Clusters Research Articles

Outstanding nobility observed in Cu5 clusters reveals the key role of collective quantum effects

Outstanding nobility observed in Cu5 clusters reveals the key role of collective quantum effects

Epidemiology and pathogen study of an outbreak in clusters caused by human adenovirus type 4 in Shenzhen

Objective To analyze the epidemiological and pathogenetic characteristics of a community outbreak of acute respiratory tract infection by Human adenovirus serotype 4 (HAdV-4) at a primary school in Baoan district, Shenzhen, Feb.22-28, 2019. Methods All epidemiological and clinical information of these cases was collected through field interviews and medical records. Throat swabs samples were collected and tested for influenza virus in quantitative fluorescence PCR. Influenza virus negative samples were then PCR tested for 6 other common respiratory virus. HAdV-4 positive samples were further tested using hexon gene sequencing of adenovirus. The sequences were aligned with the GenBank data to determine the genotypes and draw the phylogenetic tree. Results The epidemic occurred in Class 1, Grade 2, with a total of 54 students, including 29 boys and 25 girls. After investigation, there were no cases of similar symptoms in other classes of the school. Totally 13 patients were diagnosed, including 7 boys and 6 girls, the incidence rate was 24.1%(7 / 29) and 24.0% (6/25), respectively. The clinical symptoms included fever (13 cases, 100.0%), sore throat (8, 61.5%), muscular ache (8, 61.5%) and cough (5, 38.5%). All the symptoms were mild, and there were no severe cases. All 5 throat swabs samples were adenovirus positive by PCR, and these positive samples were confirmed to be HAdV-4 subgroups E by DNA sequence analysis. Conclusion The acute respiratory infection outbreak was caused by HAdV-4. The sequence of the strain is highly homologous with sequences from other districts of Shenzhen and Chinese cities. 摘要：目的 分析2019年2月22—28日深圳市宝安区某小学一起急性呼吸道病毒感染聚集性疫情的流行病学及 病原学特点。 方法 采用流行病学个案调査表对疫情进行现场调査, 使用荧光定量 PCR 方法对采集的咽拭子标本进 行流感样病例病原学筛査, 筛査阴性标本进行6种常见呼吸道病毒核酸检测。对腺病毒核酸阳性的标本, 用腺病毒六 邻体基因作为靶基因进行序列扩增及测定, 测序结果在GenBank上进行序列比较, 确定其病毒亚型并进行系统进化分 析。 结果 疫情发生在二年级(1)班, 全班共54名学生, 男29名, 女25名。经调査该学校其他班级其余年级未出现相 同症状病例。该起疫情共发现病例13例, 其中男生7例, 女生6例, 男女学生罹患率分别为24.1%( 7 /29)和24.0% ( 6 /25)。临床特征为发热13例(100.0%), 咽痛8例(61.5%), 全身肌肉酸痛8例(61.5%), 咳嗽5例(38.5%), 症状均较轻, 无重 症病例。共采集5份咽拭子标本 , 经荧光定量PCR检测均为腺病毒核酸阳性 , 5份标本用分型引物检测并分析序列确 定均为腺病毒E亚属4型。 结论 此次急性呼吸道感染聚集性疫情由腺病毒4型引起, 毒株序列与深圳其他区、国内 其他城市分离的腺病毒4型毒株序列具有髙度同源性。

A Comparitive Analaysis of Fuzzy Particle Swarm Optimization with SOM and EM Algorithms

Clustering is a kind of unsupervised learning, the process of dividing a given data set into groups according to the similarity of a given data set, and similarity is performed according to distance. Some researchers have developed some data clustering algorithms, others have implemented new algorithms, and some have studied existing data and compared other data clustering algorithms. Here are some previous studies that considered the impact of several factors on the performance of specific data clustering algorithms and compared the results. However, this study is different from algorithms and factor analysis; this article aims to study and compare functional weighted fuzzy particle clustering optimization with self-configuration mapping and expectation maximized clustering algorithms. All of these algorithms, depending on the size of the data, the number of clusters, the type of data set, and the type of software used for the comparison. Some conclusions drawn belong to the performance, quality and accuracy of the above clustering algorithm.

MICROESCALA, MOVIMENTO DE PEDESTRES E NÍVEIS SOCIOECONÔMICOS: UM ESTUDO EMPÍRICO

A caminhabilidade é entendida como a qualidade urbana com duas principais escalas, a mesoescala e a microescala. A microescala abrange elementos como a qualidade das calçadas, cruzamentos, iluminação, vegetação, entre outros. As características desses elementos podem influenciar os comportamentos de caminhada e variam de acordo com os níveis socioeconômicos do território. Portanto, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar a relação entre a caminhabilidade na microescala e o movimento de pedestres, considerando diferenças socioeconômicas em Cambé-PR. Para tanto, a ferramenta MAPS-Global foi aplicada por meio do uso do Google Street View em 635 segmentos de via selecionados aleatoriamente em 26 setores censitários. Após o levantamento, os dados foram sistematizados, indicando uma pontuação acerca do nível de caminhabilidade dos segmentos. Finalmente, foram realizadas análises de clusters para verificação da relação entre caminhabilidade na microescala, renda por setor e níveis de caminhada, obtidos do Plano De Mobilidade de Cambé-PR. Foi possível identificar que regiões de alta renda e regiões mais caminhadas pelos pedestres são aquelas com maiores escores médios gerais de caminhabilidade em seus segmentos. Tais resultados contribuem com o contexto brasileiro sobre caminhabilidade na microescala, considerando as inerentes variações sociais do espaço urbano.Palavras-chave: Ambiente Construído, Caminhada, Planejamento Urbano

Identification of Genetic Distance of Exotic and Locally Developed Maize ( Zea mays L) Inbred Lines

Development of hybrid varieties is one of the strategies to increase the productivity and production of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Sri Lanka. Heterosis is an important aspect to measure the hybrid vigor. Genetic distance is a main factor, which affects on heterosis. Identification of suitable parents using molecular markers gives many advantages over morphological evaluation. This study was conducted at the Molecular Biology Laboratory at Plant Genetic Resources Centre, Gannoruwa to identify distant parents using Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) primers. Genomic DNA was isolated from selected 23 inbred lines including exotic and locally developed lines using modified CTAB method. Molecular characterization was done using four SSR primers; umc1023, phi402893, phi 112 and phi 041. Amplified products were resolved in Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. Data were manually scored and analysis of genetic variation was carried out using the software POWEMARKER 3.1. Analysis revealed that polymorphism existed for all four SSR primers. Considerable genetic diversity was observed among the loci. Number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 3. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.24 (phi112) to 0.42 (phi402893). Gene diversity varied from 0.28 (phi112) to 0.46 (phi402893). Based on the values, it was revealed that there is a high genetic diversity present within the tested inbred lines. Genetic distance was calculated based on Nei’s genetic distance and phylogenetic tree was developed using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA). Tested 23 populations could be grouped into four clusters. Most of the exotic inbred lines grouped into one cluster revealed that there is less genetic distances present within the exotic lines. The genetic distance information obtained in this study will be useful to select better parents for development of maize hybrids with good performance.

Facilitating factors for the establishment of benchmarking partnership in selected clusters

Facilitating factors for the establishment of benchmarking partnership in selected clusters

Mechanical properties and microstructures of stabilised dredged expansive soil from coal mine

Expansive soil is the most predominant geologic hazard which shows a large amount of shrinkage and swelling with changes in their moisture content. This study investigates the macro-mechanical and micro-structural behaviours of dredged natural expansive clay from coal mining treated with ordinary Portland cement or hydrated lime addition. The stabilised expansive soil aims for possible reuse as pavement materials. Mechanical testing determined geotechnical engineering properties, including free swelling potential, California bearing ratio, unconfined compressive strength, resilient modulus, and shear wave velocity. The microstructures of treated soils are observed by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive spectroscopy to understand the behaviour of the expansive clay blended with cement and lime. Test results confirmed that cement and lime are effective agents for improving the swelling behaviour and other engineering properties of natural expansive clay. In general, chemical treatments reduce the swelling and increase the strength and modulus of expansive clay, subjected to chemical content and curing time. Scanning electron microscopy analysis can observe the increase in formation of particle clusters with curing period, and x-ray diffraction patterns display hydration and pozzolanic products from chemical particles. The correlations of mechanical properties and microstructures for chemical stabilised expansive clay are recommended.

Spatial analysis of COVID-19 epidemic situation of Yunnan

Objective To analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic of Yunnan province, and we provide targeted prevention and control advice. Methods From 23 January to 22 February 2020, geographic information system was established based on the data of COVID-19 epidemic and demographic information from online reporting system, local indication of spatial auto correlation (LISA) were conducted by GeoDa1.14.0 and Mapinfo 15.0 software. Results Except for Diqing and Nujiang in 16 prefectures (cities) of the province, cases were reported in 14 other prefectures (cities). Among them, the confirmed cases were mainly reported in economically developed regions and regions with more developed tourism industry. The epidemic situation of COVID-19 in Yunnan Province first increased sharply and then decreased slowly. There was no statistical difference in global autocorrelation in incidence, but there were some areas aggregated, local clusters appeared only in the early stages of the epidemic. There were 3 L-L clusters (Dehong, Banna and Zhaotong) 1 H-L cluster (Kunming), 4 L-H clusters (Yuxi,Qujing, Chuxiong and Honghe) of early outbreak. Spatial aggregation gradually disappears over time. Conclusion The previous epidemic situation can be prevented and controlled, and there is no space aggregation, but before the epidemic situation is completely extinguished, we still need to improve our alertness, with scientific and correct methods to prevention and control, and avoid the new outbreak and epidemic. 摘要：目的 分析云南省新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的空间分布特征,为制定云南省疫情防治措施和疫情的有效控制 提供有效参考。 方法 2020年1月23日至2月22日期间,基于全云南省通过疫情信息报告管理系统进行网络报告的 新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情数据和云南省统计局统计的云南省常驻人口信息,导人GeoDa1.14.0和Mapinfo15.0软件,进行 云南省新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的描述和空间自相关分析。 结果 全省16州（市）除迪庆州和怒江州无病例报告外,其 他14个州（市)均有病例报告 , 其中确诊报告数主要集中在经济较发达的地区和旅游业较发达地区,云南省新型冠状病 毒肺炎疫情出现先急剧升髙后缓慢下降的趋势,发病率全局的空间自相关无统计学差异,但局部有一定的聚集,局部 地区聚集情况仅出现在疫情较早期,疫情早期存在3个L-L聚集区(德宏州、版纳州和昭通市）,1个H-L区（昆明市）,4个L-H区(玉溪市、曲靖市、楚雄州和红河州）,随着时间的推移,空间聚集情况逐渐消失。 结论 目前疫情可防可控, 无空间聚集性 , 但是在疫情完全扑灭前,仍然需要我们提髙警觉性 , 科学防控 , 避免疫情的再燃和空间的聚集。

Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Liaoning with variable number of tandem repeats method

Objective To explore the genotype distribution and transmission patterns of 81 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) clinical isolates from Liaoning province with the variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). Methods The 81 strains were isolated from each city of the province in 2018, the p-nitrobenzoic acid (PNB) was used to identify the flora, so as to distinguish Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from non-tuberculous mycobacteria. The solid ratio method was used to conduct drug susceptibility tests on four first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs using Roche's medium. Based on PCR, the standard 24 sites were detected and analyzed, and the Beijing genotype was identified by the RD105 gene deletion method. Microsoft Excel software was used for polymorphism analysis, and website ( https://www.miru-vntrplus.org/MIRU/index ) was used to get the VNTR genotyping results, the locus polymorphism and clustering rate at the same time was calculated. SPSS 23.0 software was used for statistical description of data, and χ 2 test carried out on count data or drug resistance in each year; when the theoretical frequency is less than 5, the Fisher exact probability method is used to calculate the two-sided P value, and the test level is α=0.05. Results The clustering analysis of genotype showed that 81 strains were categorized into 3 gene clusters (genogroup I, II and III), in which 1.23% (1/81) was belong to genogroup I, 4.94% (4/81) was genogroup II, and 93.83% (76/81), one of the largest group of genes for III group. The clustering rate was 4.94% (4/81) and the least estimated proportion of the recent infection rate was 2.47% (2/81). The polymorphism of 5 in 24 VNTR loci was better, 3 loci was acceptable, the remaining 16 loci was less polymorphic. Conclusion The drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis shows obvious gene polymorphisms in Liaoning province and Beijing genotype is the predominant prevalent strain (III group). 摘要 ：目的了解辽宁省81例结核分枝杆菌多位点数目可变串联重复序列分析(variable number of tandem repeats. VNTR)的基因多态性及近期传播情况。 方法 对2018年辽宁省内送至辽宁省疾病预防控制中心实验室的菌株进行传 代后米用对硝基苯甲酸(p-nitrobenzok: acid, PNB)培养基进行菌群鉴定, 以区分结核分枝杆菌复合体和非结核分枝杆 菌。采用固体比例法利用罗氏培养基对4种一线抗结核药物进行药敏实验。以PCR为基础对标准24位点进行检测分 析, 利用RD105基因缺失法鉴定北京基因型。利用Microsoft Excel软件进行多态性分析, 利用 https://www.miru-vntrplus.org/MIRU/index 网站得到VNT R基因分型结果, 同时进行位点多态性和成簇率的计算。采用SPSS 23.0软件进行数据的 统计描述 , 对计数资料或各年度耐药情况进行 χ 2 检验；当理论频数<5时 , 采用Fisher确切概率法计算双侧 P 值, 检验水 准α=0.05。 结果 经分析81株菌株可分为3个基因群（I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ), 菌株数分别为1(1.23%)、4(4.94%)和76(93.83%), 其中最大的基因群为Ⅲ群。成簇率为4.94%(4/81)。近期感染率最小估计值为2.47%(2/81)。24个VNTR位点中有5 个位点的多态性较好, 3个位点的多态性尚可, 16个位点的多态性较差。 结论 初步证实辽宁省耐药结核分枝杆菌菌 株存在明显的基因多态性, 其主要流行型为北京基因型（Ⅲ群）。

A cluster analysis of epidemiological and clinical factors associated with the accumulation process of the burden of COVID-19 in European countries.

Background and aim of the work:European COVID-19 statistics showed differentiation between mortality and new cases. Some studies suggested several factors including migration, cancer incidence, life expectancy and health system capacity maybe associated with differentiations. Up to now, impact of those factors in different European societies is not discussed and compared. Aim of the present study was to perform the cluster analysis in European countries in attention to clinical and epidemiological factors due to covid-19.Methods:We collected some appropriate extreme data of COVID-19 to access the situations by ANOVA post-hoc test in 3 scenarios, as well as to estimate regression coefficients in simple linear regression, and a cluster analysis using average linkage. The present study was designed to assess the situation in the European region in the face of COVID-19 from the beginning of the conflict to April 24, 2020.Results:Among 39 European countries, several countries reported highest rate of confirmed cases included of Italy (current statues=2270.52) and Spain (current status=2616.24). The highest rate of mortality was seen in France (current status=242.16), Italy (current status=305.52). Life expectancy (female) (P=0.01, 95%Cl=1521.27,15264.58), migration (P<0.001, 95%Cl=41.42,96.72) had significant association with confirmed cases and death. Overall cancer death (P<0.001, 95%Cl=0.36,0.68; P<0.001, 95%Cl=0.01,0.07) and lung cancer death (P<0.001, 95%Cl=1.97,3.56; P<0.001, 95%Cl=0.09,0.37) associated with confirmed cases and mortality, too. We were also determined 5 clusters which more than 30 countries were categorized in the first cluster.Conclusions:Demographic factors, including population, life expectancy and migration, underlying disorders, such as several types of cancers, especially lung cancers lead to various distribution of COVID-19 in terms of prevalence and mortality, across European counties. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Cluster Approach Model for Promoting Coordination in Humanitarian Aid; Following the Kermanshah Earthquake, Iran, 2017

Background: The Cluster model is designed as a solution to promote humanitarian response management. This approach is used as an effective model for cooperation and participation of the relevant aid organizations. Objective: This study aimed to identify the type and method of humanitarian aid to support people affected by the Kermanshah earthquake and discuss the importance of the cluster approach in humanitarian response. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the data were collected in two steps. First, NEWS and national reports were reviewed and then scientific articles were reviewed for the use of cluster approach for humanitarian aids in disaster. Finally, the findings were compared with the cluster approach of humanitarian aid and analyzed gap and duplication issues in the humanitarian aid related to the Kermanshah earthquake. Results: Findings showed 308 pieces of NEWS and reports on humanitarian aid transmission were found, 38 % (33) of which were from government agencies and 62% from non-governmental institutes. A review of the NEWS agencies revealed that 150 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and 33 government agencies had helped Kermanshah by sending financial and non-financial aids. Therefore, the cluster approach is necessary for improving humanitarian responses in developing countries, especially countries located in disaster-prone zones. Therefore, the cluster model can be used in the social donation and can be managed by volunteer organizations during disasters for collecting and transferring the donations. Conclusion: The Cluster model is designed as a solution to promote humanitarian response management. This approach is used as an effective model for cooperation and participation of the relevant aid organizations. There are currently 11 clusters including agriculture, camp management, rapid recovery, education, shelter, telecommunications, health, support, water and sanitation, nutrition, protection and health.

TREN PENELITIAN REPOSITORI INSTITUSI DI ERA DIGITAL: ANALISIS BIBLIOMETRIK BERBASIS DATA SCOPUS

Analyzed trends in institutional repository research in the digital era. The purpose of this study is to find out: (a) trends in the publication of research results from institutional repositories by year; (b) the most productive core journal publishes the results of institutional repository research; (c) distribution of language repository publications; (d) state-based institutional repository research distribution; (e) the most productive institutions publish institutional research repositories; (f) the most productive researchers publish research on institutional repositories; (g) the highest frequency of occurrence of keywords. Research uses bibliometric methods. The results showed that the trend of the distribution of research on institutional reposotions indexed at the peak of Scopus occurred in 2014, namely 84 publications (13.15%). Of the 21 highest journals that published the results of the institutional repository research, it was shown that Lecture Notes in Computer Science were the most published public institution repositories, namely 23 publications (3.6%), followed by the Electronic Library with 18 publications (2.8%), and D Lib Magazine 16 publications (2.5%). Publication of the results of research on institutional repositories indexed in Scopus data base was published in twelve languages and most of them were English. The institutional research repository trend indexed in Scopus is mostly in the form of articles and published by the United States of America. Abrizah, A. From the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is the most productive researcher and has published the results of 6 institutional repository studies and has been cited 614 times. The mapping results using vosviewer software show that the trend of institutional repository research is divided into 7 clusters with the most occurrence of keywords being Institutional Repositories, then Institutional Repositories, Digital Libraries and Open Access.From the results of the institutional repository research trends that have been conducted can be used for the development of further research.

A New 2D Fluorescent Polyoxometalate Built up of Circular {P5W30} Clusters and Tb3+ Cations

A new all inorganic polyoxometalate (POM), which is composed of the [Na(H2O)P5W30O110]14– ({P5W30}) clusters and Tb3+ cations, Na2[Tb4(H2O)28{Na(H2O)P5W30O110}]·16H2O (1), was obtained by using hydrothermal method. Its structure was further characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, TG, and PXRD. Compound 1 displays a 2D layered structure formed by {P5W30} clusters and [Tb(H2O)7]3+ linkers. It noteworthy that, eight coordinated sites provided by {P5W30} was very rare. Furthermore, the luminescent property of compound 1 was reported.

Mechanistic Study of Effect of Ultrasonic Radiation on Asphaltenic Crude Oils

Ultrasonic irradiation is a new, economic, and environmentally friendly technique for treating asphaltene aggregation in petroleum industry. In this study, the effect of ultrasonic radiation on asphaltene formation is investigated using conventional optical microscopy, viscosity measurement, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To this end, five crude oil samples, collected from different reservoirs, are used, and the effect of ultrasonic radiation on the structure of the crude oils is investigated at various exposure times. The results show that, at an optimum radiation time, the ultrasonic waves can break the asphaltene clusters and shift the size distribution of the asphaltene aggregate to a smaller size. In addition, the FTIR analysis reveals structural changes in the composition of the crude oil after the ultrasonic irradiation. By increasing the ultrasound exposure time, the viscosity of the asphaltenic oil first decreases to a minimum before rising again. Moreover, the measurement of asphaltene and resin content of the crude oils indicates that at exposure times longer than the one leading to the minimum viscosity, resin molecules are broken upon exposure to ultrasound. This can be the main reason for the existence of an optimum time in the application of ultrasonic radiation, after which the percentage of asphaltene particles and the viscosity of the crude oils increase.

Clusters of intelligence: the answer is the wind

Clusters of intelligence: the answer is the wind

Enraizamiento socio técnico de la agricultura orgánica en circuitos de proximidades

Este artículo aborda el fenómeno enraizamiento social en tres casos de circuitos para comercialización de orgánicos, estudiados comparativamente. Feria Ecológica de Laranjeiras do Sul, Orgánicos Rio de Una y Circuito Sur de la Red Ecovida. Proponemos retomar la inmersión social sobre las organizaciones, relativo a los agricultores, cómo el mercado de trabajo para la tesis de Mark Granovetter. Visitamos las categorías del embeddedness, reflejando las expresiones desde Polanyi, seguido de los casos estudiados, por el método de entrevistas con pautas semiestructuradas, analizadas en núcleos de significados. Se destacan procesos de toma de decisiones, comunidades y participación de los agricultores. Apuntamos la superación de las limitaciones en contextos centrados en el mercado, mediante el desarrollo socio-técnico, al redefinirse canales de acceso, difusión de conocimiento, intercambio entre redes, en interacciones por la fuerza de vínculos sociales y en la medida que es preponderante para decisiones sobre transición agroecológica.

О проблематике и значении кластеров в экономической теории

О проблематике и значении кластеров в экономической теории

Genetic Characterization and Diversity of Rhizobia Isolated from Root Nodules of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.) found in Central Plateau of India

Background: Plant growth promoting rhizobia play an important in agricultural ecosystem through symbiotic association with a wide range of leguminous plants. Legume-rhizobia association is a host specific symbiosis hence the need to identify the strains and the diversity of rhizobia associated with specific type of legume for better bio-prospecting of the associated benefits. A wide range of variation is present among the distribution of rhizobia and greatly affected by geographical locality, edaphic factors and environmental variation with time and space. Molecular techniques have been developed to aid the traditional phenotypic and morpho-cultural techniques in distinguishing the different microbial genera, species and strains. The present study aimed at isolation and morpho-molecular characterization of rhizobia from root nodule of green gram cultivated in central part of India.Methods: In the field-laboratory investigation during 2018-2019, various locations of central India with contrasting agro climatic conditions were surveyed and rhizobia trapping done. A total of 40 rhizobia were retrieved from nodules of green gram and characterized in laboratory based on morphological, biochemical and molecular techniques and results validated for taxonomic identification.Result: In our investigation all forty isolated rhizobia were found phosphate solubilizers, 38 IAA producers and 37 ammonia excretors and grew well at 28oC and 37oC. In carbohydrate fermentation test 34 isolates changed the broth colour from red to yellow with gas formation in durum tubes. Twenty diverse rhizobia isolates were selected with respect to their multifunctional properties and studied for molecular characterization. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, these bacterial strains were identified under two genera: Rhizobium and Brady Rhizobium. Phylogenetic analysis divided 20 rhizobia isolates into two clusters. Major group included 12 strains and minor group included 8 strains.

Cyclodextrin-Assisted Hierarchical Aggregation of Dawson-type Polyoxometalate in the Presence of {Re6Se8} Based Clusters

The association of metallic clusters (CLUS) and polyoxometalates (POM) into hierarchical architectures is achieved using γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) as a supramolecular connector. The new self-assembled systems, so-called CLUSPOM, are formed from Dawson-type polyoxometalate [P2W18O62]6- and electron-rich rhenium clusters. It is worth noting that a cluster-based cation [{Re6Se8}(H2O)6]2+ on one hand and a cluster-based anion on the other hand [{Re6Se8}(CN)6]4- can be associated with the anionic POM. In the absence of the supramolecular connector, a "CLUSPOM salt" was obtained from aqueous solution of the cationic cluster and the polyoxometalate. In this solid, the arrangement between the polymetallic building blocks is mainly governed by long-range Coulombic interactions. In the presence of γ-CD, the Dawson anion and the cationic cluster are assembled differently, forming a hierarchical supramolecular solid, K2[{Re6Se8}(H2O)6]2{[P2W18O62]@2γ-CD}·42H2O, where the organic macrocycle acts as a ditopic linker between the inorganic building blocks. In such an edifice, the short-range molecular recognition dominates the long-range Coulombic interactions leading to a specific three-dimensional organization. Interestingly, the assembling of anionic POM [P2W18O62]6- with the anionic rhenium cluster [{Re6Se8}(CN)6]4- is also achieved with γ-CD despite the repulsive forces between the nanosized anions. The resulting solid, K10{[{Re6Se8}(CN)6]@2γ-CD}[P2W18O62]·33H2O, is built from 1:2 inclusion complexes {[{Re6Se8}(CN)6]@2γ-CD}4- linked by a POM unit interacting with the exterior wall of the organic macrocycle. Multinuclear NMR and small-angle X-ray scattering investigations support supramolecular preorganization in aqueous solution prior to crystallization.

A novel flavivirus strain detected in phlebotomine sandflies in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Aim Phlebotominae sandflies are primary vectors of phleboviruses, causing the sandfly fever disease. The aim of this study was to detect and report the presence of flaviviruses in Phlebotominae sandflies captured in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Methods After a microscopic and morphometric analysis, the final identification of collected Phlebotomus specimens was confirmed by PCR, using a hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction on extracted and reversely transcribed RNA. Results We obtained a 155 nt long fragment of the viral non-structural protein 5 (NS5) gene (GenBank accession no. MN090154). The acquired nucleotide sequence, provisionally named as Drežnica, showed a maximum of 70-80% identity in 70-88% (110-137 nucleotides) of the query coverage with several Anopheles, Sabethes, Calbertado and Culex flaviviruses. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that the new flavivirus Drežnica clusters together with the flavivirus isolated from Culiseta annulata mosquitos. Conclusion We report the presence of flavivirus in Phlebotominae sandflies, captured in Drežnica, Herzegovina for the first time. The next phase of research will be directed towards virus cultivation, obtaining a longer or complete virus sequence and clarifying the medical and epidemiological importance of the Drežnica virus.