Co-doped Tin Oxide Research Articles

Synthesis, microstructural, optical, dielectric, and magnetic behavior of pure and co-doped (Cr, Fe) tin oxide (Sn1−2xCrxFexO2−δ) nanoparticles by using both co-precipitation and solid-state reaction method

Synthesis, microstructural, optical, dielectric, and magnetic behavior of pure and co-doped (Cr, Fe) tin oxide (Sn1−2xCrxFexO2−δ) nanoparticles by using both co-precipitation and solid-state reaction method

Structural and magnetic properties of Fe and Ni co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles prepared by co-precipitation method

In this research work Fe and Ni co-doped Tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles have been prepared by co-precipitation method. The samples were prepared at various combination of Fe and Ni from 0% up to 10%. The produced nanoparticles were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV–vis Spectrophotometer, Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The XRD study reveals the formation of rutile structure of the undoped and doped SnO2 nanoparticles with the average crystallite size of 1.5–10.8 nm. Metal oxide bonding is confirmed through FTIR measurement. Optical band gap redshift (3.9 to 3.64 eV) with doping of Fe and Ni atom is observed. SEM image confirms the formation of spheroidal nanoparticles and size of the nanoparticle varies from 36 to 15 nm. The VSM study shows the ferromagnetic phase transition at 7% Ni, Fe doped SnO2 nanoparticles. This ferromagnetism arises for the oxygen vacancies and defect states. Further, increase of doping concentration of 10%, nanoparticles show the phase transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic. Such transition can be applicable in hyperthermia treatment and memory devices.

Anionic Fluorine and Cationic Niobium Codoped Tin Oxide Thin Films as Transparent Conducting Electrodes for Optoelectronic Applications

Exploration of alternatives for supplementing indium tin oxide electrode is currently trending due to scarcity of indium, leading to a steep increase in the cost of related optoelectronic components. Codoping of niobium (Nb) and fluorine (F) into SnO2 lattice as cationic and anionic dopants, respectively, is explored by spray deposition technique. A fixed 10 wt% F and varying Nb concentration from 0 to 5 wt% is incorporated into the SnO2 lattice. X‐ray diffraction reveals substitution of Nb and F into the SnO2 lattice without altering the structure. Optical transmittance is found to increase with Nb content up to 4% of Nb (77.59%), and it decreases thereafter. Scanning electron microscope and optical profiler imply a relatively smooth surface with sharp‐tipped particles which vary with Nb concentration. Sheet resistance decreases up to 3 wt% of Nb doping and increases thereafter. Contact angle measurement indicates that upon doping with Nb, the films turn hydrophilic. Among the deposited films, 4 wt% of Nb‐doped film shows the highest figure of merit of 5.01 × 10−3 Ω−1. The surface work function of the 4 wt% Nb‐doped SnO2 film is 4,687.85 meV. The optimal films are tested as electrodes in dye‐sensitized solar cells and are discussed in detail.

Microwave-Assisted Green Process of Cobalt Ferrous Codoped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial, Anticancer, and Toxicity Performance

Microwave-Assisted Green Process of Cobalt Ferrous Codoped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial, Anticancer, and Toxicity Performance

Synthesis of Co, Fe co-doped SnO2: characterization and applications

Thin films of iron and cobalt co-doped tin oxide were deposited by spray pyrolysis technique on heated glass at 480°C with moving nozzle method. The weight ratio of Fe/Co co-doped SnO2 (Fe CTO) changed in the range of 4-16 wt.%. The structural, optical and biological characteristics were carried out by using different characterization techniques, Results from XRD, SEM, EDX and UV-Vis analyses demonstrated successful synthesis shows polycrystalline structures with cassiterite tetragonal crystal phase with a preferential orientation for co-doped SnO2 toward (211), The average grain size of the thin films was found to be 39.29 nm, SEM images showed that all sample having uniform morphology with variant shape upon increasing dopant concentration, Transmittance spectra of all the thin films display high transparency more than 80% in the visible region, and band gap (Eg) varies from 3.49 to 3.75 eV. Antibacterial activity of the doped SnO2 thin films is studied were investigated by agar method as showed good activity against both Gramnegative Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus).confirming these as future broad-spectrum antibacterial. Thus the preparation is a good candidate for further development into therapeutic formulations.

Structural, optical and antibacterial activity of pure and co-doped (Fe & Ni) tin oxide nanoparticles

In this investigation, ferric (Fe) and nickel (Ni) co-doped tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles structural, optical, morphological, and antibacterial characteristics were synthesised, characterised, and examined. By employing SnCl2·2H2O and the transition metal precursors FeCl3 and NiCl2·6H2O with various Fe/Ni molar ratios, thermal annealing was carried out at a high temperature (700 °C). X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Visible spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL), FT-IR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray techniques (EDX) were used to examine the materials' structural, chemical, optical, morphological, and anti-microbial capabilities. The average particle size of pure and co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles was determined to be around 52 nm and 15 nm, and SnO2 crystallites were observed to present tetragonal rutile structure with space group P42/mmm (No.136). Metal ions were replaced in the Sn lattice, as shown by Fe and Ni co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles. Pure and co-doped samples have capsule and sphere-like features in their SEM morphology. Using UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, the optical property was examined, and it was observed that the band gaps for pure and co-doped SnO2 were 3.73 eV and 3.53 eV, respectively. The functional groups and incorporation of Fe and Ni in the prepared powder were also validated by FT-IR and EDX studies. By utilising the agar well diffusion technique and Nutrient agar, the antibacterial properties of pure, Ni-Fe co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles annealed at 700 °C were assessed. They were evaluated against various Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus pheumoniae) and Gram-negative bacteria (Shigella dysenteria). The zone of incubation was found against the Gram +Ve and Gram −Ve bacterial strains.

Biocidal investigation, characterization and preparation of ferrous-cobalt codoped tin dioxide nanoparticles by microwave-assisted green technique using Psidium guajava leaf extract

Ferrous-cobalt (Fe-Co) co-doped tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using Psidium guajava leaf extract by microwave-assisted green synthesis. FeCo:SnO2 NPs was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) techniques. PXRD patterns revealed the tetragonal structure of FeCo:SnO2 NPs, with an average crystalline size of 67 nm. The Sn-O stretching bands were detected in the FTIR spectra at 441 cm-1. FESEM analysis showed that FeCo:SnO2 NPs had a spherical structure and chemical composition of the elements such as Fe, Co, Sn and O identified by EDAX spectra. The oxygen vacancy of surface defects was explored using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of prepared NPs was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia) using well diffusion method. FeCo:SnO2 NPs exhibited better antibacterial activity than amoxicillin. The anticancer activity of FeCo:SnO2 NPs was explored against MCF-7 cell lines (human breast cancer). The biocidal results demonstrate that Psidium guajava leaf extract-derived FeCo:SnO2 NPs showed significant inhibition against tested bacterial strains and enhanced potency against MCF-7 cancer cell lines.

Pure and Al-Bi Co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles as bacterial growth inhibitors

The present work is aimed to prepare un-doped and aluminium-bismuth co-doped tin-oxide nanoparticles with 2 weight percentages (each co-dopant 2 wt %) and 4 weight percentages (each 4 wt %) by employing a co-precipitation method. Tetragonal rutile crystal structure of the synthesized materials was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction, bandgap energy by UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectral analysis, chemical bonding and the position of O-Sn-O by Fourier transform infrared spectrum and morphology through scanning electron microscopy. The photoluminescence spectrum of synthesized nanoparticles shows emission peaks at 490, 520 and 536 nm. Antibacterial activity of Al-Bi co-doped (4 wt %) SnO2 nanoparticles shows a higher zone of inhibition in the range of 20–36 mm against Staphyllococcus aureus, 25–34 against Bacillus cereus and 30–41 against Escherichia Coli than pure SnO2 nanoparticles. The developed oxygen vacancies due to the addition of dopants increase the generation of reactive oxygen species which increases the inhibition capability of tin-oxide nanoparticles against various bacterial species.

Improved catalytic activity and bactericidal behavior of novel chitosan/V2O5 co-doped in tin-oxide quantum dots.

The novel V2O5/chitosan (CS) co-doped tin oxide (SnO2) quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized via co-precipitation technique. The optical, structural, morphological, and catalytic properties of the concerned specimens were examined by UV-Vis, PL, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, HR-TEM, and EDS. Structural analysis through XRD confirmed the tetragonal structure of SnO2; meanwhile, HR-TEM measurements unveiled quantum dot morphology. Rotational and vibrational modes related to functional groups of (O–H, C–H, Sn–O, and Sn–O–Sn) have been assessed with FTIR spectra. Through UV-Vis spectroscopy, a reduction in band-gap (4.39 eV to 3.98 eV) and redshift in co-doped spectra of SnO2 were identified. Both CS/SnO2 and V2O5-doped CS@SnO2 showed promising catalytic activity in all media. Meanwhile, CS/SnO2 showed higher activity for use in hospital and industrial dye degradation in comparison to dopant-free Ch/SnO2. For V2O5/CS@ SnO2 QDs, inhibition domains of G –ve were significantly confirmed as 1.40–4.15 mm and 1.85–5.45 mm; meanwhile, for G +ve were noticed as 2.05–4.15 mm and 2.40–5.35 mm at least and maximum concentrations, correspondingly. These findings demonstrate the efficient role of V2O5/CS@SnO2 QDs towards industrial dye degradation and antimicrobial activity.

Study of Mn doping on the Structural, Optoelectronic and Photoluminescence Properties of F-Doped SnO<sub>2</sub> Sprayed Thin Films for Optoelectronic Applications

The aim of this work is the production and the characterisation of (SnO2: (Mn, F)) thin films with appropriate optoelectronic properties required for application as ohmic contacts in photovoltaic application devices. Transparent conducting Manganese-fluorine co-doped tin oxide (SnO2: (Mn, F)) thin films have been deposited onto preheated glass substrates using the chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) method. The ([Mn2+]/[Sn4+]) atomic concentration ratio (y) in the spray solution is varied between 0 and 8 at. %. The structural, the opto-electrical and the photoluminescence properties of these thin films have been studied. It is found that the deposited thin films are polycrystalline with a tetragonal crystal structure corresponding to SnO2 phase having a preferred orientation along the (200) plane. Transmission and reflection spectra reveal the presence of interference fringes indicating the thickness uniformity and the surface homogeneity of the deposited samples. Photoluminescence behaviour of Mn-F co-doped SnO2 thin films was also studied. Photoluminescence spectra reveal the presence of the defects like oxygen vacancies in the materials. In addition, The electrical resistivity, volume carrier concentration, surface carrier concentration and electrical mobility were determined from Hall Effect measurements and the following results were obtained: n-type conductivity in all the deposited thin films, a low resistivity of 1.50×10-4 Ω cm, and a high electrical mobility of 45.40 cm2 V-1 s-1 with Mn co-doping concentration equals to 7 at. %. These experimental results show that the electrical properties of these thin films where greatly improved making them suitable as ohmic contacts in photovoltaic applications devices.

Efficient and stable planar perovskite solar cells using co-doped tin oxide as the electron transport layer

The electron transport layer (ETL) plays a pivotal role in the photovoltaic performance and overall stability of the perovskite solar cell. In the present study, aluminium and lanthanum trivalent metals are co-doped into the low temperature solution processed SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL). Unlike the pristine and individually doped SnO2 ETL, the AlLa–SnO2 ETL exhibits superior transmittance, well-aligned band energy levels and efficient charge transportation. Contrary to the pristine SnO2 device with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.21%, the 0.5% of Al and 0.5% of La doped SnO2 (AlLa–SnO2) ETL device display paramount PCE of 19.13%. Furthermore, recombination resistance and consistency show significant improvements, enabling excellent stability in the AlLa–SnO2 ETL device to which 90% of its initial PCE is retained despite storage at the relative humidity of 40% for 30 days without encapsulation. Henceforth, this study demonstrates the suitability of co-doping as a promising approach to fabricate exceptional ETLs for efficient, stable and reproducible planar perovskite solar devices.

Investigation of erbium co-doping on fluorine doped tin oxide via nebulizer spray pyrolysis for optoelectronic applications

Novel nebulizer spray pyrolysis method was used to prepare erbium (Er) and fluorine co-doped tin oxide (FTO) films with doping concentration (0.5, 1, 1.5 wt.%). The effect of Er on FTO were analyzed by various characterization tools. XRD studies revealed tetragonal crystal structure with polycrystalline nature and crystallize size decreasing with Er concentration. AFM studies confirmed the smoothness of the films. Photoluminescence study revealed the emission peaks in UV and visible region. Transmittance, carrier concentration and carrier mobility are more in case of 1.5 wt.% doping concentration confirms the prepared films are opting for optoelectronic devices.

Structural and optical characterization of aluminum zinc co-doped tin oxide grown by sol-gel spin coating techniques

Aluminum Zinc co-doped Tin Oxide (AZSO) thin film was grown by sol-gel spin coating techniques onto a glass substrate using various doping concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt%) and the effect of doping on each sample were studied using structural analysis; X-ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern, gravimetric method; thin film thickness and UV photo-spectrometer; optical properties. The results of the XRD were revealed that all the peaks have a tetragonal phase of SnO2, which were oriented at the 110, 101, and 211 planes. The film thickness was observed to vary with doping concentration. In the visible region, all the film samples were exhibited at average transmittance. The coefficient of absorption was gradually increased with an increase in photon energy at a certain level with a decrease in the absorption coefficient as the photon energy increases further. At 550-800 nm range of wavelength, a high extinction coefficient (k) was recorded and the refractive index curves show regular dispersion behavior. The optical conductivity of the films followed a similar pattern, which showed that conductivity increased to a peak at 3.60 eV. The energy bandgap of the film samples (AZSO1 - AZSO5) is 4.095 eV, 4.103 eV, 4.087 eV, 4.114 eV, and 4.106 eV, respectively. The studies show that the properties of Al-Zn co-doped SnO2 films can be explored for optoelectronic applications.

First investigation of structural and optoelectronic properties of F and Ni co-doped SnO2 sprayed thin films

Transparent conducting Nickel-fluorine co-doped tin oxide (SnO2: (Ni, F)) thin films were synthesized chemically by spray pyrolysis technique (CSP) using various Ni concentrations onto hot glass substrates. The [Ni2+]/[Sn4+] atomic concentration ratio (y) in the spray solution was varying from 0 to 3 at. % by a step of 1 at. %. The y variation effect on the structural, optical and electrical properties was studied. It was found from the X-ray diffraction analysis that the films were polycrystalline with tetragonal structure corresponding to pure SnO2 phase having the (200) as preferred growth direction. The optical band gap energy increased from 3.71 to 3.88 eV with increasing the nickel doping concentration in the spray solution. Photoluminescence behaviour of Ni-F co-doped SnO2 thin films was also studied. In addition, electrical resistivity (ρ), volume carrier concentration (Nv), and Hall mobility (μ) were determined from Hall Effect measurements and it was found that all the elaborated thin films had n-type conductivity. The lowest resistivity of 3.16 × 10−5 Ω.cm, and highest Hall mobility of 10.07 × 105 cm2.V-1.s-1 were obtained at a Ni concentration of 3 at. %.

Synthesis and characterization of optical, magnetic and electrochemical behavior of manganese–zinc co-doped tin oxide nanoparticles

In this paper investigated that the optical, magnetic and electrochemical behavior of Sn1-xMnx/2Znx/2O2 (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06) nanoparticles effectively synthesized via chemical precipitation route and calcined at 700 °C. The structural properties were examined by an X-ray diffractometer. The surface morphology analyses were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Diffuse reflectance spectra exposed that the band gap of prepared product changes with doping content and observed to be in the ranging from 3.97 eV to 3.25 eV. Infrared absorption spectra depict the various vibration modes of the band referred to as a functional group present in the products. Cyclic voltammetry has been fulfilled to study the capacitive behavior of the (Mn–Zn) co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles. The specific capacitance of Sn1-xMnx/2Znx/2O2 (x = 0.06) examined as a high value of 316 F g-1 is found at a scan rate of 5 mVs−1. Magnetic hysteresis loop was found at RT with coercivity (Hc) of 136 Oe, magnetization (Ms) of 107 × 10−3emu/g and retentivity (Mr) of 5.6394 × 10−3emu/g for Sn0.94Mn0.03Zn0.03O2 product.

Optoelectronic Properties of Fluorine and Cobalt Co-Doped Tin Oxide Thin Films Deposited by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis

Transparent conducting Cobalt-fluorine co-doped tin oxide (SnO2: (Co, F)) thin filmswere deposited onto preheated glass substrates using the chemical spray pyrolysis method. The ([Co2+]/[Sn4+]) atomic concentration ratio (y)in the spray solution was varied between 0 and 5 at. %. The structural, electrical, optical and photoluminescence properties of these films were studied. It is found that the thin films are polycrystalline with a tetragonal crystal structure corresponding to SnO2 phase having a preferred orientation along the (200) plane. Transmission and reflection spectra reveal the presence of interference fringes indicating thickness uniformity and surface homogeneity of the deposited thin films. The electrical resistivity (ρ), volume carrier concentration density (Nv), surface carrier concentration density (Ns) and Hall mobility (μ) of the synthesized thin films were determined from the Hall Effect measurements in the Van der Paw-configuration and the following results were obtained: n-type conductivity in all deposited films, a low resistivity of 1.16×10-2 Ω.cm, and a high Hall mobility of 15.13×102 cm2.V-1.s-1with Co concentration equals to 3 at. %. These results show that the electrical properties of these thin films where greatly improved making them suitable as ohmic contact in photovoltaic application devices.

Preparation and enhanced photocatalytic activity of Co/F codoped tin oxide nanotubes/nanowires: a wall thickness-dependence study

Aligned Co/F codoped tin oxide (SnO2) nanotubes/nanowires with high photocatalytic activity were successfully prepared via the liquid-phase deposition (LPD) process by immersing the anodic aluminum oxide template in a (NH4)2SnF6 aqueous solution. The mechanism proposed for the formation of Co/F codoped SnO2 nanotubes/nanowires was discussed. The results showed that the morphology can be controlled by the careful manipulation of process parameters. The Co/F codoped SnO2 first nucleated on the alumina membrane walls and then grew inwards, filling the nanoholes until nanotubes were obtained. By prolonging the deposition period up to 240 min, nanowires were also obtained. The photocatalytic behavior of the products was evaluated based on the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) as a model organic compound under visible-light irradiation. The Co/F codoped SnO2 nanotubes fabricated at 25 °C for 240 min exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity. In addition, the degradation of MB with the Co/F codoped SnO2 nanotubes/nanowires confirmed improved photocatalytic performance compared to that of commercial SnO2 nanoparticles and SnO2 nanotubes.

Preparation and Investigation of Nickel–Antimony co-doped Tin Oxide Anodes for Electro-catalytic Oxidation of Organic Pollutions

Preparation and Investigation of Nickel–Antimony co-doped Tin Oxide Anodes for Electro-catalytic Oxidation of Organic Pollutions

Effect of F and Nb co-doping on structural, electrical and optical properties of spray deposited tin oxide thin films

F and Nb co-doped tin oxide films were deposited from monobutyltin trichloride (C4H9SnCl3) on glass substrates at 470 °C by spray pyrolysis. The evolution of the film structure and morphology was investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. All the films were a single phase with polycrystalline, exhibiting a tetragonal cassiterite structure with (200) orientation. The introduction of F and Nb contributed to the growth of the films towards (200) crystal orientation and the formation of pyramidal shape particles with (101) twin planes. Resistivity, carrier concentration, and Hall mobility values of 3.62 × 10−4 Ω cm, 7.463 × 1020 cm−3, and 27.8 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively, were achieved in the films for a dopant concentration of 20 at.% F and 1 at.% Nb in the precursor solution. Also, the transmittance of all the films in the visible range reached about 80% and the infrared reflectivity was oscillated between 92 and 96%.

57Fe CEMS study on dilute metal ions codoped SnO2 thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis

Dilute Mn-Fe, Co-Fe and V-Fe codoped tin oxide films prepared by spray pyrolysis were characterized by 57Fe conversion electron Mossbauer spectrometry (CEMS) at room temperature (RT) and at 20 K. Two kinds of paramagnetic Fe3+ species were detected at RT; one doublet 1 (D1) with IS = 0.36–0.37 mm/s, QS = 0.69–0.75 mm/s and LW = 0.32–0.40 mm/s, and another doublet 2 (D2) with IS = 0.31–0.35 mm/s QS = 1.16–1.25 mm/s and LW = 0.46–0.52 mm/s. CEMS at 20 K provided more distinguished doublets than at RT. It is found that especially D2 with relatively small IS and large QS values are influenced by other metal ions codoped in SnO2 matrix, whereas D1 with relatively large IS and small QS has the parameters close to the models of Fe-VO1 and Fe-2VO1-Fe models (Nomura et al. Phys. Rev. B 75, 184411 2007; Mudarra Navarro et al. J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 5596–5603 2015).