Cooperation Research Articles

Lozano Barragán and Others v. Presidency of the Republic of Colombia and Others

443Human rights — Environmental rights — Deforestation of Colombian Amazon forest — Protection of human rights — Right to a healthy environment — Right to life — Right to health — Colombian action of protection (“acción de tutela”) of human rights — Whether appropriate mechanism for applicants to protect their rights — Climate change — Effects — International and national instruments for protection of environment — Whether Amazon an entity “subject of rights” — Whether defendants failing to protect applicants’ rights — Whether defendants violating Paris Agreement on Climate Change and Colombian Law 1753 of 2015Jurisdiction — Human rights protection — Collective rights — Appropriate mechanism to protect applicants’ rights — Acción de tutela — Whether appropriate for protection of collective rights and interests — Whether protection of environment entailing safeguarding of supra-legal individual guarantees — Whether minors can bring claim without representationTerritory — Whether territories “subject of rights” — Human rights — Environmental rights — Deforestation of Colombian Amazon forest — Ecocentric anthropic society — Whether Amazon an entity “subject of rights”Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 2015 — Other international instruments — International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966 — Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, 1976 — Protocol I additional to Geneva Conventions relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, 1977 — 1972 Stockholm Declaration — United Nations Environment Programme — United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, 1992 — United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development — Rio Declaration on Environment and Development — Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests — Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 — United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 — Colombian Law 1844 of 2017 approving Paris Agreement — Colombian Law 1753 of 2015 — Constitution of Colombia — Whether Colombia violating its obligations under international and national law — Whether defendants failing to protect 444applicants’ rights — Whether defendants violating Paris Agreement on Climate Change and Law 1753 of 2015Human rights — Right to a healthy environment — Environmental rights — Action of protection (“acción de tutela”) in Colombia to protect human rights — Article 86 of Colombian Constitution — Popular action (“acción popular”) to protect human rights — Article 88 of Colombian Constitution — Right to life expectancy — Environmental protection — Right to enjoy a healthy environment, life and health — Relationship of environment and ecosystem with fundamental rights of life and health, and with human dignity — Fundamental rights to access water, breathe clean air and enjoy healthy environment — Right not to be sick due to environmental degradation — Right to fresh water — Right to environmental sanitationEnvironment — Territory — Whether territories “subject of rights” — Prevalence of general interest — Duty to protect natural wealth of nation — Ecological function of private property — Natural parks as inalienable, imprescriptible and unattachable — Sustainable development — Collective rights and interests — Colombian Constitutional Court Judgment C-431 of 2000 — Amazon Cooperation Treaty, 1978 — Precautionary principle — Principle of intergenerational equity — Principle of solidarity — The law of Colombia

Avrupa Yerel Yönetimler Özerklik Şartı’na Türkiye’nin Koyduğu Çekincelerin Yeniden Değerlendirilmesi

Avrupa Yerel Yönetimler Özerklik Şartı’nda genel olarak yerel yönetimlerin idari, siyasi ve mali özerkliklerinin gerçekleştirilmesi, korunması ve kamu hizmetlerinin vatandaşlara en yakın yönetim birimlerince yerine getirilmesi çerçevesinde yerel yönetimlerin daha etkin bir hâle kavuşturulması amaçlanmaktadır. Şart’ın en önemli özelliği yerel ve mali özerklik konularını içererek yerel yönetimleri daha güçlü bir hâle getirmesidir. Türkiye de bu Şart’ı onaylamıştır. Ancak Türkiye Şart’ın bazı paragraflarına çekinceler koymuştur. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de kamu yönetiminde gerçekleştirilen reformlarla birlikte Şart’a koyulan çekincelerin mevcut durumu ele alınmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’nin Avrupa Yerel Yönetimler Özerklik Şartı’na hangi hususlarda çekinceler koyduğunun sebepleri ile birlikte ortaya koyulmasıdır. Çalışmanın gerçekleştirilmesinde içerik analizi yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. İçerik analizinde Avrupa Yerel Yönetimler Özerklik Şartı ve Ek Protokolü esas alınmıştır. Bu kapsamda, Türkiye’nin çekince koyduğu; yerel özerklik, idari özerklik, yerel sorumlulukların kullanılması, yerel yönetimlerin denetimi, mali kaynakların kullanılması, yerel makamlara danışılma, hibelerin şartlı yapılmaması, uluslararası iş birliği yapma hakkı, yargı yoluna başvurma hakkı ile birlik kurma ve birliklere katılma hakkı ayrı ayrı değerlendirilmiştir.

New stage of Russian-Egyptian cooperation

New stage of Russian-Egyptian cooperation

Prospects for Improvement in Peacebuilding: The Choice for Cooperation and Coordination

Prospects for Improvement in Peacebuilding: The Choice for Cooperation and Coordination

Physical activity based screen time interventions for children and adolescents

Excessive screen-media use among children and adolescents is highly prevalent which increases the risk of being overweight or obese, as well as developing myopia. Therefore, screen time interventions for children and adolescents is of great importance. This review presents a retrospective analysis of foreign studies aimed at reducing screen time for children and adolescents, and summarizes the experience of implementing intervention studies, strategies, and exercise programs in different settings. The findings revealed that foreign studies of screen time in children and adolescents rely on interdisciplinary integration, and the research design of such studies is rigorous and scientific. However, there are still some limitations: Research has failed to account for certain variables (screen media type, age, and gender), and comprehensive evaluations of exercise interventions are lacking. Chinese researchers can formulate scientific and reasonable intervention programs by focusing on the following three factors: advocating multi-department and cross-domain, research cooperation; attaching importance to joint intervention studies based in schools, the community, and family; and strengthening the comprehensiveness of data analytic process, with the ultimate goal of reducing screen time for children and adolescents, as well as promoting their healthy development. 【摘 要】儿童青少年过多使用屏幕媒体的情况非常普遍,对超重、肥胖及近视的风险产生不利影响。因此,有关视屏时间 干预的研究至关重要。本研究对国外以减少儿童青少年视屏时间为目的研究成果进行回顾分析,以总结在不同环境和策 略下实施干预研究的经验以及运动方案设置。分析发现,国外关于减少儿童青少年视屏时间的干预研究注重跨学科整合 研究,且设计严谨、科学。但也存在未对屏幕媒体类型、年龄、性别等变量进行差异性检验,以及缺少运动干预的综合评定 等方面的不足。中国研究者可从倡导多部门、跨领域的合作研究,重视 “学校-社区-家庭” 的联合干预研究,加强数据分析 过程的全面性等 3 个方面,制定科学合理的干预方案,减少儿童青少年视屏时间,促进其健康发展。

Turizm Odaklı Kalkınma Sürecinde Karşılaşılan Sorunlar: Kayseri İli Örneği

Bu çalışmada turizm odaklı kalkınma sürecinde Kayseri ilinde karşılaşılan başlıca sorunlar tespit edilmekte ve bu sorunlara yönelik çeşitli çözüm önerileri ortaya konulmaktadır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yaklaşımı benimsenmiş ve araştırma verileri Kayseri ilinde bulunan 20 turizm sektörü paydaşı ile yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat yöntemi kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda ise turizm odaklı kalkınma sürecinde yatırım, tanıtım ve pazarlama faaliyetlerinin yetersizliği, destinasyon yönetim örgütü ve genel bir turizm master planı olmaması, güçlü bir marka ve imaj geliştirememe, turizm faaliyetlerinin tek bir sezona ve bölgeye yoğunlaşması, turizm işletmelerinin nicelik ve niteliklerinin yetersiz olması, nitelikli işgücü eksikliği, yerel halkın turizme katılımının sağlanamaması, teşvikler ve finansman konusunda sorunların yaşanması ve paydaşlar arasında işbirliğinin yetersiz olması gibi birçok sorunla karşılaşıldığı tespit edilmiş ve bu sorunlarla mücadeleye yönelik çeşitli çözüm önerileri (genel bir turizm master planı hazırlanması, entegre destinasyon yönetim örgütü oluşturulması, işbirliğinin sağlanması vb.) ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, araştırma sonucunda gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalara yönelik olarak önemli önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

ПРО ВИКОНАННЯ У 2020 р. ПРОГРАМИ СПІЛЬНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ АКАДЕМІЇ НАУК УКРАЇНИ ТА НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ АКАДЕМІЇ ПЕДАГОГІЧНИХ НАУК УКРАЇНИ НА 2020-2022 РОКИ

Представлено інформацію про виконання у 2020 р. Програми спільної діяльності Національної академії наук України та Національної академії педагогічних наук України на 2020-2022 роки. За Програмою здійснювалися погодження фундаментальних наукових досліджень НАПН України; розроблення психологічного супроводу освітньої й інших сфер діяльності; співпраця з Національним центром «Мала академія наук України»; обґрунтування методологічних засад з питань професійного (професійно-технічного) розвитку; підготовка та підвищення кваліфікації оперативно-диспетчерського персоналу в енергетичній галузі; розвиток позашкільної освіти; підготовка наукових і навчальних видань; поповнення галузевого сегменту загальнодержавної реферативної бази даних «Україніка наукова» та УРЖ «Джерело»; проведення спільних науково-практичних масових заходів, зокрема у межах XVI Всеукраїнського фестивалю науки, тощо. Окреслено питання, що потребують подальшого вирішення в рамках спільної діяльності.

KERUKUNAN UMAT BERAGAMA DALAM PIKIRAN DAN PRAKTIK KELOMPOK KEAGAMAAN ISLAM DI JAYAPURA

This research is intended to understand the perspective and practice of religious harmony among Islamic groups in City and Regency of Jayapura, Papua Province.The perspective and practice of harmony is placed in a social, cultural, political, and economic context.Research using qualitative approaches, interviews and observations became the main instruments in research.The results showed the Perspective of Islamic groups towards religious harmony was built through the process of meeting interactions in plural social spaces and intensive interactions to positive effects by Muslims to other religions, especially Christians.The principle of daasar that builds the perspective of religious harmony from Islamic groups is the principle of moderation and inclusion of Islam in building interactions with adherents of other religions that conform to the vision of Islam as rahmatan lil alamin religion.The practice of religious harmony displayed by Islamist groups in Jayapura is a reflection of their moderate vision of Islam in the form of an active tolerance through intensive dialogue and cooperation especially in religious celebrations.

Maker Movement: Strategy for the Construction of Knowledge in High School Students

The objective of this work is to identify the characteristics of the Maker movement that facilitate its use as a teaching-learning strategy for the construction of knowledge in high school students. This research was carried out using the desk research methodology, based on evidence from previous application studies of the Maker Movement for the training and motivation of high school students. The Maker philosophy has fostered a new environment for learning based on the theory of constructivism, whose main characteristic is the involvement of students in the creation of artifacts that serve as conductive threads for a series of processes to be carried out that involve cooperation, collaboration and lifelong learning, underpinning processes of experimentation and exploration, in which all phases of the scientific method must be covered, requiring the use of interdisciplinary knowledge, always in a supportive environment. The Maker movement is a catalyst, which promotes learning, with a high dose of motivation, increasing student performance. In Ecuador, mechanisms have been established to promote this culture through the installation and growth of FabLab, in addition to having an increased activity of maker movements in educational institutes.

Price Perception and Product Quality on Gas Purchasing Decisions in PT. Pertamina EP Asset 2

This research was conducted aimed to determine the effect of price perception and product quality on purchasing decisions at PT. Pertamina EP Asset 2. The population in this study are all companies that are consumers who purchase gas at PT. Pertamina EP Asset 2 in 2019 as many as 17 companies. The sample used in this study were 102 respondents using a purposive sampling technique. The data collection method uses a questionnaire. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis showed that price perception had a positive and significant effect on gas purchasing decisions at PT. Pertamina EP Asset 2. Product quality has a positive and significant effect on gas purchasing decisions at PT. Pertamina EP Asset 2. By looking at competitors, it is better to immediately improve gas quality. So it has more appeal for consumers so far and prospective customers to continue to make gas purchases from PT. Pertamina EP Asset 2. With good cooperation between PT. Pertamina EP Asset 2 with consumers who are companies that have done so far, it is necessary to increase the quality of the gas produced to give a sense of wanting to make gas purchases.

Culturological Ideas of Teaching a Foreign Language: Concepts and Theories (the End of 20th – at the Beginning of the 21st Century)

The rapidly expanding International cooperation in the late 20th - early 21st centuries raised the question of foreign language learning as well as cultural understanding. Without these essential aspects, intercultural communication cannot be efficient. The high interest in foreign language learning contributed to the search for the most effective ways of teaching it.n The concepts and theories appeared at the turn of two centuries in Russia, remaining relevant today. They became the essential basis for further research on foreign language teaching in the framework of the dialogue of cultures. The cultural idea is focused on learning both the Language and culture. Safonova (1993), developed a socio-cultural approach to teaching a foreign language as a specialty. She has proved the necessity of integration of the culture of the country being studied into the educational process. ? methodical model of foreign language teaching was proposed as a basis for developing the bicultural personality of students.

Dynamics of Inter-cultural Communication at Multicultural Societies in Transmigrant Territory

This study aims to examine the dynamics of intercultural communication in multicultural societies in transmigrant territory, namely East Tomoni Sub-district, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The design of this study was descriptive qualitative. Based on the results of the study, it was found that intercultural communication experienced a tendency to cause changes in social relations which led to conflict and violence. Two relatively large ethnic communities in the location, namely communities of Toraja ethnic and Bali ethnic as migrants through the transmigration program at the beginning of the meeting showed relatively good communication, despite having different cultural backgrounds. The influx of external influences leads to social changes that pose a change in inter-cultural communication systems and social relations between ethnic communities that trigger conflicts and communal violence. In order to reconcile interethnic cracks, reconciliation was carried out through the revitalization of intercultural communication by involving strategies for the reconstruction of interethnic social relations, the construction of economic relations, the optimization of inter-village cooperation relations, building multicultural awareness, and construction of interpersonal communication as a medium for cross-ethnic cultural studies.

W kierunku komercjalizacji działalności społecznej – różnicowanie sposobu prowadzenia działalności przez podmioty ekonomii społecznej w efekcie ich ekonomizacji

Coraz więcej podmiotów ekonomii społecznej (PES) przechodzi przez proces ekonomizacji. W Polsce proces ten jest inicjowany głównie przez państwo i prowadzoną przez nie politykę, której celem jest podniesienie samodzielności i niezależności PES. Ekonomizacja wywołuje zmiany w sposobie działania podmiotów pochodzących z III sektora. Poniższy artykuł jest próbą ilustracji tego zjawiska przy wykorzystaniu analizy kokreacji. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja odmiennych sposobów prowadzenia działalności przez PES, co jest efektem ich ekonomizacji. Artykuł powstał w efekcie studiów nad literaturą oraz na podstawie badań na grupie PES – uczestników projektu „Małopolski Ośrodek Wsparcia Ekonomii Społecznej” (MOWES). Najważniejszym wnioskiem z przeprowadzonych badań jest rozpoznanie różnic w stosowaniu kokreacji w przypadku różnych typów prowadzenia działalności przez ekonomizujące się podmioty ekonomii społecznej. Różnica ta jest efektem innego podejścia PES do działalności gospodarczej i działalności odpłatnej. Przeprowadzone badania pokazują, że zakres kokreacji zmienia się wraz ze zmianą rodzaju działalności: im działalność bardziej się ekonomizuje, tym zakres kokreacji jest mniejszy. Ekonomizacja zmienia otwarty model współpracy charakterystyczny dla działalności misyjnej na bardziej zamknięty model działania w przypadku prowadzenia działalności odpłatnej czy gospodarczej.

GRB 180418A: A possibly-short GRB with a wide-angle outflow in a faint host galaxy

The authors acknowledge Phil Evans for the useful advice to obtain the full set of X-ray GRB afterglow light curves from the UK Swift Science Data Centre. The authors thank Daniel Perley for his valuable contribution to proposals. The Fong Group at Northwestern acknowledges support by the National Science Foundation under grant Nos. AST-1814782 and AST-1909358. Support for this work was provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through Chandra Award Number G08- 19025X issued by the Chandra X-ray Center, which is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for and on behalf of the National Aeronautics Space Administration under contract NAS8-03060. P.V. acknowledges support from NASA grants 80NSSC19K0595 and NNM11AA01A. This work made use of data supplied by the UK Swift Science Data Centre at the University of Leicester. Based on observations obtained at the international Gemini Observatory (Program IDs GS-2018A-Q-127, GN-2018A-Q-121, GN-2018B-Q-117), a program of NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation on behalf of the Gemini Observatory partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), National Research Council (Canada), Agencia Nacional de Investigaci´on y Desarrollo (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog´ia e Innovaci´on (Argentina), Minist´erio da Ciˆencia, Tecnologia, Inova¸c˜oes e Comunica¸c˜oes (Brazil), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (Republic of Korea). This work was enabled by observations made from the Gemini North telescope, located within the Maunakea Science Reserve and adjacent to the summit of Maunakea. We are grateful for the privilege of observing the Universe from a place that is unique in both its astronomical quality and its cultural significance. Observations reported in this paper were obtained at the MMT Observatory, a joint facility of the University of Arizona and the Smithsonian Institution (Programs 2018C-UAO-G4, UAO-G213-20A, UAO-G4, UAO-G7, UAO-G212-20A, 2018b-UAO-G15). MMT Observatory access was supported by Northwestern University and the Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA). Observations obtained by the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT; program: U/18A/UA01) was supported by NASA and operated under an agreement among the University of Hawaii, the University of Arizona, and Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center; operations are enabled through the cooperation of the East Asian Observatory. We thank the Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit (CASU) for processing the WFCAM data and the WFCAM Science Archive (WSA) for making the data available.

Strategies of Resilience: Cooperation in Irish Family Farming

Drawing from both historical ethnographic sociology and more recently collected narrative data, we trace changing resilience strategies employed by Irish family farms. We focus specifically on collective action within farm families and communities, a pathway to resilience that has traditionally depended on patriarchal relations and an accession of individual interests to the survival of the family farm. We find that new conditions for resilience have emerged, disrupting relationships on which historical forms of collective action depended. Threatened with the flight of women and youth towards off-farm opportunities, resilience strategies have come to accommodate better and respond to the needs of individuals in farm families. However, if the farm is to survive, family members remain collectively challenged with meeting its physical demands. One contemporary resilience strategy employs Joint Farming Ventures (JFVs), which involve formalised collaborative arrangements between husbands and wives, parents and offspring, non-immediate relatives, and farming neighbours. We find women and men at different stages in the lifecourse are employing JFVs to drive and resource renewed resilience strategies. Reconstituted relational arrangements within the farm family allow the farm to draw from an increased range of resources through an enhanced commitment of diverse farm family members. By prioritising the family farm, contemporary resilience strategies are consistent with historical ones but create greater capacity for family farm resilience by boosting reservoirs of social, cultural and economic capital available to the farm. This insight goes some way towards shedding light on the intricate puzzle that is the remarkable resilience of Irish family farms and those continuing to exist worldwide.

Profundity, Diversity, and Cooperation at TST

Profundity, Diversity, and Cooperation at TST

On the benefit of inter‐operator cooperation in C‐RAN

On the benefit of inter‐operator cooperation in C‐RAN

Compliance requires communication and cooperation.

Compliance requires communication and cooperation.

Rol de las capacidades dinámicas de networking en la internacionalización de pymes latinoamericanas

Las pymes latinoamericanas difícilmente evidencian experiencias de internacionalización significativas debido a sus limitaciones de conocimiento, recursos y relaciones con intermediarios estratégicos. El reto es generar cooperación entre todos los partners y orquestar la combinación adecuada que permita integrar el canal de distribución internacional. El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido identificar aquellas capacidades dinámicas específicas de networking necesarias para el desarrollo de la estrategia de distribución, y así, impulsar los procesos de internacionalización de pymes latinoamericanas. Los resultados demuestran que los gerentes identifican, desarrollan y fortalecen sus relaciones con distribuidores y agentes internacionales, que finalmente les permiten dinamizar su proceso de internacionalización y superar sus rigideces organizacionales.

Condiciones que favorecen la construcción de un ambiente propicio para el aprendizaje de la lectoescritura inicial en niños con dificultad en esta área

The objective of this study was to describe some of the conditions that intervenein the construction of a favorable environment for the teaching of boys and girls withliteracy difficulties. To achieve this, a qualitative study was carried out in a communitycenter in Guadalajara, Jalisco (Mexico). Data were collected through the observation ofthe classes between August 2019 and January 2020. A group of boys and girls -aged 7and 9- received educational support twice a week, as an after-school activity. From theanalysis, it is concluded that the display of the environment, the social organization ofthe classroom, the cooperation among peers, the positive feedback, and thecommunication of the meaning and purpose of the activities act as mediators in thelearning of literacy of boys and girls with said difficulties.Keywords: school environment, learning conditions, reading difficulty, teachingresources.