study are viewed simultaneously on several aperture card viewers. Cards are duplicated, using a photo aperture card copying machine (IBM Micro Copier II D). The copier duplicates the 35-mm film images onto a copy card containing an undeveloped diazo film (IBM Type DB N'S). The processor automatically exposes and develops the inserted copy card in eight seconds. Figure 3 shows an original brain scan and a diazo copy produced in the card copier.