Cluster Tree Research Articles

Effect of Moringa Oleifera tree clusters and sparsity on health of trees and development of a precision farming method for farm growth

Effect of Moringa Oleifera tree clusters and sparsity on health of trees and development of a precision farming method for farm growth

Nature Based Solutions: Carbon Sequestration by Standing Trees in Urban Parks and Gardens of Katni City in Madhya Pradesh, India

Aims: This study aims at estimating contribution of urban Parks and gardens by carbon sequestration and suggests suitable strategies that can be helpful in reducing climate change impacts in urban centres. The challenges of climate change can be efficiently overcome by the storage of carbon in terrestrial carbon sinks viz. plants, plant products and soils for longer periods. Selection of appropriate trees can help mitigate climate impact.
 Study Design: Non-destructive sampling method of biomass estimation was used to measure to GBH of individual trees.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Katni city, Madhya Pradesh in 2020.
 Methodology: The parks and gardens in Katni were categorized into three groups based on their sizes: (A) large parks/gardens, (B) medium parks/gardens, and (C) small parks/gardens. The height of the trees was estimated using a relascope, while the girth classes of the trees were measured at different heights, including the basal area at Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and at a 2-meter height.
 Results: 26 parks were systematically selected from a total of 62, encompassing small, medium, and large-sized areas, representing 42% of the city's green cover. The sampled parks sequestered 340 tons of carbon, projecting an annual sequestration of 414 tons by all parks combined. Among the planted trees in these spaces were (Hyophorbe lagenicaulis), Fishtailed palm (Carota urens) Ashok (Polyalthia longifolia), Neem (Azardirachta indica), Amaltas (Cassia fistula), Champa (Magnolia champaca), Saptaparni (Alstonia scholaris), etc. Furthermore, the study identified ten suitable tree species—Bargad (Ficus benghalensis), Gulmohar (Delonix regia), Karanj (Millettia pinnata), Kassod (Cassia siamea), Mahaneem (Ailanthus excelsa), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Umar (Ficus racemosa), Peepal (Ficus religiosa), Peltaforum (Peltophorum pterocarpum) and Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) ideal for planting in parks for climate mitigation. The study advocates for widespread planting of these identified indigenous species in urban areas to enhance environmental quality and contribute significantly to climate improvement efforts.
 Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the nature of carbon sequestration in urban green spaces, stressing the need for selection of tree species based on multiple criteria discussed in the paper. Holistic approaches in environmental management and conservation will help mitigate climate impact.

Exploring the Anticancer Potential of Traditional Thai Medicinal Plants: A Focus on Dracaena loureiri and Its Effects on Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is renowned for its aggressive and highly metastatic nature. In recent years, there has been a surge in interest regarding the therapeutic potential of traditional medicinal plants. Dracaena loureirin (D. loureirin), Ficus racemosa Linn. (F. racemosa), and Harrisonia perforata (Blanco) Merr. (H. perforata) are prominent traditional medicinal herbs in Thailand, recognized for their diverse biological activities, including antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, their prospective anti-cancer properties against NSCLC remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer attributes of ethanolic extracts obtained from D. loureiri (DLEE), F. racemosa (FREE), and H. perforata (HPEE) against the A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay results revealed that only DLEE exhibited cytotoxic effects on A549 cells, whereas FREE and HPEE showed no such cytotoxicity. To elucidate the anti-cancer mechanisms of DLEE, cell cycle and apoptosis assays were performed. The findings demonstrated that DLEE inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in A549 cells through the downregulation of key cell cycle regulator proteins, including cyclin D1, CDK-2, and CDK-4. Furthermore, DLEE treatment facilitated apoptosis in A549 cells by suppressing anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and survivin) and enhancing apoptotic proteins (cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP-1). In summary, our study provides novel insights into the significant anti-cancer properties of DLEE against A549 cells. This work represents the first report suggesting that DLEE has the capability to impede the growth of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells through the induction of apoptosis.

Optimizing DUS testing for Chimonanthus praecox using feature selection based on a genetic algorithm.

Chimonanthus praecox is a famous traditional flower in China with high ornamental value. It has numerous varieties, yet its classification is highly disorganized. The distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) test enables the classification and nomenclature of various species; thus, it can be used to classify the Chimonanthus varieties. In this study, flower traits were quantified using an automatic system based on pattern recognition instead of traditional manual measurement to improve the efficiency of DUS testing. A total of 42 features were quantified, including 28 features in the DUS guidelines and 14 new features proposed in this study. Eight algorithms were used to classify wintersweet, and the random forest (RF) algorithm performed the best when all features were used. The classification accuracy of the outer perianth was the highest when the features of the different parts were used for classification. A genetic algorithm was used as the feature selection algorithm to select a set of 22 reduced core features and improve the accuracy and efficiency of the classification. Using the core feature set, the classification accuracy of the RF model improved to 99.13%. Finally, K-means was used to construct a pedigree cluster tree of 23 varieties of wintersweet; evidently, wintersweet was clustered into a single class, which can be the basis for further study of genetic relationships among varieties. This study provides a novel method for DUS detection, variety identification, and pedigree analysis.

Molecular interplay between phytoconstituents of Ficus Racemosa and neurodegenerative diseases.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a significant global health concern, primarily affecting middle and older populations. Recently, there has been growing interest in herbal therapeutics as a potential approach to address diverse neuropathological conditions. Despite the widespread prevalence of NDs, limited phytochemical has been reported for their promising therapeutic potential with distinct underlying mechanisms. Additionally, the intricate molecular pathways influenced by herbal phytoconstituents, particularly in neurodegenerative disorders, are also not well documented. This report explores the phytoconstituents of Ficus racemosa (F.racemosa), an unfamiliar plant of the Moraceae family, for their potential interactions with pathological pathways of NDs. The influential phytoconstituents of F.racemosa, including polyphenols, glycosides, terpenoids, and furocoumarin, have been reported for targeting diverse pathological states. We proposed the most convincing molecular interplay between leading phytoconstituents and detrimental signalling cascades. However, extensive research is required to thoroughly understand the phytochemical persuaded intricate molecular pathway. The comprehensive evidence strongly suggests that F.racemosa and its natural compounds could be valuable in treating NDs. This points towards an exciting path for future research and the development of potential treatments based on a molecular level.

Unleashing the power of nature: Investigating the effects of storage on plant-based pigments and bioactivities in tropical Ficus spp. extracts

The phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of tropical Ficus trees: Ficus benjamina (FB), Ficus racemosa (FRa) and Ficus religiosa (FRe) were analysed in this study. The bark and leaf samples of these species were subjected to solvent extraction using absolute methanol and analysed for their total chlorophyll (TCC), total carotenoid (TXc) and total anthocyanin (TAC) contents. The TPC, TFC and antioxidant potential of the extracts were also determined. The stability of the extracts during storage at different temperatures (4 °C, − 20 °C and − 80 °C) was investigated at weeks 0, 4 and 8. The results showed that the bark of F. racemosa and leaves of F. benjamina contained the highest amounts of phenolic content, with significantly higher antioxidant properties. PLSR analysis revealed that the secondary metabolite composition strongly influenced the antioxidant activities differently with Ficus trees. VIP scores were also computed to determine the most important factors that contributed to the ABTS and FRAP activities in the extracts from each species. Specifically, TPC, TFC, TXc, TCC, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b contents were the most important variables for F. benjamina. Meanwhile, TPC, TAC, TFC and chlorophyll b were the most important factors for F. racemosa, and only TAC, TPC and chlorophyll b were the most important factors for F. religiosa. Long term storage (8 weeks) of the extracts at 4 °C was observed to cause the highest percentage of metabolite degradation (up to 88.56% in TXc, 66.86% in TPC and 81.93% in TFC). Storage at − 80 °C was found to be the most suitable for retaining the secondary metabolites content and bioactivities of the samples. Taken together, F. religiosa leaf was identified as the best source of pigments and antioxidants. The findings of this study highlight the huge potential of plant extracts as both natural pigments and antioxidants in the food industry. These extracts can serve as a source of colorants while also improving the nutritional quality of food products, which aligns with the growing demand for clean-label and sustainable food options that can replace synthetic food additives.

An adaptive evolutionary multi-objective clustering based on the data properties of the base partitions

Evolutionary multi-objective clustering (EMOC) is a modern clustering technique in which the general concepts of evolutionary multi-objective optimization are applied to the clustering problem. The design and definition of clustering are difficult problems, and the choice of the objective functions and parameter setting of the algorithms are still challenges. In this paper, we propose the adaptive evolutionary multi-objective clustering approach based on data properties (AEMOC). AEMOC considers a new metric to evaluate the base partitions (candidate solutions used in the initial population) generated by minimum spanning tree clustering. This metric is applied to: (1) determine properties of the data, such as separation and overlap; and (2) define an offline selection of objective functions and parameter settings of the multi-objective algorithm. The information regarding the data properties allows AEMOC to avoid unnecessary data processing in datasets in which the initialization provides optimal solutions and optimization is not required. AEMOC presented promising results considering a diverse set of artificial and real-life datasets, based on two aspects: (1) it succeeded in the determination of the data properties of the base partitions and verifying the potential clustering quality, presenting a correlation of 0.8 with a reference metric, and (2) it provided better clustering results than reference EMOC approaches, achieving a general gain in the clustering performance of 3% in real-life datasets and 7% in artificial datasets.

A randomized, double-blind clinical trial of poly-herbal traditional decoction for the management of type 2 diabetes in comparison with standard Western treatments

Abstract Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) known as Mathumegam is a significant health concern in the twenty-first century. Despite great advances in contemporary science, there is a lack of moderately safe and effective drugs for treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a poly herbal traditional decoction containing 10 herbs such as Senna auriculata (root & bark), Cissampelos pareira (root), Ficus racemosa (bark), Terminalia arjuna (bark), Acacia arabica (bark), Syzygium cumini (bark), Curcuma longa (rhizome), Terminalia chebula (fruit pulp), Phyllanthus emblica (dry fruit), and Terminalia bellirica (fruit pulp) in the management of T2DM. Materials and Methods: It was a double-blind, randomized controlled trial involving 100 T2DM patients who were not well managed by diet or exercise. For a period of 12 weeks, 50 patients in group A were administered 5g of the test medication mixed with 100ml (one tumbler) of hot water for 10 to 15 min, as well as standard Western therapy. Group B patients (n=50) received a placebo in addition to normal Western therapy. The main focus of the study was to achieve a 3-month decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels from the starting point, with additional objectives including lowering fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and observing changes in diabetic symptoms. Results: At the end of the trial, mean fasting blood glucose levels decreased to 119.04 ± 11.52 and 176.90 ± 13.91 mg/dL in the test and control groups, respectively. Group A showed a more significant decrease in mean fasting blood glucose levels compared to group B. This indicates that the daily use of poly herbal traditional decoction along with standard allopathic medical therapy for 3 months led to notable reductions in FBG levels. Similarly, group A showed greater improvement in the measured signs and symptoms of diabetes, such as polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weariness, and burning sensation in the hands and feet compared to group B throughout the trial. At baseline, the mean HbA1c (%) in group A and group B was 7.47 ± 0.70 and 7.39 ± 0.66, respectively. After 12 weeks of investigation, the levels of glycated hemoglobin were lowered to 5.03 ± 0.53 and 6.79 ± 0.51 respectively. There were no adverse events reported during the trial period. Conclusion: This study found that the experimental medication was beneficial in T2DM, radically lowering FBG and HbA1c levels in diabetic individuals after 12 weeks of treatment.

Cluster analysis in the classification of transport infrastructure of large cities

Subject of the research: The subject of the research are transport and transfer hubs in the city of Voronezh (population 1,054,111 people). Transport and transfer hubs ensure the connectivity of the transport network, provide transport services to urban residents, and are an essential element of the system of settlement centers. Determination of classes of TIH in large cities. The role and significance of the TIH in the transport and planning structure of a city is determined by their classification. The node position in the general classification allows to determine its composition, to provide optimal and comfortable for passengers planning solutions, etc., etc. The selection of factors for the formation of TPU is carried out using a single-factor analysis of variance, which allows us to exclude less significant indicators more accurately. The selection left only 6 indicators, which were taken for further analysis. Cluster analysis was performed using a clustering tree. The results are five clusters, from which 4 classes of transport and transfer hubs in accordance with SP 395.1325800.2018 “Transport and transfer hubs. Design rules” and their characteristics are given. Conclusions on the compliance of the obtained clusters with SP 395 are made, the main indicators for the cluster analysis are outlined.

Phytochemical screening and GC – MS analysis of Methanolic extract of Ficus racemosa

Phytochemical screening and GC – MS analysis of Methanolic extract of Ficus racemosa

Proanthocyanidins isolated from the leaves of Ficus glomerata evaluated on the activities of rumen enzymes: in vitro and in silico studies.

Two new proanthocyanidins (2S:3S)-(-)-epicatechin-(4α→8)4-(2R:3R)-(+)-catechin (Compound 1) and (2R, 3R)-3-O-galloyl-(+)-catechin (4β→8)3-(2R, 3R)-3-O-galloyl-(+)-catechin (Compound 2) were isolated from Ficus glomerata and characterized by ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), 13C NMR, and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation . The bioactivity and drug scores of isolated compounds were predicted using OSIRIS property explorer applications with drug scores of 0.03 (compound 1) and 0.05 (compound 2). Predictive drug scores provided an indication of the compounds' potential to demonstrate desired biological effects. Furthermore, the newly discovered proanthocyanidins tended to interact with protein due to their chemical structure and molecular conformation. With the aim of maintaining this focus, compounds 1 and 2 were subjected to in vitro testing against ruminal enzymes to further explore their potential impact. Both compounds showed significant inhibition activities (p < 0.01) against glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in both protozoa and bacterial fractions, with an effective concentration (EC50) of 12.30-18.20mg/mL. The compounds also exhibited significant inhibition (p < 0.01) of ruminal glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity, with EC50 values ranging from 9.77 to 17.38mg/mL. Furthermore, the inhibition was recorded in R-cellulase between EC50 values of 15.85 and 23.99mg/mL by both compounds. Additionally, both compounds led to a decrease in protease activity with increasing incubation time and concentration. In conclusion, the results indicate that these novel proanthocyanidins hold the potential to significantly impact rumen enzyme biology. Furthermore, their promising effects suggest that they could be further explored for drug development and other important applications.

Semi-Supervised Multi-Label Classification of Land Use/Land Cover in Remote Sensing Images With Predictive Clustering Trees and Ensembles

Semi-Supervised Multi-Label Classification of Land Use/Land Cover in Remote Sensing Images With Predictive Clustering Trees and Ensembles

Progressing towards Estimates of Local Emissions from Trees in Cities: A Transdisciplinary Framework Integrating Available Municipal Data, AI, and Citizen Science

Urban tree cadastres, crucial for climate adaptation and urban planning, face challenges in maintaining accuracy and completeness. A transdisciplinary approach in Kaiserslautern, Germany, complements existing incomplete tree data with additional precise GPS locations of urban trees. Deep learning models using aerial imagery identify trees, while other applications employ street view imagery and LIDAR data to collect additional attributes, such as height and crown width. A web application encourages citizen participation in adding features like species and improving datasets for further model training. The initiative aims to minimize resource-intensive maintenance conducted by local administrations, integrate additional features, and improve data quality. Its primary goal is to create transferable AI models utilizing aerial imagery and LIDAR data that can be applied in regions with similar tree populations. The approach includes tree clusters and private trees, which are essential for assessing allergy and ozone potential but are usually not recorded in municipal tree cadastres. The paper highlights the potential of improving tree cadastres for effective urban planning in a transdisciplinary approach, taking into account climate change, health, and public engagement.

Prevalence and structural protein encoding gene sequence (VP) of porcine parvovirus 2 (PPV2) in slaughtered pigs in Central provinces of Vietnam

Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a DNA virus and causative agent of several reproductive problems in sows. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and analyze the DNA sequence of structural protein encoding gene (VP) of PPV2 genotype in pigs. A total of 146 samples (lung and blood samples) were collected from slaughtered pigs of seven provinces in Central Vietnam during 2018-2019. The overall prevalence of PPV2 was 56.2% (82/146). PPV2 positive rate in each province ranged from 37.5% for Quang Nam to 100% for Quang Binh, with the exception of Da Nang, where no PPV2 positive samples were detected. Nearly complete PPV2-VP gene sequences of three strains were identified with the length of 2,493 nucleotides and deposited in GenBank with accession numbers of OL913365-OL913367. Four nucleotide substitutions were detected in Vietnamese PPV2 isolates and were not observed in PPV2 reference strains. Multiple alignment and comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences showed the high similarity within Vietnamese PPV2 strains (95.6-96.5% and 94.7-96.9%, respectively). The PPV2 strains from this study clustered together with the "primitive" PPV2 strains from Myanmar, and strains from China in a main clade in the phylogenetic tree (Cluster A). This is the first report on the prevalence of PPV2 genotype and its VP gene sequence in pigs in Vietnam. This also provides the valuable information on the molecular evolution of locally circulating PPV2 and contributes to the control of PPV-induced SMEDI syndrome in sows, especially in the central provinces of Vietnam.

Review On Ficus Racemosa’s , Phytocostituent, Phytonutrient &amp; Traditional Uses

In world, number of medicinal plant are used for treatment of several ailment, disease or body disorders. India, Australia, and Southeast Asian countries are the countries where species of plant Ficus Racemosa are found. Ficus Racemosa have great importance in traditional system of ayurveda. Ficus Racemosa is one of the popular medicinal plant which belongs from family moraceae. Fruits, leaves, stem bark, roots are the parts of Ficus Racemosa used to treat ailments. Ficus Racemosa contains various phytoconstituents which is necessary for treatment of diseases. Ficus Racemosa show various pharmacological activities including antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antitussive activity, antidiuretic activity, antiulcer activity, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, antipyretic activity, antihyperglycemic activity. In this review, emphasis on detailed information of Ficus Racemosa therapeutic activities as well as plant description.

Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Ficus racemosa Linn., Myrica esculenta Buch-Ham. Ex D. Don and Urtica dioica Linn.

Medicinal plants like Ficus racemosa, Myrica esculenta, and Urtica dioica were traditionally used to treat diabetes, cough, fever etc. These plants were collected from Kathmandu and Gorkha district of Nepal and subjected to various biological activities. Methanol extract of all three selected plants when subjected to phytochemical analysis showed the presence of various chemical constituents such polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. The methanol extract of F. racemosa bark was found with strongest DPPH radical neutralization activity having IC50 value of 41.48 µg/mL, which was comparable with standard ascorbic acid (31.07 µg/mL). The bark of F. racemosa contained the highest level of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents with the values of 168.89 ± 1.08 mg GAE/g and 41.56 ± 1.83 mg QE/g respectively. The methanol extract of bark of F. racemosa showed high α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 164.99 μg/mL. Brine shrimp bioassay showed that the methanol extracts of bark of F. racemosa, bark of M. esculenta, leaves of M. esculenta and U. dioica were lethal to brine shrimp nauplii with LC50 values of 70.79, 177.83, 190.54 and 269.15 µg/mL respectively. Methanol extract of leaves of U. dioica was least active in these biological activities.

A feature selection based on genetic algorithm for intrusion detection of industrial control systems

With the popularity of Internet technology, industrial control systems (ICS) have started to access the Internet, which significantly facilitates engineers to manage ICS remotely but also exposes risks. Usually, an intrusion detection system (IDS) is used to secure network systems. Feature selection plays a crucial role in IDSs because detecting anomalies from high-dimensional network traffic features is time-consuming. However, few specific studies have been conducted for ICS. Many redundant features and data imbalance problems in ICS data lead to poor performance and low efficiency of generic IDS classification. In this paper, we design a genetic algorithm-based feature selection method for ICS characteristics. The proposed method incorporates a feature ranking fusion mechanism in the genetic algorithm for eliminating redundant features, enhances the global merit-seeking speed using the growing tree clustering idea, and we also design a new fitness function for ICS characteristics. The effectiveness and advancement of the proposed method are demonstrated on a real ICS dataset.

Morphological and molecular evidence for natural hybridization between Sorbus pohuashanensis and S. discolor (Rosaceae)

In overlapping distribution areas of Sorbus pohuashanensis and S. discolor in North China (Mount Tuoliang, Mount Xiling and Mount Baihua), Sorbus individuals were found with pink fruit, which have never been recorded for the flora of China. Fourteen morphological characters combined with four chloroplast DNA markers and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were used to analyze the origin of the Sorbus individuals with pink fruits and their relationship to S. pohuashanensis and S. discolor. PCA, SDA and one-way (taxon) ANOVA of morphological characters provided convincing evidence of the hybrid origin of Sorbus individuals with pink fruits based on a novel morphological character and many intermediate characters. Haplotype analysis based on four cpDNA markers showed that either S. pohuashanensis or S. discolor were maternal parents of Sorbus individuals with pink fruits. Incongruence of the position of Sorbus individuals with pink fruits between cpDNA and ITS in cluster trees supported by DNA sequence comparative analysis, implying former hybridization events between S. pohuashanensis and S. discolor. Multiple hybridization events between S. pohuashanensis and S. discolor might have contributed to the generation of Sorbus individuals with pink fruits. This study has provided insights into hybridization between species of the same genus in sympatric areas, which is of great significance for the study of interspecific hybridization.

Diversity of natural dye plants in The Taplel Waterfall Area, Sisimeni Sanam Training Forest, Takari District, Kupang District

The Taplel waterfall area which is in the Sisimeni Sanam Education and Training Forest area is one of the conservation areas in East Nusa Tenggara which has quite high biodiversity, including plants that produce natural colors. However, information on the species diversity of dye plants in the Taplel waterfall area is still lacking. The objective of this study was to uncover the diversity of natural dye plants in the Taplel waterfall area, Sisimeni Sanam Training Forest, Takari District, Kupang Regency. Data collection was carried out by setting sample plots measuring 2 x 2 meters (seedlings), 5 x 5 meters (saplings), 10 x 10 meters (poles), and 20 x 20 meters (trees). Analysis of the importance of species using the Importance Value Index, and species diversity using the Species Diversity Index (Shannon-Wiener Index). Species of natural dye plants found in the Taplel Waterfall Area include Tectona grandis, Cassia siamea, Acacia auriculiformis, Tamarindus indica, Ficus racemosa, Leucaena leucocephala, Schleichera oleosa, Bauhinia purpurea, Cassia fistula, Garuga floribunda, and Annona squamosa L.. Plant species that has the highest important role in the Taplel Waterfall Area is Cassia fistula (sapling), Bauhinia purpurea (pole), and Tectona grandis (tree). Meanwhile, the diversity of natural dye plant species in the Taplel Waterfall Area at the level of seedlings, saplings, poles and trees is in the moderate category.

PROFIL FITOKIMIA DAN ANALISIS TOKSISITAS Ficus racemosa L. MENGGUNAKAN METODE BRINE SHRIMP (Artemia salina) LETHALITY TEST

A traditional plant, Ficus racemosa L., known as the ara plant in West Nusa Tenggara, is potentially beneficial as a drug candidate, which is one option to develop the biodiversity of natural ingredients in Indonesia. The extract was produced by maceration method with ethanol 96% solvent. Furthermore, they partitioned using various solvents, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. The presence or absence of secondary metabolite is determined by the phytochemical screening test. Meanwhile, the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) is a toxicity screening to determine the LC50 of extract and their partition with various concentrations used were 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm. The metabolite secondary flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins are confirmed. The analysis showed that LC50 of extract was 218,34 ppm; n-hexane fraction was 413,57 ppm; ethyl acetate fraction was 309.51 ppm; and chloroform fraction was 314.60 ppm; all had toxic potential.