Deposition Of Cocatalysts Research Articles

Recent advances in designing ZnIn2S4-based heterostructured photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution

• This review mainly introduced various ZnIn 2 S 4 -based heterojunctions and their PHE application. • In-depth discussion on the mechanisms of various ZnIn 2 S 4 -based heterojunction systems for boosting PHE efficiency is provided. • We expressly introduced overall water splitting, dual-functional and photothermal effect-assisted PHE systems. • Some identification methods are presented for confirming heterojunction types. • The current states, challenges and perspectives of ZnIn 2 S 4 -based heterostructured photocatalysts for PHE are discussed. Water and solar energy are inexhaustible on Earth, and thus hydrogen evolution through photocatalytic water splitting taking sunlight as the input energy is an ideal green energy generation technology. As a typical visible-light-responsive photocatalyst, ZnIn 2 S 4 attracted worldwide research attention because of its many advantages for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE), such as layered structure, simple syntheses, structural stability, environmental friendliness, and suitable electronic band structure. In recent years, constructing ZnIn 2 S 4 -based heterostructured photocatalysts has become a research focus for their significantly improved spatial charge carrier separation efficiency and PHE performances. According to the charge carrier transfer/separation mechanisms, heterostructured ZnIn 2 S 4 -based photocatalysts are divided into five categories, conventional heterojunctions (type-I and type-II), p-n heterojunction, Z-scheme heterojunction, S-scheme (or Step-scheme) heterojunction, and co-catalyst deposition based heterojunction systems. This article reviews the recent advances in ZnIn 2 S 4 -based heterostructured photocatalysts for PHE. Firstly, the central part of this review introduced various ZnIn 2 S 4 -based heterojunctions and their PHE application. Secondly, apart from common half-reaction of water-splitting, we expressly introduced overall water splitting, dual-functional and photothermal effect-assisted PHE systems. Then, we briefly presented some identification methods for confirming heterojunction types. Finally, the current states, challenges and perspectives of ZnIn 2 S 4 -based heterostructured photocatalysts for PHE are also discussed. This review aims to explore the advantages of diverse ZnIn 2 S 4 -based heterostructures, and can provide an insight into designing high-efficiency heterostructured photocatalysts for PHE application.

Boosted Z-scheme photocatalytic overall water splitting with faceted Bi4TaO8Cl crystals as water oxidation photocatalyst

We have identified a facet-assisted mechanism for photocarrier separation in flux-treated Bi4TaO8Cl crystals that expose mainly {001} and {110} facets. These two crystal facets have different energy states that provide an internal electric field to split photocarriers towards different crystal facets. We have further leveraged the phenomenon by facet-selective deposition of CoOx cocatalyst at {001} crystal facets where holes are accumulated to expedite interfacial charge transfer reactions. The coupling of these two facet-engineering techniques brings exquisite control over the flow of photocarriers which cascade continuously from bulk to the surface for catalytic reactions. Under optimal conditions, the CoOx-deposited Bi4TaO8Cl achieves an unprecedentedly high apparent quantum efficiency of 27% at 420 ± 20 nm for water oxidation into O2. Stable overall water splitting into H2 and O2 (molar ratio 2:1) under visible light irradiation has also been realized in a Z-scheme system employing the CoOx-deposited Bi4TaO8Cl as the O2-evolution moiety.

Electrodeposition of CoNi Cocatalyst to Enhance Ethanol Electrooxidation of Zn-doped Cu2O-Cu Photocatalyst

In this research, the electrooxidation of ethanol was catalyzed using Zn-doped Cu2O-Cu/CoNi heterostructure syntesized using an electrodeposition method. Potential deposition of CoNi cocatalyst was varied to obtain the highest photoelectrochemical performance and photocatalytic activity of Zn-doped Cu2O-Cu/CoNi. The photoelectrochemical properties and photocatalytic activity investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry, and cyclic voltammetry. The increase of deposition potential from -1.3 V to -1.75 V increased the ethanol oxidation reaction. Zn-doped Cu2O-Cu/CoNi -1.75 V electrode showed superior photocatalytic activity for the ethanol electrooxidation compared to other electrodes. This photocatalyst showed a high photocurrent density of 22.47 mA/cm2. Moreover, cyclic voltammetry tests up to 100 cycles indicated that CoNi deposition potential at -2 V increased the long-term stability of the photocatalyst against the poisoning species than other electrodes. The fraction of CoNi enhanced CO tolerance and contributed to the higher specific activity towards ethanol electrooxidation. An excess number of CoNi at -2 V was found to decrease photocatalytic activity but increase the photostability of the material.

Boosting Photocatalytic Water Oxidation on Photocatalysts with Ferroelectric Single Domains.

Ferroelectric materials are considered as promising photocatalysts due to their efficient charge separation via apolarization-induced built-in electric field. However, the polydomain structures hinder spatial charge separation and transfer due to the cancellation of polarization vectors in the domains. Inthiswork, taking BiFeO3 (BFO) as a prototype, single-domain BFO nanosheets with visible-light absorption are prepared, as evident by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM), spatially resolved surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SRSPS), and photodeposition experiments. The single-domain BFO nanosheets show nine times activity in photocatalytic water oxidation reaction under visible-light irradiation, compared with that of the polydomain BFO particles. With the asymmetric driving force for charge separation in a single domain, selective deposition of cocatalysts further enhances the photocatalytic activity of single-domain ferroelectric BFO nanosheets. These results demonstrate the role of thesingle-domain structure in constructing the driving force of charge separation in ferroelectric photocatalysts. The fabrication of single-domain structures in ferroelectric photocatalysts to achieve enhanced photocatalytic activity offers a path to efficiently utilize the photogenerated charges in solar energy conversion.

Promoted Utilization of Charge Carriers in La5Ti2Cu0.9Ag0.1O7S5-Based Photocatalyst Sheets for Efficient Z-Scheme Overall Water Splitting

Promoting charge separation and redox reaction kinetics of semiconductor photocatalysts are crucial for enhancing the performance of overall water splitting (OWS). However, it is rather challenging for narrow bandgap photocatalysts due to the severe charge recombination and decreased driving force. The present work demonstrates that efficient utilization of charge carriers on La5Ti2Cu0.9Ag0.1O7S5 (LTCA), an oxysulfide photocatalyst having an absorption edge of 650 nm, can be achieved for Z-scheme OWS via Ga-doping and Rh cocatalyst deposition in a two-step strategy. Ga-doping of LTCA promoted charge separation, and the developed Rh cocatalyst loading over LTCA:Ga created catalytic sites with high dispersion and less aggregation, leading to improved charge transfer and catalytic conversion. An apparent quantum yield of 11.8% at 420 nm was achieved over the assembled cocatalyst-loaded LTCA:Ga|Au|BiVO4:Mo Z-scheme OWS system, which was the highest among OWS systems involving photocatalysts utilizing photons with wavelengths longer than 600 nm.

Organic Photovoltaic Catalyst with σ‐π Anchor for High‐Performance Solar Hydrogen Evolution

AbstractEfficient in situ deposition of metallic cocatalyst, like zero‐valent platinum (Pt), on organic photovoltaic catalysts (OPCs) is the prerequisite for their high catalytic activities. Here we develop the OPC (Y6CO), by introducing carbonyl in the core, which is available to σ‐π coordinate with transition metals, due to the high‐energy empty π* orbital of carbonyl. Y6CO exhibits a stronger capability to anchor Pt species and reduce them to metallic state, resulting in more Pt0 deposition, relative to the control OPC without the central σ‐π anchor. Single‐component and heterojunction nanoparticles (NPs) employing Y6CO show enhanced average hydrogen evolution rates of 230.98 and 323.22 mmol h−1 g[OPC]−1, respectively, under AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm−2 for 10 h, and heterojunction NPs yield the external quantum efficiencies of ca. 10 % in 500–800 nm. This work demonstrates that σ‐π anchoring is one efficient strategy for integrating metallic cocatalyst and OPC for high‐performance photocatalysis.

Organic Photovoltaic Catalyst with σ-π Anchor for High-Performance Solar Hydrogen Evolution.

Efficient in situ deposition of metallic cocatalyst, like zero-valent platinum (Pt), on organic photovoltaic catalysts (OPCs) is the prerequisite for their high catalytic activities. Here we develop the OPC (Y6CO), by introducing carbonyl in the core, which is available to σ-π coordinate with transition metals, due to the high-energy empty π* orbital of carbonyl. Y6CO exhibits a stronger capability to anchor Pt species and reduce them to metallic state, resulting in more Pt0 deposition, relative to the control OPC without the central σ-π anchor. Single-component and heterojunction nanoparticles (NPs) employing Y6CO show enhanced average hydrogen evolution rates of 230.98 and 323.22 mmol h-1 g[OPC] -1 , respectively, under AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm-2 for 10 h, and heterojunction NPs yield the external quantum efficiencies of ca. 10 % in 500-800 nm. This work demonstrates that σ-π anchoring is one efficient strategy for integrating metallic cocatalyst and OPC for high-performance photocatalysis.

Multi-strategy preparation of BiVO4 photoanode with abundant oxygen vacancies for efficient water oxidation

The water oxidation reaction, as a half-reaction in photoelectrochemistry (PEC) water splitting, has long been hindered due to its slow kinetics. Creating oxygen vacancies (Ov) has attracted considerable attention as an effective method to improve the conductivity and facilitate the surface reaction of photoelectronic materials to improve their PEC performance. Therefore, the preparation of suitable photoanodes with oxygen vacancies becomes a critical part in the development of PEC water splitting. Herein, we designed a novel synthetic strategy involving In doping, photo-potentiostatic polarization and co-catalyst deposition, to induce massive oxygen vacancies in BiVO4 photoanode for efficient PEC water oxidation. The prepared FeOOH/In-BiVO4(L) photoanode exhibits an outstanding photocurrent density of 5.02 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE, which improved 2.7 times compared to those of pristine BiVO4 photoanode (1.84 mA cm−2). By experimental and mechanism exploration, there generated a large number of oxygen vacancies on the BiVO4 photoanode surface after doping and polarization strategies, which is beneficial to increasing the conductivity and charge separation. Besides, FeOOH co-catalyst is deposited to provide more abundant active sites for the water oxidation reaction. This work demonstrates that In doping and photo-potentiostatic polarization strategies can optimize BiVO4 photoanode to construct highly efficient and stable PEC water splitting devices.

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Photoelectrochemical Activity Enhancement for the Nanostructured LaFeO3 Photocathode by Surface Passivation and Co-Catalyst Deposition.

Perovskite-type lanthanum iron oxide, LaFeO3, is a promising photocathode material that can achieve water splitting under visible light. However, the performance of this photoelectrode material is limited by significant electron-hole recombination. In this work, we explore different strategies to optimize the activity of a nanostructured porous LaFeO3 film, which demonstrates enhanced photoelectrocatalytic activity due to the reduced diffusion length of the charge carriers. We found that surface passivation is not an efficient approach for enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of LaFeO3, as it is sufficiently stable under photoelectrocatalytic conditions. Instead, the deposition of a Pt co-catalyst was shown to be essential for maximizing the photoelectrochemical activity both in hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions. Illumination-induced band edge unpinning was found to be a major challenge for the further development of LaFeO3 photocathodes for water-splitting applications.

Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production over NiS-Modified Cadmium and Manganese Sulfide Solid Solutions.

In this work, new photocatalysts based on Cd1-xMnxS sulfide solid solutions were synthesized by varying the fraction of MnS (x = 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) and the hydrothermal treatment temperature (T = 100, 120, 140, and 160 °C). The active samples were modified with Pt and NiS co-catalysts. Characterization was performed using various methods, including XRD, XPS, HR TEM, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity was tested in hydrogen evolution from aqueous solutions of Na2S/Na2SO3 and glucose under visible light (425 nm). When studying the process of hydrogen evolution using an equimolar mixture of Na2S/Na2SO3 as a sacrificial agent, the photocatalysts Cd0.5Mn0.5S/Mn(OH)2 (T = 120 °C) and Cd0.4Mn0.6S (T = 160 °C) demonstrated the highest activity among the non-modified solid solutions. The deposition of NiS co-catalyst led to a significant increase in activity. The best activity in the case of the modified samples was shown by 0.5 wt.% NiS/Cd0.5Mn0.5S (T = 120 °C) at the extraordinary level of 34.2 mmol g-1 h-1 (AQE 14.4%) for the Na2S/Na2SO3 solution and 4.6 mmol g-1 h-1 (AQE 2.9%) for the glucose solution. The nickel-containing samples possessed a high stability in solutions of both sodium sulfide/sulfite and glucose. Thus, nickel sulfide is considered an alternative to depositing precious metals, which is attractive from an economic point of view. It worth noting that the process of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from sugar solutions by adding samples based on Cd1-xMnxS has not been studied before.

Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy: A Tool for Nanoscopic Deposition of Light-Driven Photocatalysts

Single and multi-barrel nanopipettes and nanopipette-based scanning electrochemical probe microscopy techniques like scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) have gained significant attention as tools for localized, maskless, three-dimensional surface modifications [1,2]. The nanometer-sized orifices of nanopipettes allow delivering molecules to solution inducing concentration-confined electrodepositions. Also, electroless nanoscale depositions like the fountain pen technique [3] can be achieved by this technique.In this study, we present the deposition of various cobaloxime-based earth-abundant Co catalysts for light-driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) [4]. Arrays of different cobalt(III) complexes were deposited via SECCM and investigated in respect with their HER activity using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in combination of Pd-microsensors [5] for in situ hydrogen (H2) measurements under illumination. In addition, AFM studies revealed possible degradation of the commercially available neutral benchmark complex [Co(dmgH)2(py)Cl] in these studies. First results will also be presented in respect with the deposition of nanowires via co-deposition of HER catalyst and Ruthenium photosensitizer. First spatially resolved photocatalytic studies at such nanowires, which are characterized by high surface area, will be presented. Also, the influence of the substrate will also be discussed.

Capping ligand initiated CuInS2 quantum dots decoration on, ZnIn2S4 microspheres surface under different alkalinity levels resulting in different hydrogen evolution performance

Surface distribution of quantum dots (QDs) at the semiconductor matrix caused by synthesis condition (e.g. pH of solution during coupling) could lead to different photocatalytic activity. Thus, achieving an optimal covering of semiconductor matrix by QDs has been challenging. Herein, the influence of the alkalinity level of aqueous decoration medium for the coupling of mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) capped CuInS2 quantum dots (CIS) and ZnIn2S4 microspheres (ZIS) on photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) performance was investigated. Aqueous decoration medium with different alkalinity levels for the formation of ZIS/CIS photocatalytic system resulted in significantly different PHE performances in the presence of (0.5 wt%) Pt co-catalyst deposition without any change in crystal structure of ZIS matrix up to pH 12.5. The photocatalytic system obtained at pH 10.5 possessed the highest performance followed by the decrease at pH 11.5 and again the remarkable increase was detected at pH 12.5 that was the pH level for uniform dispersion of CIS in aqueous medium. This work remarks the importance of the nanoparticle’s aggregates on PHE performance over non-toxic ZnIn2S4/CuInS2 photocatalytic system.

Spatial Separation of Electrons and Holes among ZnO Polar {0001} and {101̅0} Facets for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance.

Spatial separation of electrons and holes is critical for improving their photocatalytic performance, which is ascribed to the suppressed photoinduced carriers’ recombination among facets. In this work, the ZnO–Au–MnOx heterogeneous nanostructure photocatalyst was prepared by photodepositing Au and MnOx on the ZnO polar {0001} and {101̅0} crystal facets, respectively. The photocatalytic performance of ZnO–Au–MnOx was higher than ZnO and ZnO–Au for the degradation of rhodamine B dye under UV light irradiation. Due to the potential difference between different crystal planes of zinc oxide, electrons and holes will migrate to different crystal planes of zinc oxide. This will lead to the deposition of Au and MnOx on different crystal facets of zinc oxide. The efficient photoinduced carrier separation of ZnO–Au–MnOx resulted in the high photocatalytic activity, which is well supported by photoelectrochemical and photoluminescence analyses. The intermediated species formed during the reaction were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography. The reaction mechanism was investigated by radical trapping experiments and electron spin resonance analysis. The special structure of selective deposition of redox cocatalysts on the different facets should be promising and intriguing for designing highly efficient photocatalysts.

Dual modification of BiVO4 photoanode by rare earth element neodymium doping and further NiFe2O4 co-catalyst deposition for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation

BiVO4 is considered a promising semiconductor for photoelectrochemical water oxidation due to its good light absorption capacity, low cost of raw materials, and suitable band-gap. However, BiVO4 photoanode has some disadvantages, such as severe electron-hole recombination, poor kinetics of the surface reaction, and poor stability. Among known reports, this work is the first to doped Nd into the interior of BiVO4 photoanode to improve its photoelectrochemical water splitting performance. Furthermore, we chose NiFe2O4 as the oxygen evolution reaction co-catalyst to further modify the Nd-doped BiVO4 photoanode. The photocurrent density of the as-prepared NiFe2O4-Nd-BiVO4 photoanode reaches 1.93 mA cm−2, three times that of the bare BiVO4 photoanode, and the onset potential also exhibits a significant negative shift. More importantly, the stability of the NiFe2O4-Nd-BiVO4 photoanode is also significantly improved. Detailed characterization and analysis show that Nd doping induces lattice distortion, increases the charge carrier density of BiVO4, reduces impedance, and effectively suppresses electron-hole recombination. For NiFe2O4, as an oxygen evolution reaction co-catalyst, dramatically accelerates the electron-hole transfer rate kinetically and significantly improves the stability of BiVO4.

Wastewater purification with different precursors of carbon dots dominated titanium dioxide: Mechanism insight

Controlled deposition of co-catalysts on the requisite surfaces is highly crucial for myriad applications related to photocatalysis. However, the complex preparation process and different precursors may affect their photocatalytic performance. Here, carbon dots (CDs)-doped TiO2 nanosheets (CDs/TNs), which possess high photocatalytic activity and wastewater purification ability, were synthesized using different precursors of CDs (citric acid: CA and ammonium citrate: AC). Then, the prepared CA-CDs/TNs and AC-CDs/TNs were compared using different techniques. The results illustrated that the particle sizes for AC-CDs and CA-CDs are 1.50 ± 0.204 nm and 3.98 ± 0.37 nm. Compared with AC-CDs, the lattice spacing of CA-CDs is 0.195 nm, which is narrower than that of AC-CDs. Meanwhile, CDs are successfully doped on the surface of TNs. Both CA-CDs/TNs and AC-CDs/TNs exhibit outstanding photodegradation activity and robust stability. And the photocatalytic performance of CDs/TNs increases firstly and then decreases with increasing the amount of CDs. Specially, 0.2CA-CDs/TNs exhibit the highest degradation efficiency, having removed ~91.6% of CR (2 h), 90.2% of RhB (2 h) and 96.1% of TC (1 h), which are 5.70%, 7.13% and 6.7% higher than that of 0.2AC-CDs/TNs. Meanwhile, the removal performance of bright green (BG) and azorubine (ZB) were also performed. As expected, CDs activate TNs to remove BG (91.08% within 150 min) and ZB (86.69% within 4 h) more efficiently. Finally, the feasible degradation pathways of the pollutants are discussed.

Facet-dependent spatial charge separation with rational cocatalyst deposition on BiVO4

Rational assembly of cocatalyst on the photocatalyst with exposed functional crystal facets has been demonstrated to be viable in enhancing the photocatalytic activity. However, greater attention is paid to the property of the loaded cocatalyst while the effect of varied functional facet exposure is relatively less discussed. Herein, dual-faceted BiVO4 with well-defined {010} and {110} facets but with varied {010}/{110} exposure extent ratios are coupled with CoOx which is known as a cocatalyst for water oxidation. The enhancement induced by the cocatalyst loading depends on both its deposit location and the ratio of {010}/{110} facet exposure. When selectively deposited on oxidation {110} facet, CoOx generates over two-fold enhancement on BiVO4 in photocatalytic oxygen evolution as compared to its randomly deposited analogue. Meanwhile, the {010}-dominant BiVO4 is more obviously benefited from the cocatalyst loading to both photocatalytic water oxidation and hydrogen peroxide generation reactions with respect to the {110}-dominant BiVO4. Further investigation reveals that CoOx functions more effectively in PL quenching and generating greater band bending on {010}-dominant BiVO4, substantiating the better enhancement in reducing charge recombination and forming larger space charge region width for charge separation, which deliver greater photocatalytic activity enhancement on {010}-dominant BiVO4.

Nitrogen-stabilized oxygen vacancies in TiO2 for site-selective loading of Pt and CoOx cocatalysts toward enhanced photoreduction of CO2 to CH4

Photocatalysis provides an attractive approach to convert CO2 into valuable fuels, which yet highly relies on a well-designed photocatalyst with good selectivity and high CO2 reduction ability. Herein, we report a mild synthesis of mesoporous spherical N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst with site-selective deposition of redox cocatalysts. Theoretical calculations prove that nitrogen doping favors the formation of oxygen vacancies (VO) in TiO2 and stabilizes them as well. The combination of ESR characterization, theoretical calculation and photocatalytic tests confirms VO-induced site-selective loading of the redox cocatalysts (Pt, CoOx). The designed composite shows a maximal CH4-yielding rate of 409.17 μmol g−1, which is 180 times higher than that of pure TiO2. Photoelectrochemical and optical measurements indicate that Pt is the key active center for CO2 adsorption and activation, while CoOx is responsible for H2O oxidization and proton transfer. The separation of reaction site and accelerated mass transfer on the catalyst surface largely enhance the conversion efficiency of CO2. This work provides a strategy to selectively deposit dual cocatalysts on semiconductor surface through introduction of oxygen vacancies for substantially improved photocatalytic reduction of CO2.

Effect of surface-deposited Ti3C2Tx MXene on the photoelectrochemical water-oxidation performance of iron-doped titania nanorod array

As a promising photoanode material, TiO2 confronts two challenges, weak visible light absorption and low catalytic activity for water oxidation, which limit its photoelectrochemical performance toward water oxidation. Doping and co-catalyst deposition provide effective ways to extending the light-absorption spectral range and accelerating the water-oxidation kinetics, respectively. Herein, an efficient TiO2-based photoelectrode for water oxidation is prepared by Fe doping and electrophoretic Ti3C2Tx deposition. The Fe doping effectively extends the light absorption of TiO2 toward visible region. Owing to the excellent water oxidation activity of Ti3C2Tx, its deposition greatly accelerates the water-oxidation kinetics, which in turn enhances the photocarrier separation and injection efficiencies. The well-designed Fe-TiO2/Ti3C2Tx exhibits a photoelectrochemical current density of 1.23 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE, which is much higher than those of Fe-TiO2. The maximum IPCE value is enhanced from 64.7% of Fe-TiO2 to 92.8% of Fe-TiO2/Ti3C2Tx at 380 nm. Our findings provide an effective way to fabricate efficient photoanode for water oxidation and are helpful to understanding the photoelectrochemical performance of hybrid nanostructures.

Effect of Metal Cocatalysts and Operating Conditions on the Product Distribution and the Productivity of the CO2 Photoreduction.

The CO2 photoreduction is a promising way to convert one of the most abundant greenhouse gases to valuable chemicals. The photoreduction in the liquid phase is limited by the low solubility of CO2 in water, but this point is overcome here by using an innovative photoreactor, which allows one to work up to pressures of 20 bar, improving the overall productivity. The photoreduction was performed in the presence of Na2SO3 and using in primis commercial titanium dioxide (P25) and a set of titania catalysts functionalized by surface deposition of either monometallic or bimetallic cocatalysts. The gaseous products were hydrogen and traces of CO, while, in the liquid phase, formic acid/formate, formaldehyde and methanol were quantitatively detected. The pH was observed to shift the products distribution. A neutral environment led mainly to hydrogen and methanol, while, at pH 14, formate was the most abundant compound. The trend for monometallic cocatalysts showed enhanced productivity when using noble metals (i.e., gold and platinum). In order to limit the cost of the catalytic material, bimetallic cocatalysts were explored, adding titania with Au+Ag or Au+Pt. This may open to the possibility of performing the reaction with a smaller amount of the most expensive metals. In the end, we have expressed some conclusions on the cost of the photocatalysts here employed, to support the overall feasibility assessment of the process.

Visible Light-Assisted Deposition of Cobalt Co-Catalyst on Tio2 Nanosheets as Hybrid Photocatalysts: Combined Experimental and Computational Analysis

Visible Light-Assisted Deposition of Cobalt Co-Catalyst on Tio2 Nanosheets as Hybrid Photocatalysts: Combined Experimental and Computational Analysis