CO Double Bond Research Articles

Optimization of carrier transfer kinetics of BiOIO3 using TFA·/TFA- reversible redox pairs of TFA molecules as co-catalysts for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting system

Co-catalyst loading on photoelectrodes is considered to be an effective way to accelerate charge transfer. However, the bonding between most of the co-catalysts and photoelectrodes tends to be weak, which severely limits the role of co-catalysts in the catalytic system. Based on the above problems, we introduced trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as a homogeneous molecular co-catalyst in the layered BiOIO3 catalytic system for the first time. The BiOIO3-TFA photoelectrode exhibited excellent photoelectrochemical performance under light and applied bias voltage. The photocurrent density reached up to 0.228 μA cm−2, which was 2.11 times higher than that before modification, while the overpotential was negatively shifted by 183 mV. The results showed that the photogenerated electron-hole pairs in BiOIO3 are excited and transferred to the TFA causing the CO double bond to break to form a TFA radical (TFA·), which is then reduced to TFA-. This cyclic redox reaction accompanied by fast hole transfer can greatly reduce the recombination behavior during carrier transport. This work demonstrates a new form of co-catalyst for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Highly water-soluble molecules and TFA·/TFA- reversible reactions have considerable potential for the development of new co-catalysts. It also provides ideas for the establishment of new, efficient catalytic systems for inhibiting carrier recombination.

Mechanistic insights on the preparation of 5-methyl-2-hexanone by hydrogenation of 5-methyl-3-hexen-2-one using Pd/Al2O3 catalysts

5-methyl-2-hexanone is used as a versatile polymerization solvent for industrial preparation processes of bulk and fine chemicals. An efficient catalyst, Pd/γ-Al2O3, is reported for the preparation of 5-methyl-2-hexanone by selective hydrogenation of 5-methyl-3-hexen-2-one. The catalyst exhibits remarkable activity and selectivity even at atmospheric pressure and low temperature (1 atm, 80 °C). The influence weight of reaction conditions on the reaction process was obtained through the Artificial Neural Network model, which were reaction pressure, reaction temperature and liquid hourly space velocity in order. The reaction kinetics and mechanism of 5-methyl-2-hexanone preparation by hydrogenation over Pd/γ-Al2O3 catalyst were investigated. The hydrogenation reaction pathway of 5-methyl-3-hexen-2-one was obtained by using Density functional theory calculations, and the mechanism of selective hydrogenation of CC double bonds and CO double bonds was revealed. A kinetic model based on the LHHW model assumption was also proposed and compared with experimental results demonstrating good predictability.

Experimental measurement and molecular dynamics simulation analysis of thermal aging performance in composite solid propellants

As a complex mixed system, the aging mechanism of high-energy composite materials involves the aging of each component itself, interactions between components, and transformation of microstructural and thermodynamic properties. The study of a single component or performance parameter has great limitations for elaborating the cognitive complexity of aging processes, making it difficult to reveal the underlying principles of physicochemical property transformation. Thus, it can only be applied as an empirical summary. In view of this, this study comprehensively utilized numerical analysis and experimental detection to explore the evolution of micromolecular conformation and changes in macro aging performance from four aspects of composite systems, including binder aging, plasticizer migration, bond interface debonding, and mechanical property transformation. There was good consistency observed between molecular simulation and thermal aging experiments, indicating that there was basically no post curing process for HTPB propellants using TDI as the curing agent. In the early stage of aging, scission chain was the main process and, in the later stage of aging, oxidation crosslinking the main process. Oxidative crosslinking increased the mean square radius of gyration and glass transition temperature of the binder system, reduced the peak value of radial distribution function, and revealed the reason for the change of propellant hardness and CC and CO double bond content. However, chain degradation increased the number of polar groups, enhanced intermolecular polarity, reduced the solubility parameter, and increased the free volume fraction of the mixed system and the dioctyl sebacate diffusion coefficient. This resulted in an increase in the tangent value of the HTPB propellant loss angle from 0.43 to 0.44° and a decrease in the glass transition temperature from 203.3 to 202.0 K. The binding energy at the interfaces of AP/HTPB and Al/HTPB increased first and then decreased, which was consistent with SEM images of bonding interfaces. The joint effect of binding energy and mechanical properties of the binder system promoted the transformation of the stress-strain curve of aging propellant.

Selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol over copper-cobalt bimetallic catalyst

Cu-based catalysts have been widely studied as selectively hydrogenated furfural. However, due to the weak hydrogenation activity of the mono-metal copper-based catalyst, the interaction with furfural is usually weak, and the accessibility of the active site is severely limited. A micro-doping strategy was proposed in this study to solve these problems. Trace amounts of cobalt metal are doped into copper using equal volume impregnation. Compared with the Cu/MgO catalyst, the bimetallic CuCo/MgO-0.04 catalyst changes metal particles' size and valence and regulates the catalyst surface's electronic environment. Electron transfer occurs between Co and Cu, and many active sites are generated for adsorption and activation of CO double bonds, and hydrogenation reactions occur with adjacent H protons to improve the selectivity of furfuryl alcohol. CuCo/MgO-0.04 catalyst has excellent catalytic performance of 100 % furfural conversion and 99.4 % furfural alcohol selectivity. Combined with experimental data, kinetic studies, and theoretical calculations, it was confirmed that the d-band center shifted up in the catalyst doped with trace metal cobalt, which optimized the adsorption energy and configuration of furfural and reduced the reaction barrier more effectively. This study provides a strategy to support the partial doping of highly dispersed Cu nanoparticles with a small amount of Co metal. It achieves excellent catalytic properties and chemical selectivity in selective hydrogenation reactions.

Leaching of catalyst platinum from cured silicone elastomers: A preliminary study for comparing reagents

Addition curing systems involve two-part silicones which require the mixture of a silicone polymer with a catalyst to initiate the cure. Platinum is the most commonly used metal catalyst for addition curing of silicones by hydrosilylation which involves the crosslinking by the addition reaction of silicon hydride species to unsaturated bonds, mainly CC, but also CO or CN double bonds. After crosslinking of the polymers, the platinum catalyst cannot be recovered but remains in the silicone materials throughout the entire product life. In the end, platinum is disposed of together with the silicones and is thus lost to the value chain. The overall objective of this work was to develop a recycling process for the recovery of platinum from addition-cured silicone elastomers. In the first step, this was achieved by efficient digestion methods and by optimizing the leaching processes for exemplary commercial silicone elastomer products. Two different silicone materials were investigated, both of which were crosslinked with a platinum catalyst. The initial Pt content in the tested samples was 12.6 ± 0.2 mg/kg for a commercial silicone impression material and 6.3 ± 0.5 mg/kg for a silicone baking mold, measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). Samples were first frozen with liquid nitrogen to improve brittleness and then crushed with a simple food processor to obtain a silicone granule. Various acid mixtures, mainly based on sulfuric acid, were investigated as digestion methods in order to extract platinum from the silicone network. These had different effects on the dissolution behavior of silicone samples and the amount of platinum extracted in each case. The amount of platinum leached from the filtrate of the digested samples in each case was measured by ICP-OES to evaluate the efficiency of different leaching mixtures. In addition, the dissolved platinum species present in the solutions was identified by UV/VIS as tetrachloridoplatinate(II) complex. The best platinum leaching results so far were obtained with two methods, both of which used a leaching mixture based on sulfuric acid and hexamethyldisiloxane (M2). In the presence of hydrochloric acid, 9.6 ± 1.6 mg platinum/kg was leached from the silicone impression material and 4.2 ± 0.8 mg platinum/kg from the silicone baking mold. With the additional use of aqua regia instead of hydrochloric acid, 10.4 ± 2.8 mg platinum/kg was extracted from the silicone impression material and 4.8 ± 1.0 mg platinum/kg was extracted from the silicone baking mold. These methods were replicated with n = 3. Using statistical evaluation methods (F-test, t-test, and confidence interval), no significant difference was found between these two best methods. Recovery of platinum(0) from leach mixtures has not yet been achieved due to high dilution and very low platinum concentration in samples and will be part of another study.

Physicochemical properties of sodium alginate from brown algae Sargassum aquifolium and Sargassum cinereum

Synthesis and characterization of sodium alginate from Sargassum aquifolium dan Sargassum cinereum have been successfully performed. S. aquifolium and S. cinereum were collected from the Dompu Islands, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Extraction was performed by acid pathway, due to cell disruption and the addition of Na2CO3 for extraction. The addition of HCl was to convert acid alginate into alginate, then transformed acid alginate into sodium alginate using NaOH. NaOCl and IPA were used for purification. Physicochemical properties were characterized using SEM-EDS, FTIR, and TG/DTG. The morphological structure of synthetic sodium alginate shows layer structure and fiber fibrils. Sodium alginate contained C, O, Na, and Cl elements. FTIR spectrum indicated the presence of functional groups at the following wavelengths: OH at 3343 cm−1, CH2 at 2915 cm−1, CO double bonds at 1614 cm−1, and fingerprint indicated by the presence of uronic acid, which functioned as the CH group stretched at 935 cm−1. The sodium alginate sample shows a three-step thermal degradation pattern. The first step was starting at 41.7 °C associated with dehydration and was followed by 206.4 and 241 °C associated with decomposition. TGA/DTG results showed a reduction in thermal stability at 250–300 °C. It is suitable for modification and application.

Tuning the interfacial charge transfer dynamics of cellulose–graphene quantum dot nanocomposites by edge functionalization

Cellulose-graphene quantum dot (GQD) nanocomposites are emergent new materials for flexible electronics. The quantum yield of photogenerated charge carriers depends on the electronic structure and dynamics of charge transfer at the interface of cellulose–GQD nanocomposites, which is unknown. In the present work, we investigate the properties of cellulose–GQD nanocomposites in terms of functionalization of GQD based on density functional theory calculations with a conductor-like polarizable continuum model (CPCM). The cellulose–GQD nanocomposite has better photoelectric performance than GQD alone. A nonpolar solvent improves the charge transportation of cellulose–GQD nanocomposites. At the high edge coverage, functionalization of GQD with groups containing a CO double bond decreases the absorption intensity and shifts the absorption maxima of the cellulose–GQD nanocomposites to longer wavelengths. On the other hand, functional groups that do not contain a CO double bond have no effect on the absorption spectra of cellulose–GQD nanocomposites at the low edge coverage. Increasing the edge coverage of the NO2 and CHO groups stabilizes the highest occupied orbitals of the GQDs, leading to extraction of holes from the GQDs. Due to the increased solvent reorganization energy, structural flexibility, electronic coupling, and electron–phonon coupling, cellulose–GQD nanocomposites functionalized with either NO2 or CHO exhibit faster hole transfer compared to non-radiative electron-hole recombination.

Influence of sludge treatment methods on behaviors of microplastics adsorbed cadmium and its driving factors

The complicated contamination of microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals in sludge has garnered substantial attention in recent years; however, research on the behavior of MPs loading of heavy metals in sludge after sludge treatment methods is limited. Four representative sludge treatment methods were selected herein: anaerobic digestion, thermal drying, thermal hydrolysis (TH), and aerobic composting. Before and after sludge treatment, the chemical bonding of MPs, cadmium (Cd) adsorption properties, and metabolic changes in the microbial community succession was analyzed, and the factors influencing differences in Cd sorption by sludge MPs were explored. The results revealed that Cd adsorption by MPs occurs as multilayer physical adsorption that can be well fitted by Freundlich isotherms. Compared with the other three treatments, TH led to the most significant effect on the chemical bonding properties of the MPs, with a more than two-fold increase in C–O single bonds and CO double bonds, as well as adsorption of the highest amount of Cd at 767 μg/g. In addition, sludge conductivity and water content also affected Cd sorption capacity, with correlation coefficients of 0.405 and −0.384. Pedobacter, Flavobacterium, Lysobacter, and Sphingobacterium in the sludge presented a high degree of coupling with adsorption capacity, it was inferred that the above dominant species of bacteria may affect the adsorption of Cd by microplastics through the production of extracellular enzyme forms.

SINTESIS NANOPARTIKEL PERAK (NPAg) DENGAN BIOREDUKTOR EKSTRAK BIJI JARAK PAGAR DAN KAJIAN AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERINYA

The redox analysis as indicated by a change in color from yellow to reddish-brown was measured at the optimum wavelength of 405 nm with the highest redox result of 480 nm obtained in the NPAg-S sample. The optimal absorption wavelength changes according to the characteristics of the NPAg produced, but is generally in the range of 400-500 nm. Analysis of the active groups with the FTIR instrument showed active groups (OH, CH aldehyde, vibrations of CN bonds in the amine group, amide I groups from proteins, and CO double bonds in the 4000-1500 cm-1) zone. Additionally, in the identification zone 1500-600 cm-1 the formation of CN bond vibrations and the presence of an amide I group from the protein was found. Photographs at 10.000 and 15.000x magnification showed that the morphology of the distribution of NPAg in the jatropha seed extract solution was polydisperse and in the form of fibrous balls with non-uniform particles and tended to agglomerate. The distribution and size of the particles measured using the Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) instrument showed that the particle size ranged from 33-116 nm. NPAg-S samples at two concentrations (1 and 2%) showed inhibitory activity for all types of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Analysis of the particle size distribution using PSA showed that the particle size of the NPAg-S sample was 33.8 nm, which was smaller than the NPAg-K sample of 44.8 nm. Antibacterial activity is strongly influenced by the particle size of a sample. Small size silver nanoparticles have a large surface area to interact with bacteria as compared to large silver nanoparticles, thus they can provide a greater antibacterial effect.

Pd catalysts supported on different hydrophilic or hydrophobic carbonaceous substrate for furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furfural hydrogenation in water

We hydrogenated furfural and 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) in water in a reaction catalyzed by Pd nanoparticles on carbonaceous materials with different morphology and hydrophobic degree. The different Pd catalysts were prepared by dipping the carbonaceous material into a Pd0 micro-emulsion. The catalyst support affected the catalytic hydrogenation of furfural and HMF. By using micrometric active carbon (AC) combined with cup-stacked carbon nanotubes (CSCNTs) and Pd0/2+ nanoparticles (Pd), we obtained a micro/nanostructured material designated Pd/CSCNT-AC, which performed better than the other carbonaceous materials containing similar Pd nanoparticle loading. Pd/CSCNT-AC produced tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol from furfural with excellent selectivity (>99 %). Unlike Pd on hybrophobic spheroid graphite or hydrophilic AC, Pd/CSCNT-AC hydrogenated both the CO and CC double bonds of furfural and catalyzed HMF hydrogenation at the CO double bond more selectively: between 85 % and 99 % selectivity toward 2,5-dihydroxymethylfuran. We also investigated how temperature, hydrogen pressure, and reaction time affected HMF hydrogenation in water. Finally, Pd/CSCNT-AC was recycled several times without significant catalytic activity loss.

Reaction kinetic acceleration induced by atomic-hybridized channels in carbon quantum dot/ReS2 composites for efficient Cr(VI) reduction

The design of the excellent photocatalyst with high catalytic activity and light response characteristics remains a significant challenge for heavy metal reduction. Different from conventional heterostructures, this work focuses on a simple and feasible atomic-hybridized strategy to accelerate reaction kinetic process through constructing an electronic channel. Herein, we present an interesting molecule tailoring method to open CO double bonds of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and then anchor it onto ReS2 nanosheets to form an electronic channel via Re-5d and O-2p orbital hybridization, in which photoinduced carrier of surface-reduced CQDs (rCQDs) can freely transfer to ReS2 for hexavalent chromium reduction. Compared to pristine ReS2 nanosheets and CQDs/ReS2, the reduction reaction rate constant over the pseudo-first-order kinetic model is enhanced about 13.1 and 4.3 times, respectively. Our findings provide new inspirations for steering electronic channel by atomic hybridization and accelerating reaction kinetic mechanism simultaneously.

Reaction mechanisms for reduction of CO2 to CO on monolayer MoS2

Since the reduction of CO2 to fuels by consuming over-generated electricity, which can establish artificial carbon cycle and energy storage at the same time, extensive studies have been devoted to developing suitable catalysts for CO2 conversion in materials science. Recently, MoS2, a typical member of transition metal dichalcogenides, has been widely investigated for its high activity and low energy cost to catalyze CO2 reduction. In this work, we simulate the microscopic dynamic process of the CO2 reduction process in the framework of density functional theory (DFT). Our results reveal that Mo exposed edges of MoS2 are inclined to adsorb CO2 molecule and tend to catalytically reduce CO2 to CO. CO2 molecule is activated by two neighboring Mo atoms and the CO double bond reconstructs in the adsorption process. The first proton/electron (H+ + e−) reaction taking place at MoS2 edges undergoes a different pathway from that on transition metal catalyst, contributing to the product selectivity towards CO. Finally, we demonstrate that desorption of CO from MoS2 edges is in virtue of unique diffusion process for adsorbed CO atoms.

Synthesis of chiral γ-lactones via a RuPHOX-Ru catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of aroylacrylic acids

An asymmetric hydrogenation of aroylacrylic acids catalyzed by RuPHOX-Ru catalyst has been developed, affording the corresponding chiral γ-lactones in high yields and with up to 93% ee. The methodology has the advantage of utilizing easily accessible substrates and has therefore expand the scope of the resulting chiral γ-lactones. Furthermore, high catalytic efficiency was achieved in that the reduction of both the CC and CO double bonds was achieved in one step. The current work provides an alternative and convenient pathway for the synthesis of a wide range of chiral γ-lactones.

Formaldehyde adsorption on a hydrogenated aluminum nitride monolayer: A self-propagated reaction

Using density functional theory calculations, we have studied the functionalization, with formaldehyde, of a hydrogenated hexagonal aluminum nitride (h-AlN) monolayer. The reaction begins with the formaldehyde chemisorption on a hydrogen vacancy of the Al side of the monolayer. This strong interaction is due to the reactive surface dangling bond and it results in a partial breaking of the CO double bond. The energy gain by adsorbing on the aluminum side of the monolayer is larger than on the nitrogen side. After the attachment of formaldehyde on an Al site, the molecule turns into a highly reactive radical. The next step of the reaction is the abstraction of a neighbor H atom from the monolayer, generating a new dangling bond on the sheet where the next molecule can attach. This process can be repeated, triggering a chain reaction, which ends up with a full formaldehyde monolayer. Our results show that this reaction is highly probable, since the energy barrier to abstract the H atom is 0.31 eV, 1.89 eV lower than the one needed to desorb the formaldehyde molecule from the sheet. Electronic properties are described in order to understand the main states of the reaction. In particular, it shows a reduction of the band gap upon the adsorption of the aldehyde molecule. This result could be used in applications in molecular electronics.

Synthesis, conformational studies and NBO analysis of (4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol- 1-yl)(p-tolyl)methanone

The title compound (3) was obtained by cyclocondensation of 4-methylbenzohydrazide (2) with 3-chloropentane-2,4-dione (1) in dry ethanol in presence of acetic acid and recrystallization from ethanol. The molecular and crystal structure of the new pyrazole derivative was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in triclinic system with space group P-1. The molecules in the crystal adopt an anti conformation for the mutual orientation of the CO double bond with respect to the NN single bond. The pyrazole and phenyl rings are very far from being coplanar, with a dihedral angle of 49.62(4)°. Additionally, full geometry optimizations and frequency calculations were computed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of approximation. The NBO population analysis showed that the lpp(N1) lone pair orbital contributes to a strong resonance interactions with both adjacent π*(N2=C2) and π*(C5=C4) antibonding orbitals of the pyrazole group.

First Principles Investigation of the Polarizability and First Hyperpolarizability of Anhydride Derivatives

The electrical properties (dipole moment, polarizability, and first hyperpolarizabilities) of anhydride derivatives are studied using theoretical chemistry methods. Several DFT XC functionals have been used while reliable atomic basis sets have been selected for their evaluations. The variations of (hyper)polarizabilities as a function of the anhydride structure are consistent among the different functionals, which facilitates the deduction of structure–property relationships. It has been observed that (1) The dipole moment of maleic anhydride (2) increases when adding a methyl group (3) and even more when fusing a phenyl ring to get phthalic anhydride (1), in good agreement with experiment. (2) The average polarizability is mostly driven by the molecular size while the polarizability anisotropy presents more subtle variations as a function of the compound. (3) For 1 and 2, the calculated polarizability tensor components are in close agreement with the experimental data. (4) To a good extend, the HRS first hyperpolarizabilities follow the same ordering as the polarizability anisotropy. (5) The EFISHG first hyperpolarizabilities exhibit a completely different ordering while its sign depends on the orientation of the CO double bonds. Finally, since the first hyperpolarizability values of these anhydride derivatives are of moderate amplitude, like those of amino acids, several design strategies have been discussed for achieving their enhancement.

PCA-based identification and differentiation of FTIR data from model melanoidins with specific molecular compositions

Melanoidins formed from different carbohydrates, such as d-glucose, d-fructose, and d-xylose, and their typical degradation products, such as hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal, with l-alanine were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Characteristic infrared bands were identified representing spectral differences between the investigated melanoidin species due to their different molecular compositions. With the help of principal components analysis (PCA) the IR data allowed for a fast discrimination between the different model melanoidins. From this study it is inferred that the intensity and relative absorption wavelength of CO single versus CO double bonds are characteristic features of the investigated melanoidins. Melanoidins formed from carbohydrates exhibit less carbonyl functions in comparison to melanoidins from the degradation products, the situation is opposite for the CO bond. The amount of CO is additionally correlated with a higher absorption at 420 nm indicating that strong colored melanoidins contain more carbonyl functions.

Simultaneous removal of tetracycline and oxytetracycline antibiotics from wastewater using a ZIF-8 metal organic-framework.

In this paper, a Zeolite Imidazole Framework-8 (ZIF-8), was investigated for the removal of a mixture of two common antibiotics, tetracycline (TC) and oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC). Batch experiments showed that 90.7% of TC and 82.5% of OTC were simultaneously removed using ZIF-8. The maximum adsorption capacities for TC and OTC were 303.0 and 312.5 mg g-1, respectively. For both antibiotics' adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and best fit the Langmuir adsorption model with R2 of 0.963 and 0.981, for TC and OTC at 303 K, respectively. The relatively large specific surface area of ZIF-8 (1158.2 m2 g-1) combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that both antibiotics were adsorbed on to the surface of ZIF-8. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy both indicated the presence of benzene ring structures, associated with both pollutants, on ZIF-8 after reaction; which confirmed adsorption was occurring. XPS also showed the presence of CO double bonds on the surface of ZIF-8 indicating the presence of antibiotics. The adsorption mechanism most likely involved π-π interactions between the conjugated groups in TC/OTC and the imidazole rings of ZIF-8.

Formal carbene insertion into C[dbnd]O double bond: A facile approach to the synthesis of 2H-chromenes

A formal carbene insertion into CO double bonds of 2-hydroxycinnamaldehydes catalyzed by Rh2(esp)2 with Na2CO3 as additive has been disclosed by using aryldiazoacetates as carbene precursors. 2H-chromenes with a quaternary carbon at C-2 position were readily obtained from simple starting materials in good yields with excellent diastereoselectivity under mild reaction conditions in one pot. The reaction mechanism was investigated and proposed as the formation of epoxide intermediate from Rh(II)-associated carbene and (E)-2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde and followed by a cascade epoxide ring-opening procedure in which the (E)-intermediate was converted into the (Z)-intermediate to give (Z)-products.

Combined use of geophysical and geochemical methods to assess areas of active, degrading and restored blanket bog

Here we combine the use of geo-electrical techniques with geochemical analysis of the solid and liquid phase to determine subsurface properties and general peatland health. Active, degrading and restored peat locations were analysed from the same blanket bog site (ensuring they were under the same environmental conditions, such as rainfall and temperature) at the Garron Plateau, Northern Ireland. A normalized chargeability (ratio of resistivity (inverse of conductivity) and chargeability) profile was compared with organic composition analysis of the solid and liquid phases from active, degrading and restored locations. Results show that the degrading location is undergoing high rates of decomposition and loss of organic matter into the interstitial water, whereas the opposite is true for the active location. The restored peat is showing low rates of decomposition however has a high concentration of organic material in the porewater, primarily composing long chain aliphatic compounds, sourced from vascular plants. The ingression of vascular plants permits the diffusion of oxygen via roots into the subsurface and supports the oxidation of phenols by phenol oxidase, which produces phenoxy radicals and quinones (CO double bonds). This production of conjugated quinones, which are characterized by a CO double bond, in the aerated degrading and restored locations, increase the polarity, cation exchange capacity, and the normalized chargeability of the peat. This higher chargeability is not evident in the active peat due to decreased aerobic decomposition and a domination of sphagnum mosses.