Cmol Kg-1 Research Articles

Effect of Coffee Ages and Shade Types on Soil Moisture and Soil N, P, K Availability in UB Forest

Water and nutrients is important for plant which has its characteristics. This study has been carried out in the UB (Brawijaya University) forest about soil moisture content during rainy and dry seasons, Total-N, -P, -K from litter on different types of shade and age of coffee plants, and their effect on soil Available-N, -P, and -K. There are P1 (control), P2 (4-year-coffee + pine), P3 (7-year-coffee + pine), P4 (4-year-coffee + mahogany), and P5 (7-year-coffee + mahogany). These treatments affected to total soil moisture storage, Total-N, -P, -K of litter, and Available-N, -P, -K in the soil. The soil moisture storage change between rainy and dry seasons was 36.97 mm. The highest Total-N, -P, and -K of litter was 11.00 kg ha-1 y-1 at P3, 1.06 kg ha-1 y-1 at P2, and 4.35 kg ha-1 y-1 at P3, which was inconsistently associated with high soil nutrients. The highest Total-N was 0.40 (0-20 cm), 0.27 (20-40 cm), 0.30% (40-60 cm) at P4, Available-K was 1.69 (0-20 cm), 1.64 (20-40 cm), 1.87 cmol kg-1 (40-60 cm) at P5, and Available-P was 15.21 (0-20 cm), 14.06 (20-40 cm), 12.64 mg kg-1 (40-60 cm) at P1.

EVALUASI RETENSI HARA PADA LAHAN PADI DI KABUPATEN PAMEKASAN

Rice production in Pamekasan Regency from 2011 to 2019 decreased by 38.71% due to farmers applying fertilizers that did not match plant needs, such as insufficient application of manure, organic fertilizers and other inorganic fertilizers. In addition, the basic fertilization obtained by farmers comes from informal information, so the application of fertilizers on the land is not efficient. Efforts have been made to overcome these problems by evaluating soil fertility from the aspect of nutrient retention as a basis for determining fertilizer requirements. The purpose of this study was to evaluate soil fertility, especially from the aspect of nutrient retention in paddy fields in Pamekasan Regency. This research used a purposive random sampling method based on SPL (Land Map Unit). Parameters observed were cation exchange capacity, organic C, base saturation, pH, electrical conductivity, texture, porosity, bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The results showed that the high level of soil fertility in Pamekasan Regency was found in cation exchange capacity in Tlanakan District (43.92 cmol kg-1), base saturation in Galis District (99.38%), pH in Tlanakan District (7.00), electrical conductivity in Pakong and Pasean districts (0.39 mS) and the dominant texture is the clay fraction. Low fertility levels are found in soil organic C in Waru and Kadur Districts (0.08%), bulk density in Pasean District (1.59 g cm-3), porosity in Proppo District (34.89%), and saturated hydraulic conductivity in Pasean District (46.34 cm hour-1).

Effect of Integrated Use of Lime and Vermicompost on Faba Bean Productivity and Selected Chemical Properties of the Soil in Acid Prone Areas of Ethiopia

Soil acidity is one of land degradation problem that reduces land’s ability to provide ecosystem services which has stayed as an eminent problem limiting crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. To counteract this problem sustainably, development of regenerative agricultural strategy that aimed not simply at sustaining the current state of soils and ecology, rather at enhancing an array of different schemes such as conservation agriculture, integrated soil fertility management technology comprising inorganic and organic soil amendment and others are substantial. On-station experiment were conducted at Damotu FTC for three consecutive cropping seasons (2019, 2020 and 2021) to examine the integrated use of lime and vermicompost on faba bean productivity and the soil chemical properties. Two rates of lime (2.6 t ha-1 and 1.3 t ha-1), two level of vermicompost (4.6 t ha-1and 2.3 t ha-1 ) and two rates of NP fertilizer (46 N/18 P2 O5 and 23 N/9 P2 O5 )were combined systematically along with one control and standard check arranged in RCB design with three replications.. Three years mean result showed that a significantly highest number of pod per plant (13) were recorded from the combined use of 2.3 t ha-1 of vermicompost, 1.3 t ha-1 of lime and 46 N/18 P2 O5 . The trend is quite similar in biomass production and seed yield of faba bean where a significantly higher yield of grain (2.95 t ha-1) was obtained from the same input combination which outscored the control treatment by more than 100%. The soil analysis results revealed that soil pH increased from 5.19 (strongly acidic) to 6.21 (slightly acidic), while exchangeable acidity decreased from 1.7 to 0.13 cmol kg-1 under combined application of 4.6 t ha-1 of vermicompost and 2.6 t ha-1 of lime without the use of NP fertilizer. Higher values of TN and Av.P was obtained from the application of 2.3 t ha-1 of vermicompost and 2.6 t ha-1 of lime along with recommended NP fertilizer. The result of this investigation suggested that the integrated use of lime and vermicompost along with sub-optimal application rates of chemical NP fertilizer could increase faba bean yield significantly and improve soil chemical properties in acidic soil condition.

Prilog poznavanju nekih fizičkih i hemijskih osobina krečnjačkih zemljišta planinskog masiva Ozren

Soils formed on limestones occupy large area in Serbia, but there is not a lot of information about their properties. This paper presents physical and chemical properties of the Brownized Calcomelanosols and Moderately-deep Calcocambisols of the Ozren Mountain. Brownized Calcomelanosols under natural grassy vegetation were investigated at the Vlasina pass, whereas Calcocambisols under mixed forests were investigated near the site "Ozrenske livade". Soil profiles were excavated up to the parent material, and disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from soil genetic horizons. Following soil characteristics were determined: particle size distribution, soil structure and water resistance of structural aggregates, bulk density, total porosity, air capacity, water-holding capacity, water conductivity, pH, content of humus, available phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O), hydrolytic acidity, cation exchange capacity (CEC), sum of exchangeable base cations, and base saturation. Humus-accumulative horizon (Amo) of the Brownized Calcomelanosols has silty clay texture, whereas the cambic (B)rz horizon of both soils has a clay texture. The Amo horizon of Calcomelanosols is characterized by fine to medium granular structure (0.5-5 mm) of very high water resistance. The total porosity, air capacity and water permeability of both soils is high. Their water-holding capacity is high. Amo horizon of Calcomelanosols is characterized by a high humus content (>10%). Soil reaction in water of Amo horizon is neutral, whereas in (B)rz horizons both soils are moderately acid. Both soils have high CEC (>58 cmol kg-1 ) and base saturatation (>95%). Brownized Calcomelanosol is moderately to highly supplied with available K2O, whereas Calcocambisol is moderately supplied; while both soils are very poor in available P2O5. Since this study presents quite favorable physical and chemical properties of the investigated soils due to the conservation of natural forests and grasslands, the results can help in a deeper understanding of soil ecology and the preservation of natural plant cover.

Characterization and Classification of Sugarcane Growing Soil of Haryana, India

Eight representative pedons of sugarcane growing soil of Haryana viz., Damla, Yamunanagar (P1), Shahabaad, Kurukshetra (P2), RRS, Karnal (P3), Kaithal (P4), Mehlana, Sonipat (P5), Nidhani, Jind (P6), Mokhra, Rohtak (P7) and Meham, Rohtak (P8) were studied for morphological, physico-chemical characteristics and classified as per Soil Taxonomy. The colour of the studied pedons varied from yellowish brown (10YR 3/2) to dark brown (10YR 5/5) in colour, with dominant hue of 10YR. The range of bulk density of different horizons was 1.05 to 1.33 Mg m-3. These soils were slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline in reaction. The soils of all the pedons of studied area were non saline in nature having EC < 1.36 dSm-1. Exchangeable Sodium percentage (ESP) and Base Saturation Percentage (BSP) ranged from 1.65 to 47.55 % and 23.18 to 99.60 % respectively. The CEC of the soils ranged from 1.98 to 13.82 cmol (p+) kg-1. The soils of the area were classified according to Soil Taxonomy as Fine loamy, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Typic Ustocrepts (Pedon 3,6 and 7), Fine loamy, Calcareous, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Typic Haplustepts (pedon-4), Fine loamy, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Typic Haplustepts (pedon-2), Coarse loamy, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Aquic Ustochrepts (pedon-5) and Coarse loamy, Mixed, Hyperthermic, Typic Haplustepts (1 and 8).

Impact of Topography on Soil Properties in Delboatwaro Subwatershed, Southern Ethiopia

Soil characterization and classification are prerequisites for better agricultural productivity and sustainable soil fertility management. This study was previously conducted to characterize and classify DelboAtwaro, a watershed in southern Ethiopia. Three pedons classes were inspected and three representative pits (pedons) opened, i.e. one in each pedon. Pedons were described in accordance with FAO [1] and WRB (2014) in the study area, and then soil samples were collected from recognized horizons of each pedon and analyzed for selected physicochemical properties. The pedons confirmed the variability of the physical, chemical and morphological properties of the soils in the study area. Based on the result of field and laboratory soil analysis, the soil structure was early clay in both aboveground and subterranean strata. The soil chemical reaction used to be somewhat acidic to neutral in reaction (pH 6.1-7.0). The organic carbon (OC) content varied between 1.23 and 1.78% between the respective topographical positions. The cationexchange capacity (CEC) of the soils ranged from 39.8 to 79.9 cmol (+) kg-1 (intermediate to optimal), while the percent base saturation (PBS) ranged from 23.7 to 40.7%. The dominance of the exchangeable bases was once, in descending order, Ca>Mg>K>Na. Soils ranged from low to optimal in TN and very low to low in available P, while the concentrations of micronutrients in the soils were best (Fe), very high (Mn), adequate (Zn), and optimum (Cu). The soil had a molly epipedon with humic diagnostic houses in the subsurface. Hence the soil was categorized as Rhodic Nitisols (Haplic) (US, MS, and LS) according to the WRB for soil resources. In general, slope and land use influenced soil properties in the different topographical locations of the Delbo Atwaro Underwater Catchment, suggesting the need for integrated soil fertility management to sustainably conserve soil organic matter and nutrients.

Characterization of Bt Cotton Growing Soils Producing Varying Cotton Yields in Dharwad and Haveri Districts of North Karnataka, India

Bt cotton is being cultivated on a wide range of soils in northern transitional zone of Dharwad and Haveri districts in north Karnataka. A field survey was conducted during kharif 2021-22 to study the physico-chemical properties and nutrients status of soil and Bt cotton productivity. A total of 153 locations were selected in Dharwad and Haveri districts. Surface soil samples were collected at fifty per cent flowering stage and kapas yield was recorded at first and second picking stages. In the study area, kapas yield ranged from 3.59 to 25.85 q ha-1 with a mean value of 15.95 q ha-1. Bulk density, soil porosity, maximum water holding capacity and moisture content at field capacity ranged from 1.12 to 1.70 Mg m-3, 35.85 to 57.74%, 34.08 to 76.27% and 13.63 to 45.76%, respectively. Soils were near neutral to slightly alkaline in reaction (6.60 to 8.80), non-saline (0.15 to 0.82 dS m-1), slightly to moderately high in free lime content (4.10 to 18.40%) and low to high in soil organic carbon (1.50 to 12.60 g kg-1) content. Available nitrogen, phosphorus (P2O5), potassium (K2O) and sulphur contents in soils of cotton fields ranged from 113.06 to 562.82, 10.50 to 89.56, 110.16 to 497.28 kg ha-1 and 5.06 to 25.67 mg kg-1, respectively. Similarly exchangeable calcium and magnesium contents in soils ranged from 10.10 to 35.24 and 2.98 to 17.01 cmol (p+) kg-1, respectively. DTPA extractable iron and zinc contents and hot water soluble boron content in soils ranged from 1.86 to 9.51, 0.20 to 1.10 and 0.10 to 0.75 mg kg-1, respectively. Nutrient indices showed that soils of the study area were low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus, potassium and sulphur contents. Iron, zinc and available boron contents were deficient in soils.

Effect of Plantation Tree Species with Varied Cropping Systems on Depth Wise Rate of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Soil Chemical Properties in Uttar Pradesh, India

Litterfall and root turnover from trees enrich the organic material and nutrient content of soil beneath the trees. The influence of seven different cropping systems with tree species was evaluated on pH, EC, CEC, OC and carbon sequestration. Soil sampling was done on GPS basis investigation area of the agro-forestry farm to assess the effect of plantations of tree species and cropping systems on soil carbon sequestration. One hundred twenty representative soil samples from the five soil depths viz. 0-15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-90 & 90-120 cm, soil samples were collect from 17 years olderCasuarina + Guava + Turmeric, Casuarina + Paddy + Wheat, Shisham, Shisham + Peragrass, Shisham + Mustard, Shisham + Paddy + Wheat, Eucalyptusin plots of Forestry farm have been collected during August-September, 2019, from ANDUA&T, Narendra Nagar, Kumarganj, Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh, India. The initial condition of research area considered as control. The soil samples were analyzed with following the standard procedures. Among the investigation plots of the farm, the maximum buildup of carbon sequestration was found in the plantation of Casuarina+ Guava+ Turmeric followed by Casuarina+ Paddy+ Wheat, Shisham+ Paddy+ Wheat. The minimum buildup of carbon sequestration was found plantation with Eucalyptus. Soil organic carbon decreased with increase in deepness irrespective of tree species. The chemical properties the pH from 7.85-10.40, E.C ranged from 0.15 – 4.97 dSm-1, organic carbon ranged from 2.07- 6.81 gkg-1 and CEC ranged from 9.50- 30.03 cmol(p+)kg-1. Soil carbon sequestration was ranged from 0.20-0.32 tonne ha-1 year-1. Soil organic carbon decreased with increase in depth and soil pH, EC and CEC increase with decreased in depth irrespective of tree species. Therefore, the tree plantations can improve the physico-chemical properties of the soil profile.

Karakteristik Tanah Gambut Transisi dan Gambut Pedalaman Kalimantan Selatan pada Tingkat Perombakan Hemik

Peat soil has various characteristics due to differences in peat-forming materials, formation processes, and environmental conditions. In South Kalimantan, the environment of peat formation is more dominant in the form of transition peat and inland peat. This study aims to determine the characteristics of transition peat soil and inland peat, including soil pH, total acidity, carboxylic functional groups (-COOH) and OH-phenolic functional groups, in South Kalimantan at the level of hemic reshuffle. This study used a purposive sampling method with regard to the decompotion degree of peat, i.e., hemic (half baked). The soil used comes from transitional peat (Sub-district of North Ulin/LUU and West Ulin Platform/LUB) and inland peat (Banjang District, Hulu Sungai Utara/HSU) and Kandangan Subdistrict, Hulu Sungai Selatan/HSS). The results showed that soil acidity in transitional peat (LUU and LUB) was higher than inland peat (HSU and HSS) as indicated by the pH value of transitional peat soil with a range of 4.25 and a total acidity concentration of 234.16 cmol kg-1 for transitional peat, while the carboxylic groups (-COOH) concentration in transition peat (LUU and LUB) and inland peat (HSU and HSS) showed almost the same concentration of 94.91 cmol kg-1 in transitional peat (LUU and LUB) and 92.83 cmol kg-1 in inland peat (HSU and HSS). The concentration of OH-phenolic groups in transitional peat (LUU and LUB) is higher than inland peat (HSU and HSS), which is indicated by the transitional peat OH-phenolic (LUU and LUB) groups concentration of 139.25 cmol kg-1.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACCRETED SOILS OF SAINT MARTIN’S ISLAND, SOUTHEAST BANGLADESH

This research was conducted to observe the constraints of rice cultivation in accreted char land of Saint Martin’s Island soils were analyzed and compared with normal reference land of Batiaghata, Southwest Bangladesh for same variety of rice (BR-11). The soil pH ranged from 7.63 to 7.74, EC 5.49 dS.m-1 to 8.24 dS.m-1, CEC 37.87 Cmol(+) kg-1 to 52.13 Cmol(+) kg-1 , total N 0.086 to 0.11%, available P 1.6 to 2.38 µg.g-1 , available K 149.73 to 184.93 µg.g-1 , available S 134.33 to 178.33 µg.g-1 , available Ca 1333.33-1600 µg.g-1 , available Mg 800-1066.7 µg.g-1 , available Na 545.11-1362.77 µg.g-1 , Cl- 591.67-828.33 µg.g-1 , HCO3 - 0.122-0.183%, Organic Carbon 12-15.73 g.kg-1 and the soil texture was sandy clay loam. The pH of reference Batiaghata soil was 7.2, EC 3.13 dS.m-1 , CEC 27.83 Cmol(+) kg-1 , total N 0.17%, available P 7.93 µg.g-1 , available K 125.93 µg.g-1 , available S 340.1 µg.g-1 , available Ca 1062.7 µg.g-1 , available Mg 763.33 µg.g-1, available Na 238.25 µg.g-1 , Cl- 110 µg.g-1 , HCO3 - 0.047%, Organic Carbon 60.2 g.kg-1 and the soil texture was clay loam. Nutrient contents do not differ between the two regions but excess Na+, Mg2+ and percent salts are the main constraints as well as the coarse sand of Saint Martin’s Island which enhanced leaching loss of elements and retard high yield in newly accreted region.

STATUS KESUBURAN TANAH INCEPTISOL PADA PENGGUNAAN LAHAN KELAPA SAWIT DI DESA PENGADANG KECAMATAN SEKAYAM KABUPATEN SANGGAU

ABSTRACTSeveral constraints on the chemical properties of inceptisol soils, including acid soil reactions, soil organic matter generally varies, as well as the value of cation exchange capacity, bases can be exchanged, base saturation, nutrient reserves and nutrient status of P and K are low, but have saturation (Al) tall one. The purpose of the study was to analyze the nutrient status and soil fertility of Inceptisols on oil palm land use in Pengadang Village, District, Sekayam, Sanggau Regency and suggestions for fertilization to support maximum oil palm production. Soil sampling was carried out on 5-year-old oil palm plantations. Diagonal soil sampling method with three replications. Analysis of chemical properties consisting of pH, C-organic, N-total, P-total, P-available, K-total, K-dd, CEC, KB, and soil Al were carried out in the soil chemistry and fertility laboratory. The results of the average nutrient status on oil palm land are N-total nutrient status of 0.20% (low), available P of 15.09 ppm (low), CEC of 9.06 cmol (+) kg-1 (low ), C-organic by 1.42% (low). P-total status is 37.5 ppm (very low), K-total is 87.5 ppm (very low), K-available is 32.5 ppm (very low), KB is 19.30% (very low) , Al saturation is 39.55% (high) and the soil fertility status of oil palm land is classified as very low. Suggestions for single fertilization of urea is 255.56 kg/ha, TSP is 142.81 kg/ha and KCL is 509.13 kg/ha and Phonska 15:15:15 NPK compound fertilizer is 428.40 kg/ha, and urea is 85 ,84 kg/ha and KCL 402,01 kg/ha, to increase the lack of nitrogen and potassium elements in the soil. The need for dolomite lime is 2,400 kg/ha.

Pyrethrum marc rates and intra-row spacing influence on selected soil chemical parameters and yield of bush bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) grown on andosol under rainfed conditions

Bush bean is an important pulse crop that enriches the Rwandan diet and is a source of cash. This staple crop is widely grown in Rwanda. However, the improper spacing and inadequate application rates of organic inputs result in low yields. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intra-row-spacing and pymarc application rate on selected soil chemical parameters and bush bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L) yield on andosol under rainfed conditions. The experiment included five pymarc rates with four replications in a randomized complete block design: P0(No fertilizer), P1(250 kg ha-1 of NPK), P2(10 t ha-1 of pymarc + 250 Kg ha-1 of NPK), P3(15 t ha-1 of pymarc + 250 Kg ha-1 of NPK) and P4(20 t ha-1 of pymarc + 250 Kg ha-1 of NPK) and 3 spacing levels: S1(40 cm x 15 cm), S2(40 cm x 20 cm) and S3(40 cm x 30 cm). The results indicated that a significant difference was found between treatments and their interactions except for pH (p<0.05). Regarding pymarc treatments, P4 contained greater amounts of organic C(5.30 %), total N(0.30 %), available P(56.70 ppm), available K(81.30 mg dm-3), exchangeable Ca(12.61 Cmol Kg-1) and Mg(5.0 Cmol Kg-1) at harvesting compared to P0 and P1. According to plant spacing, S3 held higher amounts of OC(4.85 %), av. P(55.15 %), av. K(60.94 mg dm-3), exch. Ca(11.0 Cmol Kg-1) and exch. Mg(3.6 Cmol Kg-1) than S1. There was an interaction effect of pymarc and spacing on measured soil chemical properties except for soil pH. The correlation analysis between nutrients was positive, highly significant (p<0.01), and varied from moderate to strong (0.4<r<0.7 and r>0.7) except pH. The treatment with the highest bush bean yield was P2S1 with 3.03 t ha-1 and therefore it can be recommended to bush bean farmers of the volcanic highland region.

ASSESSMENT OF SOIL FERTILITY STATUS OF DIFFERENT VILLAGES FROM PALAKKAD DISTRICT, KERALA

An assessment of soil fertility status of different villages from Palakkad district, Kerala carried out 2021-22. The prime objectives of this work were to study the physico-chemical properties of soil at different depths of various sites of Attappady block of Palakkad District, Kerala to determine the availability of macro and micro nutrient on soil of these soil samples and provide Soil Health Card for farmers of the Attappady block, Palakkad District, Kerala. For the assessment 9 sampling locations were selected. Soil samples were collected with depth of 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-45 cm respectively. The Soil colour (Dry Condition) of soil varied from Brown, Dark brown, Yellowish brown, Yellowish red, Dark greyish brown, very dark brown and Brownish yellow. Soil colour (Wet Condition) of the soil varied Brown, Dark brown, Yellowish red, very dark greyish brown, very dark brown and Brownish yellow colour. Soil textural classes were sandy loam. It clearly indicated that soil has good Water Holding Capacity (54.19 to 61.80 %) and good physical condition, Bulk Density (0.938Mg m-3 to 1.365Mg m-3). Particle Density (2.124 Mg m-3 to 2.866 Mg m-3). Pore Space (50.018 % to 64.321%). The pH of soil is acidic nature (5.517 to 6.687) and the Electrical Conductivity (0.121 to 0.229 dSm-1) was suitable for all crops. Organic carbon ranged from medium to high (0.902 to 1.182 %). These soils have low Nitrogen (127 kg ha-1 to 252 kg ha-1) in all villages. Phosphorus (18 kg ha-1 to 34 kg ha-1) content is high at eight locations and medium at one location. Potassium (131.8 kg ha-1 to 383.9 kg ha-1) is low in one location and high in two locations. Calcium (5.9 cmol (p+) kg-1 to 8.6cmol (p+) kg-1) and Magnesium (1.2 cmol (p+) kg-1 to 9.8 cmol (p+) kg-1) are very sufficient in this soil. Sulphur (17 Mg kg-1 to 30.5 Mg kg-1) is high in five locations. Zinc (0.79 Mg kg-1 to 0.81 Mg kg-1) content is sufficient in this soil. There is an including awareness of the need to pay greater attention in the role of macronutrients enhancement pin the soil for good soil health and proper nutrition of plant so as to attain optimum economic yield and soil is suitable for all major tropical and sub-tropical crops.

THE EFFECT OF THE SEDIMENTS OF THE HILLA RIVER ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ADJACENT SOILS (BABYLON GOVERNORATE)

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the sediments of the Hilla River on the characteristics of some the sedimentary soils adjacent to the Hilla River, the sampling sites were chosen in the study area along the eastern side of the Hilla River, which extends from the beginning of its branching from the Euphrates River at the front of the Hilla dam in the province of Babil and along the river in the south, all the way to the back of the Sadr alDaghara regulator, which is located between the provinces of Babel and Al-Diwaniyah. Fifteen pedons were excavated, distributed in five transects perpendicular to the Hilla River. Each transect contains three pedons and represents a unit of shoulder, basin and depression. The results of soil investigations showed that there is a difference in some soil morphological properties among the studied sites according to the shape of the land, it was noted that there was no difference in the Hue through the wavelength of the studied sites and it was 10YR, with a difference in the Value and Chroma among all the pedons of the study area with depth, and indicates that the same sedimentation source (River Hilla). The predominance of the two types of blocky structures (angular blocky and sub angular blocky) and this shows the effect of the type of sediment. The results of the physical analysis showed a variation in the soil texture for both vertical and horizontal directions with the predominance of silt and sand particles and a decrease in the percentage of clay particles and this depended on the sedimentation speed associated with the proximity or distance of the river. As for the bulk density, its values also have changed as a result of a variation in the volume distribution ratio of soil particles of sand, silt and clay. While the results of the chemical analysis indicated that there is a difference in the chemical properties of soils in all study transects with depth, pH values lie between neutral to moderately basic (6.85-8.19) within the normal range of Iraqi soils, the electrical conductivity ranged between (0.68-36.2 ds m-1) from low salinity soils to very high salinity soils. As for SAR, it was low in sodium in most of the study pedons with depth, reaching 2.35, (medium to very high in some sites), and the values of the CEC ranged between (7.49- 21.45) Cmol Kg-1, As for the soil content of total calcium carbonate (CaCO3), whose values ranged between (6.52-22.17)%, the highest value of the soil content of organic matter reached in most of the surface horizons compared with the subsurface horizons

Sub-soil Nitrogen Content as Influenced by Long-term Manuring and Its Relationship with Nitrogen Availability and Productivity of a Rice-rice Cropping System in Eastern India

Investigation was made to study the impact of long-term fertilizer and manure application on the sub-soil nitrogen (N) fertility of an acidic Inceptisol under continuous rice-rice cropping system. For this purpose, a long-term fertilizer experiment commenced from 2005-06, rabi season in the Central Farm of Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar under aegis of ICAR, New Delhi was used. The experiment had 12 manurial treatments whose impact on sub-soil N fertility up to 75 cm depth and its relation with surface soil N fertility was studied. N uptake and crop yield has been assessed after 20 cropping cycles. The initial soil was acidic (pH 5.8) with low soil organic carbon (4.3 g kg -1) and CEC of 3.75 cmol (p+) kg-1, mineralizable N of 187 kg ha-1 and total N of 1280 kg ha-1. After 20 cropping cycles, the soil organic carbon (SOC) content increased in all the fertilized treatments in the surface layer and with depth it decreased sharply from 15-30 cm to 30-45 cm layer. Treatments with balanced nutrition registered higher content of total N, organic N, mineralizable N and inorganic N both in surface soil and sub-soil. Not only the surface soil but also the sub-soil contents of total N, organic N and mineralizable N are significantly influenced by long-term use of fertilizer nutrients and manure under wet land intensive rice production system. Sub-soil contents of total N, organic N, mineralizable N, inorganic N, ammonium N and nitrate N have strong positive correlation with those of surface layer. SOC, total N, mineralizable N and inorganic N are strongly correlated with each other in the same layer. Correlation of organic N and total N with nitrate N was however, significant up to 30 cm depth and beyond that there was no correlation at 30-45 cm layer. From the results, it is concluded that application of nutrient in balanced and integrated manner (NPK + FYM) not only increased grain yield and sustainability of rice but also improved various pools of N in surface as well as sub-soil up to 75 cm depth of a wet land rice-rice production system under subtropical climatic situation.

Sub-soil Properties as Influenced by Long-Term Manuring and their Relationship with Yield and Sustainability of a Rice-Rice Production System in Eastern India

Investigation was made to study the impact of long-term fertilizer and manure application on the sub-soil properties of an acidic Inceptisol under continuous rice-rice cropping system. For this purpose, a long-term fertilizer experiment commenced from 2005-06, rabi season in the Central Farm of Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar under aegis of ICAR, New Delhi was used. The experiment had 12 manurial treatments whose impact has been assessed after 20 cropping cycles. The initial soil was acidic (pH 5.8) with low soil organic carbon (4.3 g kg -1) and CEC of 3.75 cmol (p+) kg-1. After 20 cropping cycles there was decrease in surface soil pH in all the fertilized treatments by 0.16 - 0.96 units except high yielding FYM amended treatments (NPK+FYM and NPK+FYM+lime) that resisted the drop. The pH, however increased to alkaline level (7.72-8.44) down the layers irrespective of treatments. More accumulation of salt was found at 60-75 cm layer with highest (0.418 dSm-1) recorded in 100% NPK + FYM+lime treatment. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content increased in all the fertilized treatments in the surface layer and with depth it decreased sharply from 15-30 cm to 30-45 cm layer. The high yielding NPK+FYM treatment had highest content of SOC in all the layers. Among the parameters studied, SOC of all the layers, pH & EC of 15-30 cm layer could explain maximum variation in both yield and sustainability. Lower layer properties particularly of 15-30 cm layer had strong correlation with the surface layer. The SOC of layers up to 75 cm could explain 64.1 - 85.8% variation in productivity and 53.0 to 78.7 % variation in sustainability. The pH and EC of 15-30 cm layer also explained 75.6 and 47.9 % variation in productivity and 75.4 and 62.3 % in sustainability, respectively. Thus, lower layers also contribute to soil fertility of surface layer and in turn the productivity and sustainability of wet land rice-rice cropping system in sub -tropical ecosystem.

Evaluation of Soil Nutrient Index and Physico-Chemical Parameters of Soil from Different Blocks of Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India

The evaluation of Physico-chemical properties of soil of different blocks of Kurnool district was carried out in 2021-2022. The main objectives of this study is to evaluate the Physico-chemical properties of soil and to analyze the soil nutrient index of soil. For evaluation 9 sampling sites were selected with different depths of 0-15cm, 15-30cm and 30-45cm. The research findings revealed that the Bulk density ranges from 1.33 to 1.52 (Mg m-3). The Particle density ranges from 2.36 to 2.66 (Mg m-3). The Pore space ranges from 46.66 to 59.09 (%). The Water Holding Capacity ranges from 49.52 to 60.22 (%). The Soil pH ranges from 7.66 to 8.44. The Electrical Conductivity ranges from 0.15 to 0.57 (dS m- 1). The Soil Organic Carbon ranges from 0.35 to 0.66 (%). The Available Nitrogen ranges from 94.30 to 218.58 (kg ha-1). The Available Phosphorous ranges from 12.7 to 52.6 (kg ha-1). The Available Potassium ranges from 135.42 to 402.4 (kg ha-1). The Exchangeable Calcium ranges from 13.66 to 34.62 (cmol (p+) kg-1). The Exchangeable Magnesium ranges from 4.21 to 8.35 (cmol (p+) kg-1). The Available Zinc ranges from 0.16 to 0.57 (ppm). The Available Copper ranges from 0.18 to 0.77 (ppm). The Available Iron ranges from 3.22 to 6.89 (ppm). Based on the outcomes soil is good for cultivation of different crops and this data will aid farmers in application of nutrients to soil and also in maintaining good soil health.

Assessment of Physico-chemical Properties on Soil of Vizianagaram District, Andhra Pradesh, India

The study was conducted at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences’ Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Lab. A total of 27 samples were collected from 3 blocks (Pusapatirega, Denkada and Bhogapuram), 9 villages, and analysed for physico-chemical properties using standard laboratory at varying depths (0-15, 15-30, and 30-45 cm). The soil colour ranged from yellowish red to yellowish brown (dry) and reddish brown to yellowish-brown (wet). It had a red sandy loam texture. Bulk density 1.402 (Mg m-3), Particle density 2.603(Mg m-3), Pore space 43.44(%), Water Holding Capacity 40.23(%), Specific gravity 2.42, pH 7.63 neutral, Electrical Conductivity 0.25 (dS m-1) non- saline, and Soil Organic Carbon 0.37(%). Available Nitrogen 269.88(kg ha-1) is low, Available Phosphorous and Available Potassium 17.34 and 191.09 (kg ha-1) are medium. Exchangeable Calcium 4.63 (cmol kg-1) and Exchangeable Magnesium 1.91 (cmol kg-1) medium to high. Farmers need to maintain a soil health card, adopt proper management techniques, and provide adequate nutrients to the soil in order to overcome pollution.

Floating Rice Cultivation: a Solution to Reduce Crop Failure in Flood-Prone Areas

Bojonegoro is a regency in Indonesia located downstream of the Bengawan Solo River, a flood-prone area that caused crop damage and failure. The farmers need appropriate technology as an adaptation to reduce the loss of crop failure. Therefore, this study aims to determine the potential of floating rice cultivation as a solution for reducing crop failure. The experiment was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors, namely planting media (soil:organic fertilizer (1:1) (M1); soil:rice husk (1:1) (M2); soil:organic fertilizer:rice husk (1:1:1) (M3)), and plant spacing (15 cm x 15 cm (J1); 20 cm x 20 cm (J2); 25 cm x 25 cm (J3)). Each unit treatment was replicated 3 times. The results showed M2J3 gave the best outcome on plant height of 94.3 cm, the tillers number of 21.7, and produced the highest rice yield of 14.16 tons ha-1. This treatment provides optimal soil conditions, high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 26.6 cmol (+) kg-1, phosphorus availability (Av-P) 48.5 ppm, and potassium availability 0.9 ppm. The planting media compositions significantly affected soil cation exchange capacity, soil phosphorus availability, plant height, tillers number, and rice yield. The yield on floating rice cultivation was approximately similar when compared to the local farmer's fields. Floating rice cultivation can be used as a solution to reduce crop failure in flood-prone areas in Bojonegoro.

The Investigation of Ultic Horizon on Andisols Derived from the Eruption of Mount Tilu (Pleistocene, Basaltic) in West Java, Indonesia

DOI:10.17014/ijog.9.2.159-172Ultic is the soil characteristics in soil taxonomy when argillic or kandic horizon is found within the depth of 125 cm with the base saturation of less than 35 % on the overall of upper 50 cm. The purpose of this research is to investigate whether ultic horizon was found in the soil developing from the Pleistocene eruption of Mount Tilu (basaltic parent materials), in West Java, Indonesia. The method used was descriptive and comparative surveys of three profiles in the area around Mount Tilu, including the investigation of andic soil properties and the formation of argillic or kandic horizon. The result showed that the soils fulfilled the requirements of andic soil properties to be classified as Andisols. Soil never dried for ninety days cumulative (udic) to be classified as Udands. There were Fulvudands and Hapludands in this location. Accumulation of clays was more than 1.2% higher than the overlying horizon found at the depth of 90, 79, and 51 cm in those three profiles. Base saturation in upper 50 cm ranged from 1.07 to 6.86 cmol kg-1 or less than 35 %, making the soils were classified as Ultic Fulvudands and Ultic Hapludands. The high rainfall in the tropics and Pleistocene age led to the leaching of clays for a long period to form the argillic horizon. The influence of rain was stronger than the basaltic parent materials in forming Ultic Hapludands. Basaltic parent material was not strong enough to produce base saturation of more than 35 %.