Advantages Of Cooperation Research Articles

Stakeholder Capability Enhancement as a Path to Promote Human Dignity and Cooperative Advantage

ABSTRACT:Promoting dignity is at the heart of the human capability approach to development. We introduce the concept of stakeholder capability enhancement, beginning with a discussion of the capability approach to development proposed by Sen (1985) and further advanced by Nussbaum (1990) to incorporate notions of dignity. Thereafter follows a review of the literature on value creation stakeholder management and convergent stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984; Freeman, Harrison, Wicks, Palmer, & DeColle, 2010; Harrison & Wicks, 2013; Jones & Wicks, 1999), as the foundation for our concept of stakeholder capability enhancement. The remainder of this article develops a model that integrates stakeholder management with the human capability approach to detail the cooperative advantage that accrues to business and its stakeholders, as well as the gains in social wellbeing and dignity, when stakeholder capability enhancement becomes a common enterprise strategy. The model also explores the risks and boundary conditions firms face when seeking to profit from stakeholder capability tradeoffs. In explaining the model, we explore normative responsibilities and consequences with regard to human capabilities and dignity. We conclude with implications for future research.

Is there a co-operative advantage? Experimental evidence on the economic and non-economic determinants of demand

Focusing on consumer co-operatives, I test the conventional economic worldview that relative price is a main determinants of consumer behaviour using survey instruments in a classroom setting. I examine the role which non-economic variables such as 'warm glow' might play in determining demand. My findings challenge the narrow economic worldview that only economic variables count; but support a core assumption that economic variables are of fundamental importance to individual's choice decisions. Significantly, individuals are willing to pay higher prices for co-operative products even if they are not co-op members. However, as the price of co-operative products increases relative to the products of non-co-operatives, demand falls amongst both non-members and members of co-operatives. But demand is more inelastic for co-op members. When price is the same for co-ops and non-co-op, even non-co-ops members prefer to purchase products sold by co-operatives. The co-operative advantage provides co-ops with a protective belt against competition from non-cooperatives. This also speaks to the potential strength of consumer co-ops in competitive markets. Firms that invest in both economic and non-economic determinants of consumer demand, should be characterized by a significant competitive advantage.

FACTORES CLAVE PARA LA BÚSQUEDA DEL APRENDIZAJE ORGANIZACIONAL EN LA CADENA DE SUMINISTRO: UNA APROXIMACIÓN TEÓRICA

Dada la importancia que ha tenido la subcontratación en los últimos años y el auge de las cadenas de suministro, gestionarlas de forma eficiente es un factor clave a tener en cuenta para mejorar el rendimiento de la empresa. Una buena relación con los clientes/proveedores aumenta el flujo de comunicación e información entre ambos, lo que les permite aprender unos de otros, logrando que haya aprendizaje organizacional y llegar a la obtención de una ventaja cooperativa que sea beneficiosa para ambos. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser muchas las ventajas de esta relación, las empresas son reacias a compartir información de su organización, encontrándose con la controversia de perder control y protección de su organización. El objetivo de este trabajo es construir un marco teórico que permita explicar las variables que determinan el grado de influencia del aprendizaje organizacional dentro de la cadena de suministro. La metodología seguida ha sido una revisión de la literatura previa que nos ha servido de apoyo para cumplir el objetivo propuesto. Como resultado de este trabajo, hemos detectado que los factores clave para la búsqueda del aprendizaje organizacional en la cadena de suministro se agrupan en tres: externos a la organización, internos a la misma y relacionales, inherentes a la relación que mantiene con los integrantes de la cadena de suministro a la que pertenece. AbstractGiven the significant role played by subcontracting in recent years and the rise of supply chains, manage them efficiently is a key factor to consider for improving business performance. A good relationship with customers / suppliers increases the flow of communication and information between them, allowing them to learn from each other, making and organizational learning have come to obtain a cooperative advantage that is beneficial to both. However, despite being many advantages of this relationship, companies are reluctant to share information about your organization, meeting the controversy of losing control and protection of your organization. The objectives of this work are to analyze the influence of organizational learning within the supply chain because it improves the situation of the company, not only in terms of reducing costs but also optimize performance, consider some of the variables that influence this learning and suggest several proposals, laying the groundwork for future research.

Opportunities and Challenges of China-Middle East Countries’ Production Capacity Cooperation

:The Middle East is a region where China has more advantages in production capacity cooperation. China started early and has a good reputation in the area of engineering contracting, which has laid good foundations. At present, the Middle East countries are in an important stage of economic transformation. In order to accelerate industrialization, they have developed long-term economic development plan, which provides an important historical opportunity for Chinese enterprises to establish business there. The production capacity cooperation between China and the Middle East countries will utilize the complementary advantages and adhere to mutually beneficial and win-win spirit, and thus has been welcomed by the Middle East countries. At present, the two sides are carrying out fruitful cooperation in infrastructure, high technology and labor-intensive industries, and have achieved significant results. The production capacity cooperation between China and the Middle East countries are facing both opportunities and challenges. We should make good use of opportunities, prevent and resolve risks, and effectively do a good job in production capacity cooperation between China and the Middle East countries

Optimal investment strategies for light duty vehicle and electricity generation sectors in a carbon constrained world

Greenhouse gas emission targets are becoming more stringent for both automakers and electricity generators. Meeting those targets will require technology and capacity planning strategies that are both cost efficient and environmentally conscious. With the introduction of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles, the light duty vehicle and electricity generation sectors become linked. To estimate the prospective advantage of cooperation in meeting those goals and enhance government policies to encourage their cooperation, we present a mathematical model that enables trade-off analysis between the sectors if they work independently with separate emission constraints or together with a joint constraint. Under the assumption that the automakers and electricity generators can build the selected vehicle or generator capacity as needed, high level insights of cost efficient capacity planning strategies for automakers and electricity generators are provided. A key finding is that although potential savings are a small fraction (3 %) of the discounted total societal cost incurred in both sectors, cooperation can significantly reduce the incremental cost of CO $$_2$$ reduction (50 %). Additionally, if the low natural gas (NG) price observed recently continues, it will be favorable to build NG generators rather than renewable generation capacity in the early years and abandon them later to switch to renewable energy in the time horizon from 2011 to 2050.

Modeling of Multihop Wireless Sensor Networks with MAC, Queuing, and Cooperation

We present a Markovian decision process (MDP) framework for multihop wireless sensor networks (MHWSNs) to bound the network performance of both energy constrained (EC) networks and energy harvesting (EH) networks, both with and without relay cooperation. The model provides the fundamental performance limit that a MHWSN can theoretically achieve, under the general constraints from medium access control, routing, and energy harvesting. We observe that the analyses for EC and EH networks fall into two branches of MDP theory, which are finite-horizon process and infinite-horizon process, respectively. The performance metrics for EC and EH networks are different. For EC networks, an appropriate metric is the network lifetime; for EH networks, an appropriate metric is, for example, the network throughput. To efficiently solve the models with high dimension, for the EC networks, we propose a novel computational algorithm by taking advantage of the stochastic shortest path structure of the problem; for the EH networks, we propose a dual linear programming based algorithm by considering the sparsity of the transition matrix. Under the unified MDP framework, numerical results demonstrate the advantages of cooperation for the optimal performance, in both EC and EH networks.

One-step synthesis of Ni3Sn2@reduced graphene oxide composite with enhanced electrochemical lithium storage properties

A facile one-step solvothermal method has been put forward to construct Ni3Sn2@reduced graphene oxide (Ni3Sn2@rGO) composite. The Ni3Sn2 alloys in the composite with regular quasi-spherical morphology and an average size of 216nm are homogeneously encapsulated into rGO sheets. As a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the as-prepared Ni3Sn2@rGO composite exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 1315mAhg−1 and reversible capacity of 554mAhg−1 after 200 cycles at a current density of 100mAg−1. Even at a high current density of 800mAg−1, a substantial discharge capacity of 422mAhg−1 is delivered. The excellent cycling stability and remarkable rate capability of the designed Ni3Sn2@rGO composite can be attributed to the synergistic effects between Ni3Sn2 alloy and rGO matrix, and the rational cooperative advantage of the ball-like alloy morphology and the buffering effects of the inert nickel matrix as well as the flexible rGO matrix.

Co-operatives in a Post-Growth Era: Creating Co-operative Economics

Co-operatives in a Post-Growth Era: Creating Co-operative Economics. Edited by Sonja Novkovic & Tom Webb. Zed Books/Fernwood Publishing: London, UK/Halifax, NS, 2014. 312 pp. ISBN 9781783600779.Co-operatives in a Post-Growth Era features a collection of articles that call for a new economy where the "growthat-any-cost" doctrine of neoclassical economics is replaced with co-operation for the sake of all people and our planet. The book is an outcome of the Imagine 2012: International Conference on Co-operative Economics that took place in October 2012 in Quebec City, Canada, one of the events marking the UN's International Year of Cooperatives. The editors of the book, Sonja Novkovic1 and Tom Webb,2 are pioneers and leading figures in the field of co-operative economics both in Canada and internationally.In their introduction to the book, Novkovic and Webb distinguish co-operative enterprises from investor-owned businesses based on four key elements: (1) the purpose of the business (meeting the needs of communities and people versus maximizing return-on-investment); (2) values (co-operation, solidarity, reciprocity, and trust versus greed and competition); (3) principles (common ownership and collective decision-making versus centralized ownership and decision-making); and (4) founding ethics centred on fairness or social justice (genuine concern for human well-being and ecological sustainability versus economic return at the expense of all else). Accordingly, and fuelled by the four key elements identified above, they set out to answer the following question: is there a cooperative advantage in addressing the ill-doings of the neoclassical economic doctrine at the macro level and in doing business at the micro level? The book's 14 chapters, presented in two parts, are brought together with the goal of answering this question. Part 1 is entitled "What is the New Economy and Why Do We Need It?" and Part 2, "Co-operatives and the New Economy." Each part comprises seven concise and well-researched chapters, written by some of the world's leading scholars on co-operative economics.Part 1's chapters aim at debunking neoclassical perspectives on the economy in order to make the case for a new, "post-growth economy." Contributors, in turn, argue that neoclassical attitudes to wealth (Manfred Max Neef, William Rees, Peter Victor, John Fullerton) and prosperity (Neva Goodwin, Richard Wilkinson & Kate Pickett) uphold the "growth-at-any-cost" economic doctrine, which has not only resulted in financial and economic crises on a global scale, but also in converging ecological, social, and humanitarian crises for the first time in human history. As a solution, contributors to Part 1 advocate for the transition of the global economy into a post-growth era, where the unceasing pursuit of short-term economic benefits is subdued to the well-being of human beings and the planet.Part 2 focuses exclusively on the co-operative business model and its potential role in spearheading a transition toward a new economy that could address the converging crises caused by the growth-at-any-cost doctrine of neoclassical economics. Part 2 includes both theoretical and empirical work dedicated to exploring the co-operative advantage in five main areas: economic productivity (Morris Altman, Vera Zamagni, Stephan Smith & Jonathan Rothbaum, Claudia Sanchez-Bajo), resilience during times of economic turmoil (Sanchez-Bajo, Altman, Smith & Rothbaum), enhancing human health and well-being (David Erdal), reclaiming the commons (Barbara Allen), and cultivating a paradigm shift that is necessary for a transition toward a post-growth economy (Stefano Zamagni).Based on the arguments from Part 2, Novkovic and Webb conclude that the four key elements of the co-operative business model provide co-operatives the edge to succeed in a highly competitive market and the tools to lead the economic and ideological shift necessary for addressing the greatest converging crises in human history. …

The Season for Peace: Reconciliation in a Despotic Species (Lemur catta).

However despotic a social group may be, managing conflicts of interest is crucial to preserve group living benefits, mainly based on cooperation. In despotic groups, post-conflict management via reconciliation (the first post-conflict reunion between former opponents) can occur, even if conciliatory rates are considerably different. Lemur catta is defined as a despotic species because groups are characterized by a strict linear hierarchy maintained by the adult females (the dominant sex) mainly via aggression. Reconciliation was reported in one out of four captive groups of L. catta. Here we investigate which variables influence the occurrence of reconciliation in these despotic groups. We analyzed 2339 Post Conflict (PC)-Matched Control (MC) observation pairs, collected on eight groups (five in the Berenty forest, Madagascar; three hosted at the Pistoia Zoo, Italy). Since L. catta is characterized by steep female dominance but shows female-female coalitionary support, we expected to confirm the presence of reconciliation in the study species. Consistently, we found reconciliation in one captive group and two wild groups, thus providing the first evidence of the presence of this phenomenon in wild L. catta. Moreover, because this species is a seasonal breeder (with mating occurring once a year), we expected seasonal fluctuations in reconciliation levels. Via a GLMM analysis using data from all wild groups and on a captive group followed for more than one year, we found that season (but not rank; individuals’ identity, sex, and age; or group identity) significantly affected individual reconciliation rates, and such rates were lowest during the mating period. Thus, reconciliation can be present in groups in which dominants strongly influence and limit social relationships (steep dominance hierarchy) except when the advantages of intra-group cooperation are overcome by competition, as occurs in seasonal breeders when reproduction is at stake. We conclude that in despotic social groups in which coalitions are observed, the right question is not if but when reconciliation can be present.

China in global scientific and educational area: strategies of intellectual breakthrough

The article addresses China as a country which actively creates and effectively exploits the potential of intellectual capital in interests of social and economic development. Aim of the study is to identify key factors and strategies of a global competitive leadership of China on the basis of effective use of national innovation and intellectual potential. Ukrainian scientific and educational institutions can take advantage of potential cooperation with Chinese partners. Analysis of the objectives, programs and plans made it possible to identify the main stages of development of education, science and technology in China. Becoming conscious of negative effects of the Cultural Revolution, including the loss of higher education for social and economic development, China started reforms of national system of science and education (1-st stage - 1975 - 1994). Priorities of 2-nd stage (1995 - 2005) were deepening reforms, shaping the points of growth, sustainable funding, early integration of national innovation system into global. Securing a strong position in global scientific and educational space, increased funding, reforms for achieving global leadership and becoming innovative nation through effective implementation of intellectual capital in some sectors occurs during 3-rd stage (2006 - present). Targeted government policies to increase human capital, formation of world-class universities, along with development of IPR protection lead to increase in the number of scientific papers and patents that provide leading international position of China. In the near future China is expected to implement a strategy of transition from quantitative indicators to high quality of scientific and educational complex and improving IPR protection.

Why pair? Evidence of aggregative mating in a socially monogamous marine fish (Siganus doliatus, Siganidae).

Many species live in stable pairs, usually to breed and raise offspring together, but this cannot be assumed. Establishing whether pairing is based on mating, or an alternative cooperative advantage, can be difficult, especially where species show no obvious sexual dimorphism and where the act of reproduction itself is difficult to observe. In the tropical marine fishes known as rabbitfish (Siganidae), half of extant species live in socially monogamous, territorial pairs. It has been assumed that partnerships are for mating, but the reproductive mode of pairing rabbitfish is currently unconfirmed. Using passive acoustic telemetry to track movements of fishes belonging to one such species (Siganus doliatus), we provide the first evidence that paired adult fish undertake highly synchronized migrations with multiple conspecifics on a monthly cycle. All tagged individuals migrated along the same route in three consecutive months and were absent from home territories for 2–3 days just after the new moon. The timing and directionality of migrations suggest that S. doliatus may form spawning aggregations, offering the potential for exposure to multiple reproductive partners. The finding raises fundamental questions about the basis of pairing, mate choice and partnership longevity in this family.

Editorial: The Cooperative Advantage for Community Development

Empirical evidence has shown that cooperatives are diverse organizations that efficaciously address a plurality of socio-economic needs. Cooperative organizations are effective in provisioning for myriad life needs, and do so in more democratic and sustainable ways than investor-owned firms. Rooted in the unique principles and values that distinguish them from other business types, cooperatives, in a nutshell, embody what has been called “the cooperative advantage”. This special issue of the Journal of Entrepreneurial and Organizational Diversity, “The Cooperative Advantage for Community Development”, was organized to highlight the myriad roles that cooperatives can and do have in protecting and developing communities, as well as the possible tensions and challenges that emerge in the process. Including seven articles from established and upcoming cooperative studies scholars, the special issue critically assesses diverse experiences of co-ops deployed for community development. Via papers engaged in case study approaches, political economy perspectives, critical historical research, and qualitative and quantitative methods, this special issue of JEOD critically reflects on and contributes to understanding the role of cooperatives in grounding bottom-up and locally based community development.

Realizing the Cooperative Advantage at the Atkinson Housing Co-operative: The Role of Community Development to Improve Public Housing

The cooperative model has become a reliable option to correct or soften the alienating features and dominance of private and public orientations to individual and social development. Proponents advocate that greater cooperation can build stronger communities that foster social cohesion and inclusion. On April 1st, 2003 the Alexandra Park Housing Project became Canada’s first public housing project to convert into a housing cooperative, now known as the Atkinson Housing Cooperative. The conversion means that the residents will not only have the opportunity to develop policies that directly affect their lives but they will also be able to decide how to implement such policies reflecting a community development focus of solidarity and agency. The purpose of this paper is to describe the central role that community development had on the outcome of converting public housing to cooperative housing. In this paper I explore community development activities that transfer the principles and values of cooperation into organizational and community settings as the primary means to discover the “cooperative advantage”.

The Cooperative Advantage for Social Inclusion Meets Uncooperative Government Regulation: International Cooperative Principles and Cooperative Housing Regulation in the Province of Ontario, Canada

Canadian housing cooperatives are a tool for building an inclusive society, bringing together people diverse in income, race, age, and ability/disability. This six-year case study of an Ottawa, Ontario, Canada housing co-op found that co-op housing provided benefits for its members: reducing the depth of poverty; increasing physical, material and emotional help; and catalyzing social integration, greater social capital, safer communities, organizational experience, skills-building, networking, and political mobilization. However, the legal framework in which co-ops operate and a lack of resources prevent Ontario housing co-ops from fully adhering to International Co-operative Alliance principles and ensuring that all members benefit equally from co-op housing.

Inter-hemispheric interaction of complex positive and negative emotional stimuli in psychopathy

From a neurobiological perspective psychopathy can be associated with altered and unbalanced interhemispheric dynamics. The main objective of this study is to determine whether emotional processing, such as decision making of complex emotional meanings, is more successfully accomplished with both hemispheres or separately with the left hemisphere (LH) or left hemisphere (RH) in psychopathic participants. Non-psychopathic participants were recruited from the Admission Unit of the hospital ( n = 19) and psychopathic participants were recruited from the Forensic Unit of the hospital in Gornja Toponica ( n = 22). The different positive or negative social situations with emotional meaning (96 photographs) were chosen from the IAPS, as well as a set of primary facial expressions of emotions of happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust and fear. Psychopathy is not associated with an unbalanced interhemispheric dynamics in decision making in emotional processing. Complex negative emotions are more successfully processed with both hemispheres and complex positive emotions processed with equal success with both or just one hemisphere. When we exclude the emotional valence factor we get the result that suggests an advantage of interhemispheric cooperation in processing. Globally, in complex emotional tasks interhemispheric cooperation is inviolable, despite the undeniable hemisphere specialization for different functions.

Content, Control and Display: The Natural Origins of Content

Hutto and Satne identify three research traditions attempting to explain the place of intentional agency in a wholly natural world: naturalistic reduction; sophisticated behaviourism, and pragmatism, and suggest that insights from all three are necessary. While agreeing with that general approach, I develop a somewhat different package, offering an outline of a vindicating genealogy of our interpretative practices. I suggest that these practices had their original foundation in the elaboration of much more complex representation-guided control structures in our lineage and the support and amplification of those control structures through external resources. Cranes (as Dennett calls them) became increasingly important in the explanation of systematically successful action. These more complex representational engines coevolved with selection to detect and respond to the control structures of others. Since much of that selection was driven by the advantages of cooperation and coordination, in part these control structures were co-opted as external signals and guarantees, in cooperation and coordination. As the time depth of cooperation and co-ordination extended, these public signals of belief and intent acquired secondary functions, as mechanisms to stabilise and structure control systems, making humans not just more transparent to one another at a time, but more predictable over time. Mindshaping, not just mindreading, became increasingly important in our lineage.

Aircraft Community Noise: The Revenge of a Neglected Problem

Aircraft Community Noise has been for years a simple problem arisen only in the very last moment of the type certification of a new airplane. Just a number to be glued on the airplane, to easily comply with some bored airworthiness rule. The development of new technologies and the always more increasing interest of the local communities toward “green” requirements have moved the aircraft community noise from the desk of few researchers to the wide interest of an increasing number of people even outside the aircraft community. The consolidated reliability and the extremely high level of safety have also addressed the interest of airplane manufacturers to interior noise and comfort perception, key demanding technology issues for the direct impact on customers and community. This paper summarizes some of the activities developed in several years with reference to aircraft noise, with preferred attention to the exterior noise, being it ruled by stringent rules and certification requirements. The long, continuous and successful activity pursued by PIAGGIO Aero Industries for its P180 Avanti II airplane has been the key factor offering the opportunity for a weighted thought to the aircraft community noise problem. PIAGGIO Aero Industries currently designing, manufacturing and certifying his own products, has developed during last year’s relevant experience on both community noise and interior noise, taking advantage of strong cooperation with world-wide research organization (namely DIAS Dept. of Aerospace Design of University of Napoli “Federico II”, INSEAN Italian Institute of Naval Experience, MWL The Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research Department of Aeronautic and Vehicle Engineering KTH — The Royal Institute of Technology —, NLR Netherlands National Aerospace Laboratory, DLR Deutschland Aerospace Research Center, SIRE Virtual Reality Simulation Center of University of Savona).The airplane examined is the push-propelled turboprop, three lifting surface aircraft with natural laminar flow wing P180 Avanti II. The paper summarizes numerical aero-acoustic analysis performed as basis for phenomena understanding and for comparison of the aero-acoustic behaviour of P180 novel propeller and engine exhaust design, successfully certified reaching the expected community noise reduction. The time increasing stringency of the Community Noise rules, however, is evidenced by the consideration that the problem is now also affecting small classical configuration airplanes and it cannot be neglected anymore, particularly when expecting large global market acceptance.

Cooperative DVB-SH satellite broadcasting systems with rotated signal constellations

In this paper, we study the advantages of cooperation in broadcasting systems from a geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellite to mobile terminals (MTs), achieved through a terrestrial complementary ground station (CGS) with fixed installment, which acts as a relay. Moreover and in the context of the digital video broadcasting-satellite- to-handheld (DVB-SH) standard, the performance improvements offered by the rotated constellations method are investigated, where prior transmission, a phase rotation of the transmitted symbols by a fixed angle is applied followed by a random component interleaver. Turbo codes with soft decision decoding and appropriate random channel interleavers are also considered. We present analytical expressions for the bit log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) that are needed for soft decision decoding at the MT turbo decoder, while the code combining technique is adapted to improve the end-to-end (E2E) performance. Then, we obtain through extensive computer simulations the average bit error probability (ABEP) of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signals received over pure land-mobile satellite (LMS) and pure CGS links for coding rates 1/3 and 6/7. Moreover, the optimal rotation angles are obtained for both links. E2E ABEP results are then presented assuming cooperation between GEO and CGS, while the power allocation issue is investigated under fixed total transmission power. Our performance evaluation results show that by using the constellation rotation technique, a performance gain can be achieved for high coding rates.

Sustained cooperation by running away from bad behavior

For cooperation to evolve, some mechanism must limit the rate at which cooperators are exposed to defectors. Only then can the advantages of mutual cooperation outweigh the costs of being exploited. Although researchers widely agree on this, they disagree intensely about which evolutionary mechanisms can explain the extraordinary cooperation exhibited by humans. Much of the controversy follows from disagreements about the informational regularity that allows cooperators to avoid defectors. Reliable information can allow cooperative individuals to avoid exploitation, but which mechanisms can sustain such a situation is a matter of considerable dispute. We conducted a behavioral experiment to see if cooperators could avoid defectors when provided with limited amounts of explicit information. We gave each participant the simple option to move away from her current neighborhood at any time. Participants were not identifiable as individuals, and they could not track each other's tendency to behave more or less cooperatively. More broadly, a participant had no information about the behavior she was likely to encounter if she moved, and so information about the risk of exploitation was extremely limited. Nonetheless, our results show that simply providing the option to move allowed cooperation to persist for a long period of time. Our results further show that movement, even though it involved considerable uncertainty, allowed would-be cooperators to assort positively and eliminate on average any individual payoff disadvantage associated with cooperation. This suggests that choosing to move, even under limited information, can completely reorganize the mix of selective forces relevant for the evolution of cooperation.

Is There a Cooperative Advantage? Experimental Evidence on Economic and Social Variables as Determinants of Demand

Is There a Cooperative Advantage? Experimental Evidence on Economic and Social Variables as Determinants of Demand