Cluster Policy Research Articles

Contribution of prejudiced clustering education system in developing horizontal and vertical mismatch in job market: quality of employees in banking sector

PurposeEducation system supplies the required manpower in order to ensure the national prosperity. A salient link between education and business sector is a prerequisite to cater economically productive manpower. Economic and social development supplements each other that can only be ensured via a functional education system. A dysfunction education system created by a biased clustering policy develops a greater horizontal and vertical mismatch with the job market in many developing nations. This mismatch dents the quality of business management that halts the national prosperity. Therefore, the role of education has become questionable. This research aims to bridge between education and business sectors.Design/methodology/approachGiven the differentiated nature of research questions, multiple techniques are used to collect the data. However, this research bears the norms of qualitative method. Both secondary and primary data are used. While, secondary data are collected by the banks, Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (BANBEIS) and by the University Grants Commission (UGC), primary data are collected through interviews. Document review and data collected through personal communication with members of staff of sampled banks and institutes of HE also supplements. Data were collected from six commercial banks and from the Central Bank.FindingsFindings suggest that clustering system favours science graduates by depriving business counterpart, which creates an atmosphere of educational disparity. This disparity affects the symbiotic and reciprocal relationship that exists amongst different provisions (i.e. secondaryand tertiary) of education. Favoured clustering system further contributes for a larger “horizontal educational mismatch” with job market. Therefore, science graduates occupy the places in the banks where business graduates should ideally be employed. Being a dysfunction system, education fails to support substantially for social and economic developments.Originality/valueA few studies are conducted in the area of HE in Bangladesh but none covers the issue of impact of clustering system of education in secondary provision on HE and job market. Graduates' performance in carrying out the jobs is seen as the most important element for the business management. This study has suggested a unique way forward which would be able to reduce the mismatch between education system and job market, enabling a substantial business management process. Considering this, the paper is first on its kind.

Организационно-управленческая модель функционирования транспортно-логистического кластера Астраханской области

The article considers the urgent problem of strengthening the infrastructure and innovative development of the Russian Federation and the regions in today’s environment. Modernization of transport potential in future will have a positive impact on the regional development. Cluster policy in different fields, including transportation, is a trend in the formation and development of regions. The actuality of creating a transport and logistics cluster in the Astrakhan region has been proved taking into account the favorable geographical location of the region, high transit potential, historical location of shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises, and stevedoring companies. There have been presented the main theses on transforming the cluster initiative into a transport and logistics cluster in the region. Analysis of competitive advantages and assessment of the cluster potential of the region have proved the positive results. The next step is to set up the goal and main tasks. The cluster should help form an effective system of interaction and cooperation between the transport sector, industry, and the scientific and educational sector to increase the investment attractiveness of the region as a whole. There have been presented the main potential participants of the cluster. The international experience of cluster functioning, as well as cluster initiatives in the field of transportation in the regions of Russia is considered. The organizational and managerial structure of the transport and logistics cluster is based on the studied structures of successfully functioning clusters, taking into account the specific features of the region. There has been illustrated the available interaction with the functioning clusters of the Astrakhan region: shipbuilding, tourism and aquaculture, fisheries. Interaction is supposed to be carried out within the framework of implementing large cluster projects, providing supplies for the projects. It has been inferred that creating a transport and logistics cluster in the Astrakhan region will not only improve the interaction of participants within the cluster, but also ensure interaction with other clusters and enterprises.

The Development of Special Economic Zones and Industrial Parks in Russia

Culture, attitudes and perceptions have an underappreciated effect on industrial cluster policies particularly in transition economies, where long-established local social norms are confronted with hard-pressed external imperatives. This paper examines the impact of cultural and governmental peculiarities in the Russian context on the development of Special Economic Zones and Industrial Parks. Based on some stylised facts about the Russian context, in-depth interviews and surveys of the managing companies and tenants of all industrial clusters in Russia, we find cultural and governmental characteristics emerge as major influences on the effective development of industrial cluster policies. We develop an adapted industrial cluster model that accommodates these factors and suggests a policy pathway for mitigation.

The effects of culture, attitudes and perceptions on industrial cluster policy: The case of Russia

Culture, attitudes and perceptions have an underappreciated effect on industrial cluster policies particularly in transition economies, where long-established local social norms are confronted with hard-pressed external imperatives. This paper examines the impact of cultural and governmental peculiarities in the Russian context on the development of special economic zones and industrial parks. Based on some stylized facts about the Russian context, in-depth interviews and surveys of the managing companies and tenants of all industrial clusters in Russia, we find cultural and governmental characteristics emerge as major influences on the effective development of industrial cluster policies. We develop an adapted industrial cluster model that accommodates these factors and suggests a policy pathway for mitigation.

DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL CLUSTERS AS A TOOL TO ENSURE HIGH RATES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

The article explores the concept of a cluster, reviews the interpretation of this concept by various authors, and proposes an author's definition. We highlighted the advantages of creating a cluster for the region, as well as for companies that in the future will become its participants. The author noted the possible negative consequences of the functioning of the cluster. The paper outlines the priorities of the cluster policy of the European Center and analyzes the statistical data of industrial clusters in the Russian Federation. The conclusion is made about the creation of a cluster has a significant positive impact on the economy and sustainable development of the region and the country as a whole.

Innovative Energy Clusters' Infrastructure

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to develop recommendations for the creation of systemic, open, interactive data on innovative energy clusters, allowing cluster managers to build inter-cluster relationships, to assess the impact of clusters on economic development. Design/Methodology/Approach: The methodology is based on the conceptual provisions of the works of foreign and Russian scientists on the research topic. Using the methods of grouping and comparative analysis of statistical data, we analyzed the volume of electricity production and production of alternative energy in calculation on one inhabitant of the leading energy powers in the world. We also conducted a comparative analysis of databases Clustered Russia map, Cluster map of the US and European cluster maps, were studied the dynamics of the development of innovative energy clusters. Data are from the Global Energy Statistical Yearbook, government statistics, data of the Russian Cluster Observatory, the US Cluster Mapping and the European Cluster Observatory. Findings: Innovative energy clusters are mainly created on the basis of large generating and transmission energy companies. These clusters specialize in the production of bioenergy, introduce energy-saving technologies, increase energy efficiency, diversify the national energy system, and ensure the economic growth of the territories. The development of innovative energy clusters depends on the solution of a number of problems. In the study it has formulated the following ways of solving problems. Creation of an interactive cluster map that accumulates a complete database of cluster entities. Clarification of specialization groups of Russian clusters used in the course of cluster mapping, taking into account comparable groups of specializations of American and European clusters. Development of recommendations for the creation of an interactive resource of systemic, open, data on cluster formations. Practical Implications: The results and recommendations are addressed to developers of regional cluster policy, strategic planning documents, and cluster managers, and can also be used in the process of creating an interactive cluster map of Russia. Originality/Value: Recommendations were developed for the development of innovative energy clusters that ensure an increase in bioenergy production and economic growth.

Innovations in innovation policy: reconstructing the emergence, legitimation and dynamics of cluster policies in Germany

Cluster policies are but one of the most well-known policy tools tosteer innovation in the realm of science and technology policy. While there is much research on the effects of cluster based funding for innovation and scholarly strategies, little is said about its emergence, its legitimation and its situatedness in societal discourses and professional practices. This article applies an ‘instrument constituencies’ perspective on cluster policies in science and innovation. Drawing on the case of Germany, it is argued that these policy instruments are not only legitimated by an academic literature but that their introduction also depended on very specific national constellations shaping the uptake of the instrument. It is also shown that the construction of the instrument cannot be separated from its implementation, thus contributing to the emergence of new communities of practice.

Innovative Processes in the Fashion Industry and Prospects for Its Development in Russia

The presented study examines the major problems in the Russian fashion industry and directions of its development according to the Strategy for the Development of the Light Industry of the Russian Federation until 2025; provides examples of innovative materials and technologies; analyzes the issues of environmental friendliness of textile and clothing manufacturers. Aim . The study aims to substantiate promising directions and trends in the fashion industry with allowance for the specific features of the Russian market. Tasks . The authors characterize the fashion industry as a sector of the modern economy; describe trends in the development of the fashion market in the cultural and historical context; identify current trends in the fashion market; describe the existing innovative solutions in the fashion industry. Methods . This study uses the methods of information analysis and synthesis of new knowledge to describe modern innovative solutions in the fashion industry, implementation mechanisms and advantages of cluster policy. Results . The fashion industry exists in the context of severe competition, economic instability, technological and social changes. This determines the key role of branding, economic efficiency, and compliance with environmental standards in gaining competitive advantages. Conclusions . In the post-quarantine period resulting from the removal of restrictions aimed at preventing the spread of COVID-19, successful operation of fashion industry enterprises would require adherence to the principles of economic efficiency and environmental safety of products, new managerial and technological solutions, and state support for the light industry.

Methodological aspects of cluster policy formation in Azerbaijan

Foreign experience demonstrates that countries’ strategies in cluster policy differ depending on national traditions and culture of their strategy engineering process, as well as on the cluster concept. Analysis of information sources shows that technical and methodological framework for cluster policy formulation have not been clearly and unambiguously studied in science.
 The most important methodological document on cluster policy is the European Cluster Memorandum signed by the Member States of the European Union in 2006 [3]. It defined the essence and importance of clusters in innovation development and identified the key provisions of cluster policy.
 One of the essential methodological issues is the role of government in the formation of clusters. The following factors can be associated with the state’s growing influence on clustering processes:
 
 market weakness, increase in the volume and value of public goods;
 an objective priority of public interest in the context of globalization;
 the need to protect the national economy in the international economic relations;
 the need for institutional regulations in the national and global economy.
 
 Foreign experience demonstrates that the numerous cluster initiatives running in major developed countries over the last few years have been brought forward by local or regional governments. In relatively small developed countries and in a number of developing countries, the government plays an essential role in the cluster development initiative, especially when local and regional government agencies cannot partner with the private sector. A number of decisions on clusters have been adopted at national level in countries with centralized decision-making process.

Linear Nearest Neighbor Realization of Quantum Circuits Using Clustering and Look-ahead Policy

In the last couple of years, quantum computing has come out as emerging trends of computation not only due to its immense popularity but also for its commitment towards physical realization of quantum circuit in on-chip units. At the same time, the process of physical realization has faced several design constraints and one such problem is nearest neighbor (NN) enforcement which demands all the operating qubits to be placed adjacent in the implementable circuit. Though SWAP gate embedment can transform a design into NN architecture, it still creates overhead in the design. So, designing algorithms to restrict the use of SWAPs bears high importance. Considering this fact, in this work, we are proposing a heuristic-based improved qubit placement strategy for efficient implementation of NN circuit. Two different design policies are being developed here. In the first scheme, a global reordering technique based on clustering approach is shown. In the second scheme, a local reordering technique based on look-ahead policy is developed. This look-ahead strategy considers the impact over the gates in the circuit and thereby estimates the effect using a cost metric to decide the suitable option for SWAP implementation. Furthermore, the joint use of both the ordering schemes also has been explored here. To ascertain the correctness of our design algorithms, we have tested them over a wide range of benchmarks and the obtained results are compared with some state-of-the-art design approaches. From this comparison, we have witnessed a considerable reduction on SWAP cost in our design scheme against the reported works’ results.

Challenges and opportunities for creative-innovative clusters partnerships

Abstract Clusters of innovation are global economic “hot spots” where new technologies germinate at an astounding rate and where pools of capital, expertise, and talent foster the development of new industries and new ways of doing business. They are vibrant, effervescent ecosystems composed of startups, businesses that support the startup process, and mature enterprises (many of whom evolved rapidly from a startup history). In these ecosystems, resources of people, capital, and know-how are fluidly mobile and the pace of transactions is driven by a relentless pursuit of opportunity, staged financing, and short business model cycles. The aim of this paper, clustering, which is an important model in the development of the countries and the concept of innovation have been reviewed together. The most prominent feature of the industry is to produce Technology. Countries to focus on knowledge-intensive industries and businesses as a result of regional cluster policies for innovation are seen that there is a relation between. Clustering is an important model for an innovational development in Romania. The analysis was carried out for a period of 3 years, for which there were registered the main achievements in the field of product innovation, processes, organizational forms and marketing methods, new or significantly improved, obtained by companies, starting from January 2016 until December 2018, representing Romania’s contribution to the evaluation of the results of the European statistical research on innovation, 2018. Following the innovative activities in which the companies are engaged does the characterization of the innovation. The National Institute of Statistics provides the necessary means for carrying out statistical research on innovation in businesses in the business and industrial environment.

Implikasi Penetapan Wilayah Pusat Pertumbuhan Industri Terhadap Penggunaan Lahan Di Kabupaten Majalengka

Regional development in Indonesia has rapid progress along with the central government's policies in equitable development. Global phenomenon to encourage equitable regional development, each country takes the initiative to develop industrial cluster policies. This study aims to analyze implications of determination a growth centre of industrial region to land use changes. Output of this study expected identify how many area implicated to land use changes and land conversion that occur. This study is located in Majalengka Regency as one of growth centre of industrial region . The method used in this study is the LULC Method (Land Use Land Changes) and Overlay (Georeferencing) Method. The result shows determination growth centre of industrial region have implications in land use changes. The implication in the form of considerable land conversion. This implication occurs in locations that are designated as industrial growth centers and around these locations. In addition, the implications of determination growth centre of industrial region are in the form of expansion of land to surrounding industrial areas.

Clustering of tourism: the experience of the European Union and tasks for Ukraine

Theoretical foundations of the tourism clustering and the essence of «tourism cluster» concept are considered in the article. The processes of cluster policy formation of the European Union, its principles, main directions and mechanisms of implementation are highlighted on the basis of the socio-economic paradigm and an integrated methodological approach (first of all, systemic and situational, with using methods of generalization, logical and comparative analysis). Its features are revealed, due to the inherent model of the developed EU economies based on public-private partnership. The experience of implementing the cluster policy of the European Community in the field of tourism is generalized, which is of significant scientific and practical interest, taking into account the leading position of the EU in the global tourism business. The principles, forms and methods of joint activities of specialized EU institutions, state and local authorities, business and public organizations for the implementation of clustering with the aim of achieving sustainable development of competitive, affordable tourism are highlighted. The features of the clustering implementation in tourism sector in selected countries of the European Community, including the new EU members – Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovenia are considered, what is of particular interest to Ukraine. Scientific and practical recommendations for using the positive experience of the European Union countries for the development and implementation of a clustering policy in Ukraine with the aim of sustainable competitive affordable tourism developing based on the principles of social partnership are substantiated. Suggestions for further research on this topic are given.

RESEARCH OF A FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF THE INFLUENCE OF CLUSTERIZATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION

We carried out the analysis of cluster development in EU Member States, based on the reports of the European Center for Research on Clusters and Industrial Change and the European Center for Innovation in Services. We identified directions of support and differences within each direction. In article, we determined the criteria for evaluating clusters by the example of the USA, China, South Korea and other developed countries of the world. We proved that the economic development of regions depends on the effectiveness of the exchange of experience at the cluster level. The study evaluated the results of support for regions in industrial development. We considered the strategies of cluster transformation and made conclusions about introducing a regional aspect as mandatory in the cluster policy of all developed states.

PREREQUISITES, PRINCIPLES AND INSTRUMENTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF REGIONAL POLICY: EU EXPERIENCE

implementation of regional policy of Ukraine to ensure sustainable development. The factors that form the processes of accelerated development of EU regions, namely: geopolitical, political, managerial, economic, infrastructural, social, cultural and informational ones, are determined. These factors form the uniqueness of EU development, and in combination with targeted regulatory influence, the uniqueness of socialization processes, systemic attitude to changeі, accelerated formation of the information economy provide a breakthrough nature of most reforms, the success of key projects. The principles and preconditions that determine and ensure the effectiveness of the implementation of EU regional policy are studied. Macroeconomic and microeconomic instruments of regional policy are determined, on the basis of which the directions of EU regional policy are developed. The use of macroeconomic instruments to solve regional problems is limited by other goals, in particular, keeping inflation at the desired level, the stability of the balance of payments, as a result of the goals of industrial or agricultural policy. The main purpose of microeconomic instruments is to restore balance in regional labor and capital markets. The following problems of integration of the processes in Ukraine in the world economic space are revealed: uncertainty of groups of regions that will be recognized at the state level as depressive ones; lack of official clusters at the level of cooperation with large enterprises; low level of trust in the government, uncertainty of positive experience of effective cooperation at the level of target projects; low management culture in matters of collective cooperation in the paradigm of relations power – population – business; imperfection of information support of integration processes. The stages of integration processes taking place in the economy of Ukrainian regions and corresponding to European integration standards are given. It is determined that economic integration is a constructive stage in the development of the economy of the region, the country, because without the formation of a regional cluster policy based on the balance of economic interests, its further development becomes impossible. In addition, integration at the regional level allows for the formation of powerful clusters that can produce competitive products and promote them in both domestic and foreign markets.

Development of the world economy in the cluster policy of foreign countries

Development of the world economy in the cluster policy of foreign countries

Cluster policy models: world educational practices

University-School clusters: Best practices and the prospects for their adaptation to Ukrainian context : the XVIII International Scientific and Practical Conference (14-th Febuary 2020, Kharkiv Univ. of Humanities “People’s Ukrainian Acad”. This article addresses the problems of implementing cluster models in world educational practices. They are analyzed based on the understanding of the educational cluster as a set of interconnected educational institutions, which are united by industry and partnership. There are different types of educational clusters: educational (lyceum – college – university / university complex); mixed (scientific-educational, industrial-educational), etc. – depending on the specific implementation of cluster theory in different countries. On the basis of generalization of world practices, the presence of conditional models of cluster formation on national and regional grounds is demonstrated. The basic characteristics, general tendencies of forming of partnership relations which can become the basis of activity of educational clusters in Ukraine are revealed: The results of this analysis can be used in the design and implementation of cluster policy, aimed at improving the competitiveness of educational institutions.

Institutional Regulation of Clustering Processes and Innovative Development of Russian Regions

The article presents methodological features of two stages of cluster policy in Russian Federation, the purpose of which is to ensure the accelerated formation of innovative clusters in regions that are not covered by clustering processes, as well as the development of existing clusters. It is concluded that the current stage of cluster policy in Russian Federation is characterized by the priority application of administrative and program-target models. Russia's transition to the second stage of implementing the cluster development policy will require a transition to infrastructure-institutional and mediation models. Based on the regularities of production placement in the economic space of the country, author highlights main principles and directions of state regulation of clustering processes in the economic systems of Russian regions.

Cluster development policies and firms’ performance: evidence from an emerging economy in Latin America

PurposeImpact evaluations of cluster programs at firm level are still scarce in the literature. The available evidence on the effectiveness of such programs based on rigorous quantitative impact evaluations is mixed. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the body of literature the evaluates quantitatively the impact of cluster programs in emerging economies on firms’ performance. In particular, the authors evaluate the impact of a cluster program in Uruguay on firms’ sales and exports.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use state-of-the-art impact evaluation methods to evaluate the impact of the program. In particular, difference in differences and matching methodsFindingsThere is very strong evidence that the program had a positive impact on exports and the propensity to export of firms. However, the evidence of a positive impact on sales is weak. The evidence suggests that the maximum effect of the program can be found in the fourth or fifth year after the intervention.Originality/valueThe contribution of this paper to the literature is fourfold. First, this paper adds to the scarce body of literature evaluating the effects of cluster development programs with state-of-the-art impact evaluation methods. Second, it adds evidence for Latin America, a region that has implement a number of cluster policies (Maffioli et al., 2016) and where, as far as the authors know, there is only one additional paper evaluating rigorously the impacts of them (Figal-Garone et al., 2015). In addition, the authors provide evidence about the timing of the effects after the implementation of a cluster policy, an important issue that is mostly overlooked in the existent literature. Finally, the paper focus its attention on the impacts on exports and the propensity to export of firms, key elements for small open economies in Latin America that are heavily reliant on foreign currency inflows.

Economic Integration in the System of Spatial Development of the Region

The article studies specific features of economic integration processes in the context of regional market space clustering. Methodological principles of today’s cluster systems are shown and their signs are identified with signs of heterogeneous network associations. The concept of cluster development is investigated in view of the theory of economic complexity in three analytical sections: production agglomerations, innovation ecosystems and cluster initiatives. Transaction nature of innovation character of cluster systems was revealed. The dependence was grounded of innovative cluster opportunities on synergy effects arising as a result of collaboration of participants’ interaction on principles of triple spiral (business, state, science and education field). The author found the objective necessity of raising the level of developing the network interaction in order to avoid the formal approach to cluster functioning. The author puts forward the model of economic clusterization in conditions of innovation economy. The regional economic system is structured with regard to cluster presence, functioning of the network mechanism of coordination activity and symbiosis of hierarchical and market system components. Key types of state cluster policy and important trends in cluster support, which includes cluster initiatives, cluster technologies and cluster consulting in priority of strategic management at the regional level. A conclusion was made that clusters were assigned a part of system-forming elements of sustainable development in regional market space.