Cogeneration Of Electricity Research Articles

Comparative study, working fluid selection, and optimal design of three systems for electricity and freshwater based on solid oxide fuel cell mover cycle

In this paper, a novel electricity and freshwater cogeneration system is proposed in which an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is utilized for recovering the wasted heat of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). The electricity generated in the recovery unit is used to derive a Reverse Osmosis (RO) water desalination unit. Also, three different configurations are considered for the ORC unit. At the first step, a robust three-objective genetic optimization is applied for all three configurations and the best one is selected to have the maximum generated power, minimum total productions cost, and minimum pollutant emissions, simultaneously. The second step is focused on selecting the best working fluid of the optimal ORC (among five different working fluids). The results demonstrated that the regenerative configuration with the R123 working fluid has the best performance. For this optimal layout, the outputs are included 649.2 kW of the net generated power and 34.5 m3/h of freshwater At this condition, the optimal exergy efficiency, product unit cost, and pollutant emission factor are 46.29%, 28.59 US$/GJ, 0.2587 kg/kWh, respectively.

Cis-[6-(Pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine](dichloride) Palladium(II)-Based Electrolyte Membrane Reactors for Partial Oxidation Methane to Methanol.

Methane is an abundant resource and the main constituent of natural gas. It can be converted into higher value-added products and as a subproduct of electricity co-generation. The application of polymer electrolyte reactors for the partial oxidation of methane to methanol to co-generate power and chemical products is a topic of great interest for gas and petroleum industries, especially with the use of materials with a lower amount of metals, such as palladium complex. In this study, we investigate the ideal relationship between cis-[6-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine(dichloride)palladium(II)] (Pd-complex) nanostructure and carbon to obtain a stable, conductive, and functional reagent diffusion electrode. The physical and structural properties of the material were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques. The electrocatalytic activity studies revealed that the most active proportion was 20% of Pd-complex supported on carbon (m/m), which was measured with lower values of open-circuit and power density but with higher efficiency in methanol production with reaction rates of r = 4.2 mol L–1·h–1 at 0.05 V.

Assessment of methanol and electricity co-production plants based on coke oven gas and blast furnace gas utilization

This study aims to develop an economically viable novel process with high thermodynamic efficiency for the co-generation of methanol and electricity from coke oven gas (COG) and blast furnace gas (BFG). For this purpose, two processes are proposed to utilize COG and BFG. In process A, syngas is obtained from COG reforming, and BFG, after providing the required heat for the reformer, is injected into the methanol synthesis reactor as a rich carbon source. In process B, in addition to the above-mentioned, additional hydrogen is injected into the methanol reactor to enhance carbon dioxide conversion. The performance of the proposed systems is evaluated using energy efficiency, exergy efficiency, net CO2 emission, and total production cost. Results show that energy efficiencies for processes A and B are 53.53% and 72.8%, and their exergy efficiencies are 23% and 26%, respectively. Moreover, environmental analysis demonstrates that process B has a net CO2 emission of −1.82 kgCO2/kgmethanol, while for process A, this parameter is relatively higher, and it is positive. From the economic viewpoint, it is concluded that process B is more feasible, and the total production cost of methanol decreases by 87.62% compared to process A. Also, it can be deduced that in the case of utilizing additional hydrogen electricity and methanol production from COG and BFG is interesting from the thermodynamic and economic point of view, and due to negative net CO2 emission, it is environmentally desirable, too.

Simultaneous Solar‐driven Steam and Electricity Generation by Cost‐effective, Easy Scale‐up MnO2‐based Flexible Membranes

Harvesting solar energy in an effective manner for steam and electricity generation is a promising technique to simultaneously cope with the energy and water crises. However, the construction of efficient and easy scale‐up photothermal materials for steam and electricity cogeneration remains challenging. Herein, we report a facile and cost‐effective strategy to prepare MnO2‐decorated cotton cloth (MCx). The wide adsorption spectrum and excellent photothermal conversion ability of the in situ‐formed MnO2 nanoparticles make the MCx to be advanced photothermal materials. Consequently, the hybrid device integrated with MCx as the photothermal layer and the thermoelectric (TE) module for electricity power conversion exhibits an extremely high evaporation rate of 2.24 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 kW m−2 irradiation, which is ranked among the most powerful solar evaporators. More importantly, during solar evaporation, the hybrid device produces an open‐circuit voltage of 0.3 V and a power output of 1.6 W m−2 under 3 Sun irradiation, and outperforms most of the previously reported solar‐driven electricity generation devices. Therefore, the integrated device with synergistic solar‐thermal utilization opens up a green way toward simultaneous solar vapor and electric power generation in remote and resource‐constrained areas.

Selection of Planning Options of Electricity and Freshwater Cogeneration Method Based on High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor

The lack of fresh water in the world has become a growing concern. As an open-source incremental technology for water resources, desalination has become an important method to solve the global water crisis. Based on the inherent safety, versatility, modularity, and advantages of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, the Saudi Arabia desalination project is the relying background. This paper proposes a complete solution for the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor power and water coproduction project by selecting a combination of process-proven multi-effect distillation (MED) and reverse osmosis (RO). In the scheme, a tertiary circuit is designed for the isolation of radioactive entities. An innovative comparative analysis of the engineering investment and production costs of different desalination technologies, such as MED and RO, and a comparison of the investment estimates of the “thermal” and “membrane” methods for the production of 10,000 tonnes of fresh water per day are performed. The feasibility and energy efficiency of the multi-effect distillation–reverse osmosis (MED-RO) scheme are presented, demonstrating the feasibility and practicality of the above approach.

Energy, exergy, emergy, and economic evaluation of a novel two-stage solar Rankine power plant.

This paper studies a solar-powered organic Rankine cycle-integrated cooling and electricity co-generation system. This system consists of a steam cycle, an organic Rankine cycle, the parabolic trough solar collectors' field, and a gas turbine cycle as well as a cooling heat exchanger for the co-production of power and cooling. The steam generator in this cycle is a dual pressure system that works with the thermal energy received from the solar collectors. The proposed process is analyzed thermodynamically and economically using the novel emergoeconomic approach. Then, to find the optimum operating parameters of the power plant, multi-objective optimization is performed by implementing the novel water cycle algorithm. The objectives of this optimization process are to maximize the system's efficiency and to minimize the monetary emergy rate of the products. This study shows an increase of 8% in the exergy efficiency (from 40.2 to 48.2%) after the optimization. The production cost decreased by 6.1% from 18.8 to 17.6 USD/GJ, and the emergoeconomic rate decreased by 18.9% from 27.1 to 22 sej/s. Furthermore, the power production in the proposed cycle compared to the base cycle increased by 111.7MW in the gas cycle and 39.4MW in the steam cycle.

Comprehensive economic analysis and multi-objective optimization of an integrated power and freshwater generation cycle based on flash-binary geothermal and gas turbine cycles

This paper proposes a novel hybridization of a flash-binary geothermal cycle, a gas turbine cycle, an organic flash cycle, and a multi-effect desalination subsystem to reach efficient cogeneration of electricity and freshwater using the waste heat recovery concept. The capability of the proposed system is investigated based on energy, exergy, environmental, and economic perspectives. The proposed configuration at the base conditions provides 8016 kW net power, 15.99 kg/s freshwater with 35.43% exergetic efficiency, 110.9 t/kW levelized total emission, and 3.42 y of payback period. The sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the heat transfer-based equipment's impact on the system's performance criteria. The air preheater effectiveness has the highest impact on the proposed system's performance. The net present value is estimated for different electricity sale prices and geofluid prices. The net present value estimation's results reveal that the electricity sale price affects the system profitably higher than the geofluid purchase cost. The multi-objective optimization based on the grey wolf method is applied through four different scenarios. The proposed system at the best optimum operation state provides 8183 kW net power, 16.11 kg/s freshwater with 36.13% exergetic efficiency, 108.8 t/kW levelized total emission, and a 3.04 y of payback period.

Cumulative solar exergy allocation in heat and electricity cogeneration systems

Heat and electricity cogeneration is effective to improve energy efficiency but with no a unified allocation method. Both the emergy and cumulative exergy methods could evaluate the resources consumption, with the issues caused by total inheritance principle and inequivalence of primary exergy, respectively. This paper takes solar exergy as the basis for cumulative exergy, proposing a concept of cumulative solar exergy (CSE), which provides a new insight for allocation problems and sustainability evaluation. The CSE allocation is performed by taking the CSE transformities (TrCSE) in the stand-alone heat and electricity generation systems (alternative systems) as baselines. The CSE method is applied in the biomass and coal gasification cogeneration systems, with back pressure steam turbine (BPT), extraction condensing steam turbine (ECT) and gas-steam combined cycle (GSC) taken as power generation facilities. The results show that the TrCSE of biomass-based systems are lower than those of the coal-based systems. The resource utilization efficiencies can be improved by cogeneration according to the TrCSE of cogeneration and alternative systems. The allocation results of CSE and exergy methods are in the range of energy and enthalpy drop methods. The electricity coefficients of the CSE method are higher than those of the exergy method.

Demand-based process steam from renewable energy: Implementation and sizing of a latent heat thermal energy storage system based on the Rotating Drum Heat Exchanger

Today’s heat demand of industrial processes is mainly supplied by the combustion of fossil fuels. Within this paper, a thermal energy storage system using the Rotating Drum Heat Exchanger is proposed for a carbon-neutral steam generation and additional co-generation of electricity. At the Rotating Drum Heat Exchanger, a phase change material (PCM) solidifies on the outer surface of a drum, which is partially immersed into liquid PCM, while water evaporates on the inner surface of the drum. With this design, the storage density of the proposed nitrate salts as storage material can be increased up to 330 kW·m−3 by utilizing the energy stored within the phase change and the energy stored due to the temperature change of the liquid and solid storage material. The storage system is sized for the generation of 20000 kg·h−1 of saturated steam at 2.5 bar, 8 bar, 20 bars and 75 bar of steam pressure. During the discharge process, a surface-specific heat transfer of above 300 kW·m−2 and a share of electricity generation of up to 24% can be achieved, which shows the high potential of the Rotating Drum Heat Exchanger. The thermal energy storage system can either be charged by fluctuating renewable energy or can be used to decouple the steam and electricity production of today’s cogeneration plants. The presented storage system can thus make a decisive contribution to decarbonization and flexibilization of the industrial process steam supply.

A Review of Recent Developments and Applications of Compound Parabolic Concentrator-Based Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal Collectors

The concentrating photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) collectors offer the benefits of the reduced per-unit price of electrical energy and co-generation of electrical and thermal energies by intensifying the solar irradiation falling on the hybrid receiving plane. The compound parabolic concentrating (CPC) collectors have appeared as a promising candidate for numerous applications in the field of solar energy due to their ability to collect both direct and diffuse solar radiation and suitability for stationary installation. Over the last few decades, various configurations of CPC collectors have been proposed and investigated by different researchers for the simultaneous generation of electrical and thermal energies. This article presents a comprehensive review of historical and recent developments and applications of CPC-based hybrid PVT systems. The review focuses on the heat extraction mechanisms and commonly used application areas of CPC-PVT systems. The innovative design configurations proposed by different researchers have been reviewed in detail. The outputs of CPC-PVT systems are generally found to be superior to their counterparts without CPCs, which justifies their increased popularity. Due to dual outputs, the hybrid CPC-PVT systems are considered to be suitable for rooftop and building façade integrated applications. Finally, future recommendations have been enlisted, highlighting the potential research opportunities and challenges for the prospective researchers working in the field of concentrating solar PVT systems.

Design and field testing of a sunflower hybrid concentrator photovoltaic-thermal receiver

Hybrid concentrator photovoltaic-thermal (CPV/T) systems generate both electricity and process heat by splitting concentrated sunlight onto CPV cells and a thermal receiver utilizing a heat-transfer fluid. Such energy co-generation increases total conversion efficiency and reduces system costs to compete with more widely used electricity and heat-generation methods in target markets. Here, we design and prototype a sunflower-like CPV/T system that collects a portion of the incoming sunlight using triple-junction CPV cells operating with an average temperature of <85°C. In the same receiver, thermal output >245°C may be generated from both waste heat from the CPV cells and a spatially separated fraction of the incoming concentrated light illuminating a heat-exchanger coil. In total, >65% of incident sunlight is converted to electricity or process heat. On-sun field tests validate this model and guide future development, and a techno-economic model demonstrates a US average levelized cost of heat of 2.5 ¢/kW t h. • Solar co-generation of heat and electricity with >65% efficiency • Process heat output of >245°C with CPV cells <85°C • US average levelized cost of heat of 2.5 ¢/kW t h Process heat makes up approximately 36% of the energy usage within the US manufacturing sector, with many applications requiring medium temperature. Here, Skelton et al. design, build, and test a hybrid concentrator photovoltaic system that generates both electricity and medium- to high-temperature process heat at >65% efficiency.

Assessing Seawater Desalination using Reverse Osmosis and Multi-effect Distillation for Kuwait using Life Cycle Assessment: fossil fuels versus solar power

Sustainable water production is one of the top five challenges facing humanity within the upcoming decade, for arid regions the situation is aggravated. Countries worldwide are urged to balance of the SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation), SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy) to contribute to SDG 13 (climate action). This research evaluates seawater desalination in arid regions using multi-effect distillation (MED) and seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) using fossil fuels versus solar power versus solar collector system (SCS) and and photovoltaic (PV). Four alternatives were investigated MED (NG), MED (SCS), SWRO (NG) and SWRO (PV) using life cycle assessment (LCA) to desalinate one cubic meter of seawater using a second-order boundary (i.e., cradle to gate) in which the operational parameters include: energy, materials, chemicals and additives in accordance with ISO 14040/4. The foreground data is based on field data collection that considers water intake characteristics: salinity and turbidity. The background inventories are based on Ecoinvent database v.3. The life cycle impact assessment is based on midpoint analysis using ReCiPe midpoint (H) v1.10. The results indicates that the primary fuel exergy and the allocation of energy in water electricity co-generation is the defining factor.

Optimization and comparison of two improved very high temperature gas-cooled reactor-based hydrogen and electricity cogeneration systems using iodine-sulfur cycle

To enrich the existing research methods and content, two improved very high temperature gas-cooled reactor and iodine-sulfur (I–S) cycle-based nuclear hydrogen and steam and helium gas turbines electricity cogeneration systems, including the series connection system (SCS) and the parallel connection system (PCS), are proposed and studied. The energy and exergy analysis methods are used to model these two systems, and Aspen Plus is adopted to build the I–S hydrogen production system. The energy consumption and thermal efficiency of the I–S system are analyzed in detail, and the parametric optimization of two improved systems is performed using particle-swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Lastly, the performance comparison of the two systems under different operating conditions is conducted. The simulation results show that more than 99% of the energy consumption of the I–S system is occupied by H2SO4 section and HIx section, and the system's thermal efficiency is estimated to be in the range of 17.7%–43.3%. After using an internal heat exchange network, a conservative thermal efficiency of 23.7% is achieved. The optimization results show that under zero hydrogen production load, the proposed PCS and SCS can respectively achieve the net electrical power outputs of 172.8 MW and 125.7 MW, the global thermal efficiencies of 49.36% and 35.91%, and the global exergy efficiencies of 51.94% and 37.79%. With the increase of hydrogen production load, the global efficiencies of both systems decrease significantly, but the decreasing rate of PCS is faster than that of SCS. In addition, the performance comparison results indicate that when the hydrogen production load is small or the intermediate heat exchanger's primary side helium outlet temperature is close to the reactor inlet temperature, the PCS would be a better option than the SCS.

Co-generation of liquid chemicals and electricity over Co-Fe alloy/perovskite anode catalyst in a propane fueled solid oxide fuel cell

Herein, perovskite oxide Sr2Fe1.4Co0.1Mo0.5O6-δ (SFMCo) is used as the anode of direct propane-fueled solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In reducing operation, single-phase perovskite oxide SFMCo is transformed to Co-Fe bimetallic catalytic nanocatalysts decorated SFMCo composite nanomaterial. Good electrochemical performance and outstanding stability are obtained with propane as the fuel and ambient air as the oxidant. Due to the catalytic effect of the exsolved Co-Fe alloy in the SOFC system, polycyclic aromatic compounds are gathered as chemical products in the exhaust of the anode through the aromatization route. This novel anode system manifests the successful co-generation of electricity and high-value liquid chemicals from direct hydrocarbon-fueled SOFC.

Molten carbonate fuel cells for simultaneous CO2 capture, power generation, and H2 generation

This article presents a new technology for the generation of power and steam, or other process heat, with very low CO2 emissions. It is well known that cogeneration of electricity and steam is highly efficient and that amine units can be used to remove CO2 from combustion flue gas, but that the amine unit consumes a significant amount of steam and power, reducing the overall system efficiency. In this report, the use of molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) to capture CO2 from cogen units is investigated and shown to be highly efficient due to the additional power that they produce while capturing the CO2. Furthermore, the MCFCs are capable of reforming methane to hydrogen simultaneous to the power production and CO2 capture. This hydrogen can either be recycled as fuel for consumption by the cogen or MCFCs, or exported to an independent combustion unit as low carbon fuel, thereby decarbonizing that unit as well. The efficiency of MCFCs for CO2 capture is higher than use of amines in all cases studied, often by a substantial margin, while at the same time the MCFCs avoid more CO2 than the amine technology. As one example, the use of amines on a cogeneration unit can avoid 87.6% of CO2 but requires 4.91 MJ/kg of additional primary energy to do so. In contrast, the MCFCs avoid 89.4% of CO2 but require only 1.37 MJ/kg of additional primary energy. The high thermal efficiency and hydrogen export option demonstrate the potential of this technology for widespread deployment in a low carbon energy economy.

Techno-economic analysis of e-waste based chemical looping reformer as hydrogen generator with co-generation of metals, electricity and syngas

Chemical looping reforming (CLR) is an efficient technology to convert hydrocarbon fuels into CO 2 and H 2 using metal oxide based oxygen carriers. The novelty of the present study is to utilize electronic waste such as printed circuit board (PCB) to generate high quality syngas and metallic components for the CLR process. A portion of the syngas generated during e-waste pyrolysis is used with coal and polypropylene for effective combustion. A techno-economic analysis is performed for the production of hydrogen and electricity in the CLR method. The levelized costs for electricity (LCOE), hydrogen (LCOH), syngas (LCOS), and metal (LCOM) production using e-wastes are estimated as 92.28 $/MWh, 3.67 $/kg, 0.0034 $/kWh, and 24.32 $/ton, respectively. The LCOH is found to be the least of 2.90 $/kg under the co-feed conditions of PCB syngas-PP. The integration of the e-waste based CLR with a steam turbine system achieved a net efficiency of 50%. • E-waste based chemical looping reformer (CLR) is proposed for hydrogen generation. • Mixture of PCB based syngas, coal, and polypropylene (PP) is used as feedstock. • Techno-economic analysis is conducted for CLR integrated steam turbine system. • Levelized costs for hydrogen, electricity, syngas and metal oxides are assessed. • PCB syngas with coal and PP produced a net efficiency of 48.8% with LCOH of 3 $/kg.

A Bioelectrochemical System for Waste Degradation and Energy Recovery From Industrial Coffee Wastewater

The primary production of coffee involves the extensive use of water resources, since it is not only used for irrigation of coffee plantations, but it is also required in large volumes for the processing of the coffee berry to obtain high quality green beans. It is calculated that for every kg of dry coffee grain produced, up to 40 L of water are consumed, and its disposal represents a significant environmental problem, since most coffee growers are small producers with no access to efficient technologies for wastewater treatment. This situation leads to these liquid wastes to be discarded untreated in natural water sources, generating environmental pollution and public health problems. Bioelectrochemical Systems (BES) have been proposed as an alternative to conventional wastewater treatments, either as a primary bioremediation strategy or for secondary wastewater treatment systems. Among BES, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are designed to exploit the metabolic capability of andophilic microorganisms to degrade the organic matter present in the waste. Anodophilic microorganisms use electrodes as terminal electron acceptors, generating a flow of electrons that can be used in the generation of electricity. In this work, we evaluated the ability of native microbial communities to degrade the organic matter present in wastewater from the coffee agroindustry and its electrogenic potential for the co-generation of electricity was evaluated using an MFC device developed by the authors. Wastewater samples obtained at different stages of the coffee wet process were used as inoculum and feedstocks. The system was operated in fed-batch, in both open and closed-circuit conditions, for 60 days. The degree of decontamination or bioremediation of the wastewater was assessed by measurements of physicochemical parameters. For the characterization of the native microbial community, microscopic and molecular techniques were used and the electrogenic potential was established by assessing the electrochemical performance of the system. With the proposed bioelectrochemical system, a reduction of up to 70% of the initial content of organic matter of the residual water from the coffee benefit was achieved, and open circuit voltages of up to 400 mV were recorded, comparable to those reported for conventional air breathing cathode MFC.

Thermodynamic evaluation of electricity and hydrogen cogeneration from solar energy and fossil fuels

A photovoltaics (PV) and methane-steam-reforming hybrid system for efficient and carbon–neutral electricity-hydrogen cogeneration from solar energy and fossil fuels is proposed. Middle-wavelength (x-870 nm) sunlight, suitable for PV conversion, is utilized for electricity generation by PV cells, while shorter- and longer-wavelength (280-x nm & 870–4000 nm) sunlight, which is not suitable for PV conversion, is rationally converted to thermal energy and further utilized for hydrogen production. Since electricity and hydrogen are both high-quality and clean energy carriers, the produced electricity and hydrogen could be directly output to users. The solar-to-product energy efficiency of the proposed system reaches 56.3%, 42.9% higher than that of the reference system (parallel arranged solar PVT part and solar methane-steam-reforming part). Efficiency improvement is mainly brought by full-spectrum utilization of sunlight and comprehensive utilization of electricity, thermal energy, and chemical energy. Besides, interconversion between hydrogen and electricity can be easily achieved via fuel cells or water electrolysis cells, which enables flexible supply of electricity and hydrogen on demand. When the proposed system only generates electricity, the solar-to-product efficiency is 30.2%, 29.1% higher than that of the reference system; when it only generates hydrogen, the solar-to-product efficiency is 54.5%, 44.5% higher than that of the reference system. In sum, this study offers an efficient, low carbon and flexible route for hydrogen-electricity cogeneration with solar energy and fossil fuels as inputs.

RELAP5-3D modelling of the HTTR-GT/H2 secondary system and turbomachinery

High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs) can be used for the cogeneration of electricity and hydrogen. The JAEA-operated High-Temperature engineering Test Reactor (HTTR-GT/H2) is exploring using the reactor for electricity and hydrogen production. A RELAP5-3D model of the HTTR-GT/H2 secondary system has been developed using design information. The various components and heat exchangers in the secondary system were investigated, modified, and improved where applicable. With these changes made, the model was run, and the results were compared to the design conditions. The results for the sole-power generation mode were shown to fit the design conditions very well. The largest temperature difference was on the order of 7 K, and the largest pressure difference was on the order of 0.05 MPa. The results for the hydrogen cogeneration mode did not fit the design conditions as well as the other case. The largest temperature difference was about 39 K and the largest pressure difference was about 0.27 MPa at the compressor outlet. The larger differences for the hydrogen cogeneration mode are attributed to the various complex components and the flow being split in the secondary loop.A transient reduction in heat removal capability of the secondary system was investigated. Reactor temperatures were predicted to rise as a result. The core reactivity response due to this increase in temperature is investigated and is expected to add negative reactivity to the reactor.

A new biomass gasification driven hybrid system for power and liquid hydrogen cogeneration: Parametric study and multi-objective evolutionary optimization

The purpose of this paper is focused on introducing a new layout of an electricity and liquid hydrogen cogeneration power plant and evaluating its performance from the exergo-economic and environmental stand points. The system is based on the combination of a biomass gasification gas turbine cycle, a Rankine cycle, an electrolyzer unit, and a hydrogen liquefaction cycle. A parametric model is firstly developed to study the sensitivity of the system performance on the main design parameters (including biomass flow rate ṁbiomass, gas turbine inlet temperature TGT, compressor pressure ratio PR, and steam turbine inlet pressure PSRCT). Afterward, the optimal operation of system is selected using by a multi-objective optimization approach. The observations revealed that m˙biomass is the most effective design parameter. The optimal design parameters are obtained as ṁbiomass = 1.94 kg/s, TGT = 1421 K, PR = 5.52, and PSRCT = 3886 kPa, which results in the maximum electricity and hydrogen production of 3377 kW and 14.8 kg/h together with minimum total cost rate of 86.61 $/h. At this condition, the optimal environmental index is 1.09 kgCO₂/kWh.